1. It is easy to learn and use junior high school history well, but it is not easy to learn it well.
At present, the knowledge capacity of the new history textbooks used is not large. First of all, we should understand the basic structure of teaching materials.
Generally speaking, each lesson in history textbooks is usually divided into several parts, in which Chinese characters are the main content and all the basic knowledge points need to be mastered. Therefore, students should read this part intensively, focus on this part, and learn to analyze which parts are important, which are not important, which contents need to be memorized, and which contents belong to understanding. Only by grasping the key points can we be targeted in our study and master more knowledge. In addition, some contents of the textbook are printed in fine print, which is not the main content of the textbook. The purpose of the arrangement is to increase students' knowledge. There is no need to remember, but students can read. It is best to look at it in combination with the big characters in the textbook.
Sometimes if we want to understand the contents of textbooks, we have to use these small printed parts. There are also some contents that are not within the scope of reading, but will help you improve and expand your thinking. This part is the exercises involved in the textbook.
For example, the first lesson of grade seven, "Please imagine how Beijing people live", is very practical. We should not only use historical knowledge, but also use imagination to apply knowledge to daily life. On the one hand, doing this kind of topic can consolidate your instructions and broaden your mind.
Therefore, for textbook knowledge, all of us should learn to learn to learn by classification. 2. Learn to "read" To learn history well, you must learn to read textbooks quickly in order to master the initiative in class.
In this way, students can study easily and gradually master reading skills. In class, the teacher leads everyone to read and study. At ordinary times, the teacher has designed questions in a hierarchical and targeted manner, which inspires us all to read and think carefully, skim and understand, think while reading, and think after reading.
Therefore, students should follow the teacher to inspire you and look for the vertical and horizontal connection of knowledge, causality and so on. At the same time, everyone should also develop good reading habits such as taking notes and taking brief reading notes. For example, most small print or data supplements for historical nouns, concepts, numbers, etc. In the text, some quotations or illustrations without asterisks, etc. , you can browse and browse quickly, while important and difficult knowledge such as the cause, process and influence of historical events, important historical concepts, historical figures, important historical materials, historical illustrations, etc. Ask everyone to read and think carefully.
After such long-term training, students will not only rationally use and scientifically allocate classroom time, but also develop good reading habits of fast reading and reading, laying a solid foundation for the formation of self-study ability in the future. 3. To develop the habit of independent thinking, we should be "good at thinking" and "willing to think". The Analects says that "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous", that is, we should combine learning with thinking in learning.
Loving thinking and knowing how to think is the source of knowledge. Students should take advantage of the thinking opportunities given by teachers in class to cultivate a variety of thinking abilities. Level one.
We should carefully design questions in class, go deep step by step, learn to follow historical clues to find the cause and effect of things, and thus train strict logical thinking ability. For example, when studying "American cold war decision-making", it can be designed as the following questions: (1) What is the "cold war" policy of the United States? (2) Why did the United States implement the "Cold War" policy? Why can we implement the "cold war" policy? (3) What is the essence of the "Cold War" policy? What impact has it had on the world pattern? Through interlocking questions and in-depth analysis, we can not only get the understanding of knowledge, but also get the enlightenment of thinking.
After such long-term training, students' logical thinking ability will be improved imperceptibly. Level two.
We should encourage ourselves to be unconventional and put forward our own unique opinions, so as to train our innovative thinking and consciousness. Innovation is the soul of social development. Foreign educators once said: "As long as students can ask questions, it will help to form the internal motivation of students' learning. "
Because asking questions is a person's psychological tentacles from the known to the unknown, and it is the embodiment of innovative consciousness. Teachers will encourage people to question and ask them to think, evaluate and locate historical events and people from different angles, from which students can form good thinking habits.
For example, when discussing Yue Fei, a classmate asked, "Why didn't he lead the army to defeat the ruler and then go back?" In the debate class "Why there are different views on Wu Zetian in history", a classmate thought that because she was a woman, the status of women in history was low. She became an emperor, which violated the conventions of feudal society, so many people wanted to belittle her in the past. Practice has proved that diligent study and good thinking will gradually enhance the ability to systematically summarize, judge, evaluate, analyze and summarize historical concepts, historical events, historical figures and historical knowledge.
