First, it is the need of teachers' professional growth to carry out subject research. The times are developing rapidly, and the pace of educational reform is also very fast. In the information society, if you want to gain a foothold, you must have the awareness and ability to keep learning; We should have the ability of practice and innovation. In order to meet the new requirements of quality education for our teachers, the mode of education and teaching has changed from "experience" to "scientific research". Practice shows that front-line teachers can actively participate in teaching and scientific research practice, consciously study theories, update educational concepts, lead teaching and scientific research with scientific research, and promote teaching reform with teaching and scientific research, which is of great benefit to improving teachers' own quality.

Second, the need to solve practical problems. Doing research is mainly to solve the problems and puzzles found in education and teaching. These problems include their own teaching practice, students' behavior habits, moral performance, school education and school management mode.

Third, it helps to develop a rigorous work style. The rigor of the research also makes teachers' education and teaching more scientific and systematic.

Fourth, it helps to form the consciousness of scientific research and teaching. When you do a project, you must consult a lot of information. When you read a lot of books about education and teaching, it will help you form your own teaching philosophy. The practice of teaching and scientific research not only changed teachers' educational concept, but also made us form the behavior habit of examining our daily work with new educational concept. Consciously improve their own educational means and teaching methods, and conduct reflective teaching.

To sum up, project research is one of the basic ways for contemporary teachers to work, and it is also one of the ways for contemporary teachers to learn. Subject-driven and action research are the basic methods of teachers' self-development and self-improvement. Teacher professionalization requires us to study education. We must change from "teacher" to scientific research teacher. Primary and secondary school teachers should do the following when conducting research:

First, get out of the misunderstanding of education and scientific research.

A good lesson for primary and secondary school teachers, concentrating on studying well-written teaching plans, making a "poor student" progress with original help and teaching strategies, making a good topic to turn a poor class into an excellent class, turning a school into a famous school and so on. It can also be regarded as the educational and scientific research achievements made by teachers and schools. If we admit this, it will greatly promote teachers' enthusiasm and creativity in scientific research at work.

In view of the fact that educational research is based on educational practice, primary and secondary school teachers should have the ability of educational research, which has reached a consensus in the education field. However, putting this new concept into practice, the traditional concept still affects and restricts us more or less. In a large number of surveys, we found that not only the primary and secondary school teachers themselves, but also many grass-roots education administrative leaders have many misunderstandings about primary and secondary school teachers' participation in educational research:

"Stay away from education and scientific research". The work of primary and secondary school teachers is simple and repetitive, and there is nothing to learn. The quality of their work depends on their love, responsibility and long-term accumulated experience, which is far from scientific research.

"Difficult" comes first. It is considered that scientific research is a very arduous task, far beyond the competence of primary and secondary school teachers. Relevant understandings include: "Scientific research is a matter for a few people" and "The evaluation of primary and secondary school teachers' working ability should not include scientific research ability".

"Busy" comes first. Many primary and secondary school teachers think that they are so busy with their daily work that how can they have time for scientific research? If the leader makes such a request, he will have to cobble together a so-called paper to cope with the errand.

The word "teach" begins. Influenced by the traditional concept that teachers' work is "preaching, teaching and dispelling doubts", many school leaders have a view that education and teaching work is contradictory. If teachers invest too much energy in scientific research, it will inevitably affect the quality of education and teaching work. Therefore, it is often heard that engaging in scientific research is to get married in fame, and I am not at ease with the job of a primary and secondary school teacher, and so on.

The word "Wen" comes first. Many leaders in charge of teaching believe that scientific research work is to write papers, and the only way to assess teachers' scientific research level is to look up papers. If you don't publish a paper or a book, you don't have scientific research ability.

"I'm afraid of words." Schools and teachers generally believe that teaching and research work is troublesome, with long cycle, slow effect, strict procedural requirements and lack of enthusiasm for participating in research.

Let's not talk about it. At present, most schools and teachers are indifferent to research because they lack the necessary training and study, and they don't know why to do research, what to do, how to do research and what the result will be.

