2. After having obtained the township examination: Tang and Song Dynasties called it "township tribute" and "solution examination". The Ming and Qing Dynasties held exams in provincial capitals (including the capital) every three years. Because the exams were held in autumn and August, they were also called "Qiu Wei". The examiner was appointed by the emperor. After the exam, the positive and negative lists will be released. The front list is called "Juren", and the first name is "Xie Yuan". In principle, the juren in the pre-test has obtained the qualification of selecting officials and can take the exam held in Beijing the following year.
3. Examination: Examination is the central examination in China's ancient imperial examination system. The so-called examiner, that is, will hold a meeting in one place to compete in science and art. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the examination was held in the capital and presided over by the Ministry of Rites. The emperor appoints the president and vice-president, and the provincial juren and imperial academy diploma can take the exam. The candidate in the exam is called Gong Shi, and the first place is Hui Yuan. Because the exam is held in spring, it is also called "Spring Wei".
4. Gongkao: Gongkao, also known as Imperial Examination, Tingkao and Tingdui, is the highest exam in the imperial examination. The emperor presided over it personally, and let Gong decide who will win the first place. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the court examinations were divided into three groups: one group and three groups, which were given the title of "Jinshi Ji", the first champion (Dingyuan), the second, and the third Tan Hua; A number of dimethyl, given the name "Jinshi origin"; Number three, given the name "with Jinshi origin"
5. And: refers to the selection of imperial examinations, which was named because of the second place in the list. Those who fail in the exam are called "laggards" and "Xia Di". There are other nicknames for Jinshi, such as "wearing Gong Jin", "getting in the exam" and "winning the laurel".
6. Jinshi: the highest reputation in the imperial examination. Gong took the court exam and was recorded as the top three, known as Jinshi. When you pass the exam, as long as you pass the exam, you will be awarded an official position, and the rest will be awarded an official position after three years of study.
7. Lianzhong Sanyuan: Those who take the first place in the imperial examination as Yuan and take the first place in the township examination, social examination and temple examination in succession are called "Lianzhong Sanyuan". It is the highest honor that ancient scholars longed for under the imperial examination system, and few scholars in ancient China ever won this honor.
8. Ding Jia: The top three champions, second place and Tanhua in palace examination No.1 Middle School are like three pillars, so they are called "Ding Jia". The top scholar ranks first in Ding Gu, so posthumous title "sets a goal".
9. Referee: refers to the person who is recommended. There was no way to recruit scholars in the Han Dynasty, so the court ordered the county to recommend talents and called people named after "Juren". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, juren who took part in the rural examination and were admitted were also called "rural agreement" and "Da Chun Yuan".
10. Students: Under the feudal imperial examination system, people studying in imperial academy and other places were collectively called "students". In the Tang Dynasty, it refers to the inspector who studied in imperial academy, and in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it refers to the person who passed the lowest-level examination and passed the official school and county school, commonly known as "Jinshi". Liu Xiu, Emperor Wu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, avoided light and called him "scholar" and "Cai Mao".
1 1. Chinese studies: Pre-Qin philosophers are divided into two categories: Chinese studies and rural studies. Chinese studies are designed for emperors or princes, including Chinese studies and primary schools. The teaching contents of business schools and primary schools are mainly "six arts" (etiquette, music, shooting, bending, calligraphy and mathematics), especially in primary schools.
12. imperial academy: the highest institution of learning established in ancient China to train talents and impart Confucian classics. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was the name of imperial academy, and the doctor of Five Classics was established by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, which was the beginning of imperial academy in the Western Han Dynasty. After that, the names of the past dynasties were different, and the system also changed.
13. Academy: an independent educational institution that emerged from the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is a place where folk or government officials gather their disciples to impart and learn knowledge. The four famous academies in China are Bailudong Academy in Lushan, Jiangxi, Yuelu Academy in Changsha, Hunan, Songyang Academy in Dengfeng, Henan and Yingtianfu Academy in Shangqiu, Henan. The degree of a person's understanding is just equal to the depth of his suffering.
14. doctor: it was an official name in ancient times, but now it is a degree name. Originated in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. Because of his mastery of ancient and modern times and access to the national system for consultation, he is an academic consultant.
15. Division: ancient academic official name. He is the deputy section chief of imperial academy or Business School, equivalent to the current vice president, and assists in the post of education discipline as the director of wine offering.
16. Names of ancient scholars. The abbreviation of "prefect learning politics" is an official appointed by the court, who presides over the college examinations in various provinces and supervises academic officials everywhere. Academic management is generally held by the Hanlin Academy or Jinshi.
17. Professor: It originally refers to imparting knowledge, giving lectures and teaching, and later became the name of academic officer. After the Han and Tang dynasties, there were professors in schools at all levels, who were responsible for the specific affairs of school examinations.
18. Supervisor: a person who studied in imperial academy or obtained the qualification of studying in imperial academy during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People with this qualification can take the provincial examination like a scholar. There are two ways to obtain qualifications: one is shadow supervision, that is, according to the prescribed system, according to the generations of ancestors; The second is case supervision, which is obtained through donation.