Learning to think is equivalent to finding the golden key to acquire knowledge, and the ability of self-study will also be enhanced. Fourth, learn to master the skills of consolidating knowledge-"learn skillfully" 1 consolidate training in time.
After learning the new lesson, you can consolidate and strengthen your memory and improve your analytical ability. Confucius said that "review the past and learn the new", so we should review what we have learned in time. According to the law of memory, it is always fast first and then slow, and timely review and consolidation will help reduce the forgetting rate of knowledge.
2 overall review. History is a knowledge network with strong regularity and clear clues. Grasping the vertical and horizontal connection of historical knowledge and grasping the key points will make it easier to study and review history lessons.
The learning method of horizontal connection should not only be reflected in the general review, but also run through the learning and training process of each class. Every time a teacher tells an analogy of historical knowledge, everyone can recall the same and similar historical knowledge they have learned according to the teacher's prompt, and then analyze and compare them, and sum up similar historical knowledge into the same memory chain.
For example, when talking about the bourgeois revolution in Anglo-American law, we can compare the causes, processes and influences of revolutions in various countries in tabular form, analyze similarities and differences, and understand the essentials of mastering knowledge through analysis and comparison. After repeated training and guidance, students will master contact.
2. How to implement effective teaching in history classroom teaching
First, build a knowledge framework to enable students to actively and effectively participate in classroom teaching. Descartes, a French mathematician, said, "The most valuable knowledge is the knowledge of methods." Learning has its own rules, and we can't just rely on "rote memorization" and "spelling time". Under the concept of new curriculum reform, the function of classroom has changed. Classroom is not only the training of knowledge and skills, but also the mastery of scientific learning methods. The same is true for review classes. Effective review is by no means knowledge. Instead, we should mobilize students' multiple organs-ears, eyes, mouth and hands as much as possible, and guide students to participate in the review through various activities, so that students can become the masters of the classroom and feel that the history review class is not boring. There are rules to follow in learning history, and over time they will become interested in history review classes. In teaching, we often meet such students. They really work hard and can't wait to write down what the teacher says. Without historical thinking method, the memorized knowledge is fragmented, unsystematic and easily forgotten. In the end, although I worked hard, my grades were average. For such students, teachers need to teach them the methods of learning history: how to organize knowledge, form a knowledge framework, and master the elements of historical knowledge; Learn to use what you have learned to analyze and solve problems. In particular, teachers should show students their thinking process and methods of summing up, synthesizing, analyzing and comparing historical issues, teach students to think positively and guide them to study deeply. For example, when reviewing the first volume of History of China (Modern History of China), the author will guide students to look at the table of contents first. Two central clues are sorted out: the invasion of foreign powers and the resistance of China people. This is the trunk. The invasions of foreign powers include the Opium War, the Second Opium War, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China and Japan's all-out war of aggression against China. As a result, "twigs" were unearthed, and then extended to the background, purpose, fuse, process, result and influence of the Opium War. It can not only awaken students to "review" old knowledge, but also enable them to master it. The construction of such a knowledge framework strengthens the systematicness of review, and at the same time, under the guidance of teachers, students have mastered their own ability to organize knowledge and build a knowledge framework. Similarly, students can sort out another "trunk" by themselves-the knowledge structure map of China people's anti-Japanese struggle. The teacher showed the students the process of summing up knowledge. Then let students solve similar problems by themselves, let students participate in the classroom, cultivate students' practical ability, and really improve the classroom efficiency of review class. Second, compare and contrast, distinguish similarities and differences, and train students' ability. It is not enough to master the basic knowledge, but also to learn to use it, to investigate and solve problems. On the premise of mastering the knowledge system in an all-round way, teach students to recombine teaching materials and connect them vertically and horizontally. Induce knowledge. For example, if * * is mentioned in the second volume of History of China, it can be linked vertically and horizontally from the following aspects: (1) Taiwan Province Province has been a historical fact of China territory since ancient times; (2) Taiwan Province Province was separated from the mainland three times and returned twice; (3) the change of China's Taiwan policy; (4) the development of cross-strait relations; (5) Factors that hinder the return of Taiwan Province Province; (6) How much do you know about the reunification of the motherland? Through the vertical