Education in the new era calls for more primary and secondary school teachers to actively participate in educational research, and to change from "bookkeeping" teachers to "expert" teachers and from "experienced" teachers to "scientific research" teachers as soon as possible. The urgent task to realize this goal step by step is for the education administrative department, primary and secondary school teachers themselves and many interested parties to change their ideas, raise their awareness and get out of the misunderstanding. To raise awareness, we need to correctly understand the following relationships:

Teachers' work and educational research. The so-called educational scientific research process refers to the process of exploring the objective laws that conform to educational development from educational practice and guiding educational practice in turn. Therefore, educational practice should be the basis of educational research and the basis for testing educational research achievements. And teachers' daily work is only educational practice. Therefore, it can be said that teachers' daily work is actually an integral part of educational and scientific research activities. The key question is whether teachers treat their work with a research attitude, and whether they conduct targeted, planned and step-by-step research, accumulation, summary, reflection and innovation around the problems existing in education and teaching in their daily work.

Educational teaching ability and educational scientific research ability. A teacher's teaching ability is strong, and one of its evaluation criteria must be good teaching effect. In addition to teachers' basic skills in the usual sense, good professional quality and scientific spirit of continuous exploration are the basis of good teaching effect, which is very important in the structure of scientific research ability. Therefore, teaching ability and scientific research ability are interlinked. It is not difficult to imagine that a teacher with poor teaching ability has strong educational and scientific research ability, so the educational and teaching ability and educational and scientific research ability complement each other. Although learning some courses in educational theory is conducive to improving the ability of educational research, the real ability of educational research is gradually formed and strengthened through long-term training, constant tempering and repeated tempering in educational and teaching practice.

Educational and teaching achievements and educational and scientific research achievements. Teachers often have some successful experiences and failed lessons in their daily education and teaching work, which may actually become the material of a research topic. Summarizing the successful experience and the reasons for failure can be regarded as the personal research results of teachers. The successful experience of local education and teaching, if summarized, improved and verified, is actually a very valuable educational research achievement. Even experts who have been carefully prepared and studied in their work should be excellent teachers first. Any teacher can become an expert in educational science research through hard work.

Educational scientific research and school development. In the current form, the development of the school encounters many new situations, new problems and new contradictions, which need to be studied and solved. Some of these problems and contradictions are universal, some are partial and individual. To study and solve these problems and contradictions, we need to adopt a scientific attitude, treat them correctly, adopt a scientific method and analyze them carefully.

Education, scientific research and student development. In the new form, the starting point and destination of curriculum reform is for students' development, that is, all for students, all for students, all for students, in short, all for students' development. Under the guidance of this concept, we must deeply analyze and seriously study the development and change laws of students in different ages, different stages, different families, different schools, different disciplines, different living environments and social environments according to their cognition and development laws. According to these laws, we must adjust the educational strategy and curriculum structure, improve the teaching methods, promote educational equity, and train builders and successors facing modernization, the world and the future, all of which require educational and scientific research talents.

Educational scientific research and teacher development. Teachers are the most precious human resources, which play a vital role in the development of education, schools and students. Facing the new situation, new situation and new problems, teachers need to keep pace with the times, constantly study, research, innovate and reflect. Only in this way can teachers keep up with the development of the education era. In the curriculum reform, especially in the classroom teaching reform, teachers have a broad space for development, such as the study of the effectiveness of classroom teaching in various disciplines, how to build a harmonious classroom, and the cultivation of students' habits and daily behavior habits. In the teaching process, how to give full play to the leading role of teachers and students' main role, how to cultivate students' interest in learning, how to cultivate students' creative thinking, how to cultivate and tap students' learning potential, how to use the generated curriculum resources for teaching, how to effectively change teachers' teaching methods and how to carry out teaching. All these provide broad research topics and development space for the majority of primary and secondary school teachers. As long as teachers choose suitable topics in a certain field, a certain discipline and a certain learning period, aim at the goal, adopt scientific and effective methods, study hard, study hard, and constantly reflect on innovation, they can get exercise in learning, research, reflection and innovation, obtain fruitful research results, and truly grow into expert teachers.

