1, implements westernization movement. In terms of industry, the Westernization Movement established the first batch of modern military and civilian enterprises and created a modern industrial atmosphere. Militarily, a new army and navy have been established, and the national defense force has been strengthened; In education, new schools have been established, foreign students have been sent, and a group of knowledgeable talents have been trained; In terms of diplomacy, the establishment of diplomatic institutions promoted exchanges with foreign countries, thus marking the beginning of China's modernization.
2. The Reform of 1898 and the Revolution of 1911. The reformists in the Reform Movement advocated the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, while the bourgeois revolutionaries in the Revolution of 1911 advocated the establishment of a bourgeois republic.
3. New cultural thought movement.
(1) The modernization of technical resources at the tool level must match the modernization of non-technical resources at the system and concept level. Without the synchronous change of system and concept, the transformation of utensils can only be superficial and will eventually fail. (2) The purpose of rethinking "ethical consciousness" is not the form of concept change itself, but to seek the modernization and coordination of the whole society. This is a breakthrough and deepening of the understanding of the relationship between "body and use", which shows that China's modernization does not only need to transplant the West.
Enlightenment: China people are brave in exploration and struggle, have a sense of urgency and enterprising spirit, and have a sense of responsibility and mission to the country and the nation; Neither the landlord class nor the bourgeoisie can find a way to save China. Only * * can save China.