and horizontal series, not only the memory of basic knowledge is consolidated, but also the understanding of the whole picture and essence of knowledge is deepened, which is helpful to improve the ability to solve historical problems. At the same time, in history review, students need to learn to compare and distinguish similarities and differences. Comparative teaching method is an important method to study and study history. In the review class, comparative method can be used to review and guide the key contents of textbooks in a coherent and staggered way. This is conducive to cultivating students' ability to understand, apply, analyze, synthesize, compare and evaluate problems. In history teaching, the commonly used comparison methods are vertical comparison method and horizontal comparison method. The so-called vertical comparison refers to the comparison of similar historical events, phenomena or figures in different periods in the same country or region. The application of this method in review is helpful for students to find out the differences of historical events and understand the stages of historical development and the regularity of continuous progress of human history. Deepen students' deep understanding of historical knowledge. For example, when reviewing the "War of Independence" and "Civil War" in modern American history, the author first makes a clear comparison: both the "War of Independence" and the "Civil War" in modern American history are important components of the emergence and development of American capitalism, and both wars started with the development of capitalism and ended with clearing the obstacles for the development of capitalism. They are historical events with many internal relations. Then, let the students compare the roots, functions, important documents, results, nature and influence of the two wars with the "longitudinal comparison method" to distinguish their similarities and differences. Through longitudinal comparison, students can understand the respective roles of the two wars in different stages of American economic development, understand the law of continuous progress in the history of modern American development, improve their ability to evaluate historical figures and enhance their emotional education. Therefore, students have a deeper understanding of key knowledge and their learning ability has been further improved. The so-called horizontal comparison refers to the comparison of similar historical events, phenomena or people in different countries or regions. In history review, horizontal comparison is also a very important method. For example, when reviewing the content of the emergence and development of world capitalism, the author grasps the connection of various historical events. Specially designed the special review content "Modern World Bourgeois Revolution and Reform", and conducted horizontal comparative teaching on bourgeois revolution and reform in major countries in modern times such as Britain, France, the United States, Russia and Japan. Through a horizontal comparative study of the background (causes), process, results, influence and nature of bourgeois revolution and reform in Britain, France, the United States, Russia and Japan, students' understanding of the reform will be deepened. Make students realize that the reform in this period embodies the characteristics of this era, so that the capitalist system is gradually established and developed, world history enters modern times, and the capitalist world system is gradually formed. Students have a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the whole process of the emergence and development of world capitalism, thus consolidating their knowledge and deepening their understanding. At the same time, their learning methods and skills are cultivated, and their understanding, analysis and cognitive abilities are improved.
3. How to develop education by combining the historical knowledge of ancient and modern China and foreign countries; Cultivate a team of high-quality talents
The educational dispute, exam-oriented education from theory to action, refers to a traditional educational model in China, which is divorced from the needs of social development and human development, and aims at coping with exams and sending freshmen to higher-level schools, which violates the laws of educational science.
Obeying authority and standard answers stifles individual independent thinking ability, and stifles people's questioning spirit, critical spirit and creative spirit. It is an education for fools.
Massive homework and various remedial classes obliterate personal interests, squeeze people's talent potential, and finally lose interest in science or humanities, leaving only entertainment. Entertainment is an education.
Producers who adopt industrialized production mode seriously deny individual differences and violate the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Basic knowledge should have a certain degree, including hands-on experiments and social practice.
You don't have to teach anything if you lack it. Why do so many people blame the post-90s generation for moral problems? Because there is no practical education.
There is no patriotism education, no tree planting and environmental protection education, no martial arts education, no legal education to visit the trial, and the behavior in books only stays at the time and space of history or at the other end of the TV. Instead of letting primary school students recite hard work, courage and rules and regulations, let them observe whether their parents classify garbage, work and live, and get drunk.
This can also guide the society to carry out good family education. What else can you learn by taking exam results as the only evaluation criterion?