With the improvement of the academic level of primary and secondary school teachers, we hope to see more and more expert primary and secondary school teachers standing in the front line of education and teaching. Every primary and secondary school teacher should establish such confidence and work hard for it. It should be pointed out that both the administrative department of education and the training unit of primary and secondary school teachers should fully mobilize the enthusiasm of primary and secondary school teachers for scientific research, improve their scientific research ability as soon as possible, and carry out unremitting publicity, encouragement and training to provide opportunities and create conditions for primary and secondary school teachers to carry out educational research, so that more people can change their concepts and get out of the misunderstanding. This is not only the call of the times, but also the severe challenge faced by primary and secondary school teachers.

2. Clarify several problems in the research of the subject.

1. What is educational research?

Educational scientific research is a special cognitive activity with educational phenomena as the object, and it is a creative activity with a purpose, a plan and a systematic way to explore the educational process and discover educational laws. Primary and secondary education research is a creative cognitive activity; Its essence is to reveal the essence and law of primary and secondary education and follow the cognitive law of practice-cognition-practice-cognition.

2. Basic requirements of education and scientific research

Educational scientific research should grasp the internal and external causality and internal relations of educational phenomena, reveal the essence of educational phenomena, explore the educational process and reveal the educational laws. In the research, we should have a serious scientific spirit, strictly choose scientific methods, draw a conclusion without subjective prejudice based on real and realistic materials (figures and facts), and be scientific without being confused by illusions, staying on superficial phenomena or obsessing over individual side issues.

Primary and secondary education research is mainly supported by subject research. In order to carry out research, we must:

Third, master the basic procedures of research.

The general process of project research is steps, which is different from the cognitive activities that occur randomly in daily life. It is a cognitive activity that determines the purpose in advance and plans the steps, contents and methods of activities. It is also different from the cognitive activities in the teaching process, whose main goal is to develop people's cognitive ability by mastering the existing culture of human beings. It is a cognitive activity with the main goal of discovering new truths, solving new problems or seeking new ways to solve problems. Subject research refers to the educational research activities in which professional researchers and teachers, guided by Marxist philosophy and based on basic theories such as educational science, system theory, information theory and cybernetics, study educational work with scientific attitudes and methods, explore and discover educational laws with universal significance, thus developing educational theories and improving educational effectiveness.

1, choose a good topic

Whether educational research can achieve the purpose of "innovation" is first related to the topic selection. In order to choose a suitable and valuable subject, it is often necessary to consult relevant literature in a certain field and do some preliminary investigation and research. When the direction of the subject is basically determined, it is necessary to further consult the materials within the scope of the subject, have a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of the previous research in this area, and find the starting point of your own research.

At this stage, the key point of consulting materials is to find out: what aspects have been studied and what conclusions have been drawn within the scope of the project, are various viewpoints consistent, where are the differences and what are the reasons for the differences? What is not involved and what needs to be studied. This is the process of asking new questions and examining whether the problem you want to study has research value and in what direction. A valuable topic, for researchers, is usually a tempting and challenging topic. Educational research is a purposeful, planned and organized activity. This kind of activity is also called cognitive activity, which must follow the cognitive law, so the process of this kind of cognitive activity includes four stages: finding problems, understanding the situation, thinking deeply and testing in practice.

As for the topic selection, we should mainly consider the following aspects:

Consider the value of the subject.

When choosing a topic, we must consider its role in developing education and scientific research. What's the point of thinking about this? Is it innovative to consider the viewpoint?

Whether the research topic is conducive to facing all students, fully implementing the education policy and promoting students' active development. At the same time, we should also consider the policy value of the subject. In terms of time, we should consider both the present and the future; In space, we should not only consider the needs of a certain aspect, but also consider the overall development needs of the country, schools and students.

Fully consider the research conditions

Educational research should also be based on demand and consider the possibility. Although the topic is very good and valuable, it still needs to be studied. But we must also consider whether it is possible to study and whether conditions allow us to undertake such a task. This should be considered from people, money, things and other aspects.

The human condition. Among all things in the world, man is the first and the most precious. So, how much manpower can be invested in scientific research? What about full-time and part-time jobs? How many experts and scholars can be hired to give guidance? We should seriously consider the number, level and structure of people and optimize the combination.

