I. Introduction to General Pedagogy

General Pedagogy is an educational work created by German educator johann friedrich herbart, which was first published in 1806. ?

This book is divided into two parts, describing the general purpose of education, various interests and the cultivation of students' character. Herbart proposed that teaching can be divided into four stages: clarity, association, system, method or application. Later generations divided clarity into preparation and prompt, which became a five-stage teaching method with great influence. ?

Based on psychology, this book requires teachers to carry out teaching activities according to children's psychological status and its laws, which is of great significance to the development of modern western teaching theory.

Second, the creative background

General pedagogy was published in 1806. At that time, it was the rising period of bourgeois revolution and capitalist economic development in western Europe, and Germany obviously lagged behind Britain, France and other countries economically.

In order to strengthen their economic strength and political power, the German landlords and nobles who are transforming into the bourgeoisie urgently need to cultivate a group of people who can not only maintain the monarchy, but also organize social production with educational theories and teaching methods suitable for social development.

This social demand urges Herbart to learn from the relevant achievements of predecessors and combine his own practical experience to create a new educational theory system.

Thought of works

1, theoretical basis of educational science

Herbart pointed out that the theoretical system of education has two theoretical foundations, namely ethics and psychology. Among them, ethics explains the purpose of education-morality is the highest purpose of people and education.

Psychology determines the method of education-in order to achieve the highest goal of education, it is necessary to study the psychological activities and laws of the educated in order to find reasonable and effective educational methods.

2. Child management

Herbart believes that children are born with "a kind of disobedience that will be shown everywhere, and this kind of fierceness is the root of disobedience." If we don't "restrain" it from an early age, this "strength" may become an antisocial tendency.

Therefore, we must strengthen the management of children. When managing children, we can adopt the following five methods: threat, supervision, authority and punishment, and activity. Herbart attaches great importance to the role of punishment in children's management and believes that punishment can help students eliminate rebellious behavior.

3. Teaching theory. Herbart mainly talks about this problem from four aspects.

① Education and teaching. Herbart paid special attention to the role and significance of intellectual education in education and put forward the famous theory of "education and teaching".

2 various interests. He believes that in the teaching process, "various interests" are the "internal motivation" of students' conscious activities.

③ Teaching stage theory. He divided classroom teaching into four stages: clarity, combination, system and method.

④ Teaching methods. Herbart divides teaching into three types: simple prompt teaching, analytical teaching and comprehensive teaching. Analysis teaching should be carried out on the basis of simple prompt teaching.

4. Moral education theory

Herbart pointed out that the task of moral education is to instill in students five moral concepts of "inner freedom", "perfection", "kindness", "justice" and "fairness", form will from the concepts and cultivate character with will.