Most students in China, from the first class, are concerned about what to test, not what to learn, what to do and how to use it. There is a popular saying before the college entrance examination in China: I will never use what I have finished this exam, but what I will never use in my life may determine my life.
After hearing this, and seeing this scene, shouldn't we reflect? Is it necessary for him to repeat it in our children and in China from generation to generation? Apply what you have learned! Not all people are willing and able to become scientists, and not all disciplines are suitable for everyone in the current difficult and problematic state. People themselves are different, and our education should lead different people to different fields, so that everyone can become a successful person in his own field.
Instead of re-distinguishing people by the difficulty of physics, chemistry, politics, history and geography, and then using exams to carry out different levels of social division of labor. Especially in the mythical propaganda background of "College Entrance Examination", it is no longer a healthy way of education and can no longer cultivate people suitable for social and economic development.
In this case, people's output can barely meet the needs of China's previous economic development, but now it is not enough. On the one hand, China lacks middle and senior skilled workers and researchers in various fields.
On the one hand, it is difficult for many college graduates to find jobs or jobs suitable for their majors. I will elaborate the relationship between national economy and education in another article.
Senior technicians are the talent reserve and supply for the transformation of national economy from labor-intensive to technology-intensive. China's economy is also in such a transitional period and has to turn. I didn't reach that level in scientific research. I really don't know. Too much.
Just give a comparison: Qian Lao 1929 went to college, and 1934 was admitted to Tsinghua University public school. At the same time, he also returned to China in the 1950s. In other words, they went to college in 29 to 64 years, and the first atomic bomb exploded in China in 35 years.
China resumed college entrance examination in 77, and foreign students were sent back to China in 78. From 1977 to 20 12 for 35 years, there is still no breakthrough in the engine technology of China large aircraft. Facing these two practical problems, we should face up to the education problem, instead of using the usual reasons for decades to avoid difficulties.
In terms of strategic adjustment, the country has clearly recognized the problem and put it in an important strategic position. To this end, the state put forward the outstanding engineer plan; Therefore, Premier Wen said that "50% of people in China should enter vocational education"; Therefore, after China formulated the Outline of the National Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development Plan from 20 10, various provinces, cities and universities began to try education reform to varying degrees.
As far as the current effect is concerned, as far as I know, this is basically the case in Beijing, Shanghai, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Sichuan and other provinces. Or these measures are all stopgap measures.
In this case, I think we should first solve three misunderstandings about education reform. First, the education reform we are carrying out is not to oppose or cancel the college entrance examination.
When many people hear about the educational reform, they will have an inexplicable fear, thinking that they will return to the Cultural Revolution era, thinking that there is no way to change their destiny, and that they will be finished. The so-called "college entrance examination changes fate" has been deified and regarded as a dogma.
What is the essence of changing fate? To put it bluntly, it is to change jobs, especially for ordinary people, that is, to hope that children can do a relatively easy job and support their families relatively easily by mental work. This is also the process that the low-income groups gradually turn to the middle class with the development of the national economy today.
However, how many of today's post-80s really feel that they have changed their destiny, reached an ideal state of life, lived a happy life, and were full of love for work and gratitude for life? Now it is only the general situation that children inherit their father's business. For the elite, this is inevitable, but for ordinary people, I am afraid it violates the original intention.
Since it is a career change, there should be no only exam. In some common fields of work, employment and occupation are directly linked, and occupation and vocational education should be directly related.
But now many secondary vocational schools in China have almost become the "problem of juvenile" shelter for China education. The worship of college entrance examination in society has also aggravated the serious lag or even retrogression of vocational education.
I think many people who are now working in ordinary middle-level cadres or slightly lower positions were trained in colleges and universities before, but now vocational schools are not the main force at this level, which is a retrogression in education. For low-income groups, the most realistic way to change their fate is to enter the middle class, which is also an important step for the country's class structure to stabilize.
But now schools generally publicize the idea of getting promoted and getting rich by doing well in the exam, which is unrealistic for individuals and unscientific for education.
4. Basic knowledge of China history
1. It is known that the oldest hominid living in China is Yuanmou ape-man.
Two ancient human tooth fossils found in Yuanmou Basin, Yunnan Province, China, have been scientifically identified for more than 700,000 years. About 700,000 to 200,000 years ago, Beijingers lived in the Gulong Cave in Zhoukoudian, Beijing.