Money is not everything, but you can't do anything without money. Therefore, after selecting the topic, how much should we consider the total investment? How much money can it provide? How much can the unit raise? How much is missing? How to solve it needs serious consideration and must not be sloppy. If you take the practice of saddle first, you will encounter many difficulties in the future and will inevitably give up halfway.

The state of things. After selecting the topic, you should consider whether you need equipment and what experimental equipment you need. What books and materials are needed? There are also printing capabilities and research bases to consider. In addition, research experience, work nature, professional expertise, time experience, hobbies, etc. It should also be seriously considered.

In short, the topic should also foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, give full play to advantages, do what one can, be practical, not too big or too small, and be just right.

2. Seriously declare the subject.

Fill in the application form correctly after selecting the topic. The main contents of the application form are:

The name of the project, the person in charge, the members of the research group, and the results related to the project, research projects, research plans and expected research results, budget, opinions of referees, opinions of the unit where the person in charge of the project works, etc. Among them, the topic selection argument is an important content, which includes the following contents:

Research background, mainly explaining under what circumstances, why, why to study this topic, what is the purpose of the research, and the theoretical and practical basis of the research; Research objective: According to the limited data and facts collected by the subject, and based on our own experience and understanding, we must put forward a research objective (research hypothesis) after comprehensively thinking about the problems to be explored and solved. The research goal must be accurately described and finally determined after careful consideration, so as to grasp the content and direction of the research and use it as a ruler to define the research scope and a logical method to determine the research. The research content is the core of the subject. After the topic is selected, the research content should be concretized and decomposed into several sub-topics according to the significance and objectives of the topic. The more specific the topic, the better for research. Pay attention to the relationship between sub-topics when dividing them. According to the sub-topic, we should make clear the content, research object and scope. To prevent the contradiction between the research objectives and the narrowing of the scope, the content far away from the subject objectives and inconsistent with the objectives will not be considered. After the content division is completed, the key points and difficulties of the research are selected according to the research standards; Choosing a research method, according to the research content, scope, object and other factors, it is natural to choose a research method. The commonly used research methods are observation, investigation, literature research, action research and statistical analysis. And the method chosen depends on the target, content scope, object and other factors. By analyzing the research status of similar projects, when applying for projects, we should further understand the project status through online search or literature retrieval, combine the actual situation, reform, develop, innovate and learn from the experience and achievements obtained, avoid repeated research, avoid detours and detours in research work, and further expand and innovate on the basis of other people's research. This is our own research achievement. Pay attention to this part when filling out the application form. After reviewing the first five aspects, especially after analyzing the research objectives and the research status of similar topics, we can naturally determine the theoretical significance (value) and practical significance (value) of the research.

The research plan and expected research results include two parts: one is the division of labor, and the research of the subject is finally completed by people. After dividing the research content according to certain standards, these sub-topics should be decomposed into the members of the research group, with one-to-one correspondence between personnel and research content, one-to-many and many-to-one. The purpose is that all aspects of the research cannot fail, and the tasks of each research member must be clear, specific and appropriate. The second is the composition of the research results, which expounds the expression, content and structure of the research results. After a series of activities such as selecting topics, making research plans, implementing research, collecting data, processing data, new ideas, new knowledge and new products. , can be regarded as research results, its manifestations include papers, cases, objects, pictures, videos, software, investigation and analysis reports, research and analysis reports, etc. When filling in the application form, it should be determined and implemented by researchers. Through concrete practice, the idea can be turned into reality, the research task can be completed and the research goal can be achieved. In addition, the project budget should be truthfully filled in, and the unit where the project leader works should sign the opinions and affix the official seal, and then apply to the higher education authorities.

3, scientifically formulate the opening report or research plan.

After the project is approved by the superior, the opening report should be made immediately, that is, after the project direction is determined, the project leader will write the project plan and report it to the superior for approval on the basis of investigation and research. This paper mainly explains that this topic needs to be studied, and how to prepare it when conditions permit, which can also be said to be the demonstration and design of the topic. The opening report is an important link to improve the quality and level of topic selection.

The structure and writing methods of the opening report mainly include the following aspects:

(1) Propose the title of the topic.