People in Beijing already know how to use natural fire. For the first time, mankind has gained the ability to dominate the forces of nature.
About 18000 years ago, there were still a group of ancient humans called "Neanderthals" living in Gulong, Zhoukoudian, Beijing. They already have obvious physical characteristics of the yellow race.
Neanderthals not only made artificial fires, but also made the first bone needle in the history of sewing technology in China. The spicule is about as thick as a matchstick and 82 mm long. 6. Six or seven thousand years ago, ancient painted pottery culture and black pottery culture appeared in China.
7. The painted pottery of Anbanpo culture in Xi 'an, Shaanxi is very beautiful. The decorative patterns on the surface net basin are the crystallization of original art, original words and original art.
8. The black pottery of Longshan culture in Shandong is black and bright, with the same luster as metal utensils. 9. Hemudu culture in Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Basin is as old as Banpo culture in the Yellow River Basin. 7000 years ago, people there built houses with large wooden components.
10, about 3000 BC, in the Neolithic Age, there appeared an earliest genius named Fuxi (also known as Bao or Dong). According to the changes of geographical phenomena, he made gossip, wrote books and taught people to practice agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing, and had the legend of "nine needles and a hundred medicines", which was called "gossip" in history. 1 1. During the Yangshao culture period, a Yan Di Shennong appeared. He was the founder of farming, medicine, musical instruments and market transactions, and enjoyed the reputation of "tasting all the hundred herbs" for future generations.
Nowadays, it is often called the ancestor of China culture together with the later Yellow Emperor. About 2000 years ago, there were some tribal wars.
Xuanyuan is a clever and brave leader of the northern tribes. Because of his popularity, he won the final victory, replacing "Yan Di" as "Yellow Emperor". 13. In the process of the gradual formation of the ancient Chinese nation, the Yellow Emperor played an important role, and the Yellow Emperor was respected by later generations as the "ancestor of humanity" of the Chinese nation (the predecessor of the Chinese nation).
14. After the Yellow Emperor, several outstanding figures appeared in the Chinese nation: Yao, Shun and Yu. Yaochan is located in Shun, and Shunchan is located in Yu.
15, Yao Shunyu era, flood disaster. Dayu was ordered to replace his father with a gun to control water, but he didn't enter the house for three times and finally conquered the flood.
16. Later, Yu's son Qi succeeded to the throne and established the first slave dynasty Xia Dynasty (about 22nd century BC-0/7th century BC). 17. According to legend, there was a calendar in the Xia Dynasty more than 4,000 years ago, so people called the ancient traditional calendar in China "Li Xia".
18, the summer calendar is based on the cycle of the moon, also called the lunar calendar. Because there are solar terms changes and agricultural arrangements in the calendar, it is also called agricultural calendar.
19, the last ruler of Xia Dynasty was unruly and tyrannical. Under the leadership of the Tang Dynasty, the Shang tribes in the East became powerful and defeated the Shang Dynasty established by the Xia Dynasty (about 65438 BC+early 07th century-65438 BC +065438 BC+0th century).
20. The bronze ware manufacturing industry in Shang Dynasty developed greatly. The "Simuwu Dafang Ding" made in the late Shang Dynasty weighs 875 kilograms and is the largest unearthed bronze ware in the world so far.
2 1, Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty is an ancient writing carved on tortoise shell and beast bones, which is quite mature. Among the 6.5438+0.5 million pieces of Oracle bones unearthed in Yin Ruins, the total number of words reached 6.5438+0.6 million, including 4,600 words, and 6.5438+0.6 million words have been recognized.
22. At the end of Shang Dynasty, there was a powerful tribe named Zhou on the Loess Plateau. When he arrived in Zhou Wenwang, Zhou became the new leader of the governors in the western regions.
Zhou Wang, the last ruler of Shang Dynasty, was arrogant, extravagant and cruel. About BC 1046, Zhou Wenwang's son Zhou Wuwang joined forces with other tribes to crusade against Shang Dynasty. After the Battle of Makino, the Shang Dynasty was overthrown, the Zhou Dynasty was established, and Haojing was its capital.