For our basic education teachers, the subject is small; In order to facilitate research.

The reason and significance of raising the topic is to clarify the theoretical or practical basis, necessity and importance of raising the topic.

To be modern (to be creative), what others have studied or have reached a recognized conclusion will lose its meaning unless you choose a new research angle or find another way. If someone at home and abroad has explored this aspect, you should briefly introduce it, and point out what level their exploration has reached and what aspects this research will make a breakthrough. )

It should be of positive significance to both practice and theory (this is very important, and it is of positive significance to our basic education teachers, especially to the suggested practice; It is certainly better to make a breakthrough in ethics, but be careful not to ask for a breakthrough in theory, which is more difficult)

Feasibility (Morton, former director of the Bell Institute in the United States, once pointed out: "The topic selection should not be hasty. If it is impossible, the topic is equal to zero. " )

(2) The purpose and significance of the research should be appropriate and clear, specific and concise, and highlight the key points and characteristics;

(3) Research status, level and development trend at home and abroad. It is whether this subject has been studied, what level the research has reached, what shortcomings exist and what direction it is developing. Writing these contents in the opening report, on the one hand, can highlight the status and value of this research, on the other hand, it also shows whether the researchers have a good grasp of this research. In any scientific research, we must have a clear understanding of the research status of this problem.

(4) Theoretical basis of the research. What we are doing now is basically applied research and development research, which requires that our research must have some basic theoretical foundations to ensure the scientific nature of the research. For example, if we want to carry out experimental research on activity classes, we must take curriculum theory, learning psychology theory and educational psychology theory as the theoretical basis of research experiments. When we carry out innovative experiments in teaching mode, we must take teaching theory and educational experiment theory as the theoretical basis.

Basis of argument (theoretical value, practical significance and analysis of research status at home and abroad)

A, theoretical value: the cited theory should be accurate, with the characteristics of the times and certain authority; In the elaboration, the theory should be related to the research core of this topic.

B, practical significance: pay attention to the analysis of survey data; Pay attention to the experience summary of your own teaching practice; Pay attention to the needs of the times and the development of the region or unit.

C. Analysis of research status at home and abroad: pay attention to the collection, analysis and research of intelligence data and find out its shortcomings; Pay attention to the position, advantages and breakthrough points of this topic in the current research status.

D. main reference: recite some necessary professional names related to this topic and learn some latest related theoretical research books.

(5) The main research contents and methods of the subject should be substantial and specific; Research methods should be scientific and standardized;

There are generally the following research methods in the research of scientific research topics: observation, investigation, experiment, literature, case study, comparison, experience summary, practical reflection, measurement, action research, list and chart, content analysis and so on.

Natural observation means that researchers observe the research object purposefully, planned and systematically in the natural state, and gain a more comprehensive, systematic, more real and objective understanding of the development and changes of the research object, so as to further understand the internal relationship and essential attributes of the research object and its surrounding environment. It is suitable for subjects with few research objects, relatively concentrated activities and short research cycle.

Investigation method is to collect the objective data of the research object in a planned and systematic way through discussion, interview, questionnaire, test and evaluation, and grasp the present situation or development trend of a certain aspect of the research object through sorting out and analyzing the data.

Experimental method is to change the environment around the research object in a planned way under strict control, observe, record and measure the changes of the research object, so as to understand the causal relationship between the research object and the surrounding conditions.

By collecting, sorting out, analyzing and studying the materials related to a specific research object at all times and all over the world, the literature research method can understand and explain the historical evolution process or the law of occurrence and development of a specific research object.

(6) Steps of research work

Write clearly the start and end time of study, and don't interrupt halfway; Write clearly the research contents and results of each stage.

(7) Composition and expertise of project participants. It mainly depends on the overall quality and level of the participants, especially the level of the project leader. If the participants and the person in charge have neither theoretical experience nor practical experience, the project will not be completed well and it will be impossible to approve the project.

(8) Existing foundation. Mainly personnel base and material base. Many projects have high requirements for personnel and equipment. Without basic research conditions, this project cannot be established. Highlight the advantages of researchers in this study, such as academic qualifications, academic ability, research ability and experience, suitability for this study, time and energy, convenience of research and other advantages such as economic materials.