24. After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, the policy of "enfeoffment of relatives to support the Zhou Dynasty" was implemented, and 7 1 small countries including Lu, Qi, Wei, Jin, Song and Yan were enfeoffed. The monarchs of these small countries are called princes.
25. In 84 BC1year, a republic emerged in the Zhou Dynasty. The first year of the Republic of China is recognized as the most accurate historical date in China.
26. In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, there were many large-scale music and dances in the Central Plains, which lasted 180 years. When offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers, Daxia dance is used to show Dayu's water control, and Dawu dance is used to commemorate the achievements of King Wu.
27. In 77 BC1year, his son was killed by the dog Rong people at the foot of Mount Li. In 770 BC, Prince Xuanjiu, namely Zhou Pingwang, moved the capital from the East to Luoyi, which was called "the Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history.
The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. 28. During the Spring and Autumn Period, more than 100 vassal states fought against each other, and the winner was the king, resulting in the "Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period", namely Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong, Song Xianggong and Chu Zhuangwang.
29. In 606 BC, Chu Zhuangwang fought against Zhoujiang and won the championship. Ding is a symbol of kingship. It is said that Dayu cast Jiuding, representing Kyushu.
Chu Zhuangwang won the championship, which shows that he has the ambition to become the son of heaven. 30. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, wuyue was hostile to each other.
First, the prince of Wu died of injury. His son, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, is determined to take revenge and reminds him loudly every day: "Fu Cha, have you forgotten the revenge of killing your father?" Later, Wu defeated Yue under the leadership of Fu Cha.
3 1, Gou Jian, the king of Yue, is determined to avenge himself. He asks himself loudly every day: "Gou Jian, have you forgotten the shame of national subjugation?" After ten years of reunion, the State of Yue defeated the State of Wu, and Fu Cha, the king of Wu, committed suicide.
About 2,500 years ago, China produced a great thinker-Laozi. Laozi is the founder of Taoist school.
His last work, Tao Te Ching, is also called Laozi. There is a clear statement in the book: "misfortune depends on happiness, and happiness lies in misfortune." That is to say: disasters sometimes become the cause of happiness, and sometimes disasters are hidden in happiness.
And remind people that "the extremes of things must be reversed" and pay attention to "Tao" and "virtue". This is a typical traditional dialectical thought.
Confucius was born in 5565438 BC and died in 479 BC. He was a great thinker and educator.
5. What are the methods to organize knowledge in junior middle school history class?
At present, there are three common teaching modes in history classroom teaching in middle schools in China: "speaking-accepting", "self-consciousness-tutoring" and "participation-activity".
First, talk-accept.
Talking about acceptance is formed on the basis of reforming the traditional history teaching mode.
The traditional history teaching model was formed by China history educators in the early 1950s, on the basis of the Soviet teaching model, combining some traditional educational ideas of China. The structural program consists of five links: organizing teaching, reviewing old lessons, teaching new lessons, consolidating new lessons and assigning homework. Its advantage is that it is convenient for people to accurately grasp the process of history teaching activities, is conducive to the systematic teaching of history knowledge, and more specifically guides history teaching practice. The teaching process is directly controlled by the teacher. Through the teacher's systematic description of the content of history textbooks, students can understand the historical knowledge they have learned from their perception, and then consolidate the historical knowledge they have learned by summarizing the completion of new lessons and homework. It enables students to effectively master more historical knowledge in unit time, and more prominently embodies the characteristics that history teaching activities are a simple cognitive process, so that systematic historical knowledge can be effectively imparted and the leading position of history teachers can be better played.
However, its limitations and defects are also very obvious. The most important thing is that teachers' subjective position is overemphasized and students' subjective position is neglected. Reflected in teaching practice, that is, too much emphasis on book knowledge and neglect of ability training, resulting in "teachers only discipline, students only teach"; The passive learning situation in which the teacher talks to the end and the students listen to the end. The teaching relationship between teachers and students is the relationship of giving and receiving, which is mainly manifested in the imparting and instilling of knowledge in teaching content and teaching methods.