(9) Capital estimation. That is, where the project needs money, how much money it needs and how to manage it.

(10) Expected research results

The main forms include: investigation report; Related papers; Self-made experimental equipment and physical objects obtained from experiments; Homemade items; As well as the award-winning certificates and copies related to the project.

Basic structure of project research scheme

(1), project name <

(2) This project belongs to the project approved by xx.

(3) The argument of the topic is basically consistent with the opening report.

(4), division of labor

(5) Time schedule

(6) Expected research results

4. Implement effective research.

(1), through the research scheme. After the project research plan is formulated, it is necessary to quickly organize the members of the research group to study and pass the research plan, and further clarify the research background, research objectives, research contents, research priorities and difficulties, research status of similar projects, theoretical basis and practical significance. Make clear your specific research tasks, choose scientific and effective methods, complete the practical activities, organizational forms and achievements of your research tasks, complete the overall time schedule of all research tasks, and make full preparations for the research.

(2) Strictly implement the research plan. After the project research plan is approved, it should be strictly implemented as planned. The person in charge of the project should pay a return visit and communicate with school leaders and relevant intelligent institutions to obtain their support and cooperation, and organically combine research activities with regular teaching activities, with regular teaching research activities and with special research activities, so that the research of the project can be carried out under normal conditions and integrated into education and teaching research and normal education and teaching activities. In research activities, it is necessary to make necessary records, process and refine abstract generalizations in time, collect and sort them out in time, and form new materials, strategies and strategies for research.

5. Write the research report carefully.

Writing a research report is about what research methods have been adopted, what achievements and experiences have been obtained, what research conclusions have been drawn, what problems have been found in the research process, how to solve these problems, the degree of research results at this stage and what problems need to be solved. The main energy should be spent on research methods and results. The research report is based on the scientificity of research methods and the reliability of research results, which are intrinsically related. Only scientific research methods can ensure the correctness of the research results, explain the research methods clearly, make people feel that the research methods are impeccable, and then we can see that the results and conclusions are reliable. At the same time, the elaboration of theoretical viewpoints should be combined with materials. The argument is clearly and forcefully demonstrated in the research report, which is the core issue that should be paid attention to. In addition to relying on the power of logic, the confirmation of arguments also needs the support of scientific facts, thus combining arguments with facts. Therefore, the research report must have specific materials, respect the facts, and extract opinions from the facts. In the process of discussion, we should handle the relationship between arguments and facts, choose correct factual materials, pay attention to the typicality and scientificity of facts, be good at explaining problems with positive and negative facts and reveal universal laws. Secondly, the facts should be properly configured; Using facts to demonstrate is mainly to help people understand unfamiliar arguments, refute outdated and wrong arguments, and clarify rich and profound arguments. Not all arguments should be proved by facts. At the same time, we must persist in seeking truth from facts. The analysis and discussion of the research report should not be exaggerated or reduced; Dare to adhere to the truth, not influenced by authority and public opinion; When drawing a conclusion, we should pay attention to the premise and conditions, do not simplify and absolutize, do not generalize, and say local experience as universal truth. The main contents of the research report include the research background of the topic, the theoretical and practical significance of the topic, the main contents of the research, research methods and technical application means, main research conclusions (achievements and experiences), major breakthroughs and innovations, puzzles and problems, main references and data indicators.

6. Fill in the appraisal form.

After the completion of the research report, all members of the research group will be convened again to study, discuss and analyze the research report in comparison with the project application, research plan and research report, and then the contents to be filled in the Conclusion Appraisal Form will be abstractly summarized.

Fourth, carefully sort out the closing materials.

1. application report for closing the case

2. Project declaration report

3. Notice of project approval

4. Summarize the evaluation form

5. Stage summary of the research.

6. Final conclusion report of the research project

7. Annex:

(1) project results; (research report; Related papers; Self-made experimental equipment and physical objects obtained from experiments; Homemade items; As well as the award-winning certificates and copies related to the project. ).

(2) Project-related research materials (project implementation plan, stage implementation plan, project research memorabilia, etc.). )