There are many factors that affect reliability. Subjects, candidates, examination contents and examination environment will all cause random errors, which will lead to inconsistent scores, thus reducing the reliability of the examination. The following are several important factors that affect the reliability coefficient of the test.
(1) Samples of the subjects
An important factor affecting reliability estimation is the sample situation.
The degree of heterogeneity of population is related to the distribution of scores. The greater the group heterogeneity, the larger the score distribution range and the higher the reliability coefficient.
Because the reliability coefficient is related to the heterogeneity of sample groups, when we use the test, we can't think that when the test has high reliability in one group, it also has high reliability in another group. At this time, it is usually necessary to re-determine the reliability of the measurement.
The research shows that the reliability coefficient is not only influenced by the heterogeneity of the sample group, but also by the average level of the sample group. Because for different levels of groups, the project difficulty is different, and the cumulative change of each project difficulty will affect the reliability. However, this kind of influence cannot be estimated by statistical formula, and can only be found from experience.
(b) the length of the test.
Generally speaking, the longer the test time, the higher the reliability value. This is because:
① A longer test can improve the representativeness of project sampling, thus better reflecting the real level of the subjects;
② The more items tested, the more random errors in each item can cancel each other out.
(C) the difficulty of the exam
There is no direct correspondence between the difficulty and reliability of the exam, but when the exam is too difficult or too easy, the range of the score will be narrowed, thus reducing the reliability. Obviously, the reliability of the test will be the highest only when the test difficulty level can maximize the distribution of test scores, usually this difficulty level is 0.50.
When the question is too difficult, the subjects may answer it by guessing, which will also reduce the reliability.
Factors affecting validity
There are many factors that affect the effectiveness of the test. In addition to the factors that affect the reliability mentioned above, the test itself, the implementation of the test and the subjects will all affect the validity. Some of these factors are common and obvious, while others are not easy to detect.
The test itself
1. Project quality
The validity of the test will be affected by the unclear explanation and answer of the test questions, the compilation of the test questions does not meet the measurement purpose, the difficulty of the test questions is inappropriate, the arrangement of the test questions is unreasonable, the test questions provide additional clues, and the arrangement of multiple-choice answers has obvious regularity.
2. Number of projects
Increasing the length of the test can not only improve the reliability of the test, but also improve the validity of the test to some extent.
(B) the implementation of the test
Failure to follow the instructions, cheating, poor examination environment, non-objective grading standards, and wrong grading will all affect the validity of the examination.
(3) Theme
1. Physical and mental state
The subjects' interest, motivation, mood, attitude, reaction orientation and physical condition will all affect the subjects' reaction, thus affecting the validity of the test.
2. Sample characteristics
The validity of the test is closely related to the characteristics of the sample population. The validity of the same test varies greatly for different sample groups, so when analyzing the validity, we must choose a representative test group.
The heterogeneity of sample group is very important for the effectiveness of the test. Other things being equal, the more homogeneous the sample group is, the smaller the score distribution range is, and the lower the validity of the test is; The greater the heterogeneity of the sample group, the wider the distribution range of scores and the higher the validity of the test.
(4) Effective standards
The reliability of standard measurement and the type of relationship between standard and test score will also affect validity.
In short, all factors that have nothing to do with the purpose of measurement and can bring errors will reduce the validity of the test.
I hope I can help you ... >>
Question 2: Three basic elements and significance of experimental setup in educational psychology research methods In statistics, "experimental factors, subjects and experimental effects" are often called the three elements of experimental design, so they are called because they are indispensable for any experimental research. Now briefly described as follows:
The so-called experimental factors are some experimental conditions that researchers want to focus on in the experiment. include
1, independent variable: In psychological experiments, independent variables are variables manipulated and mastered by experimenters.
Reference: baike.baidu/view/379564
2. Dependent variable: the phenomenon change or result caused by the change of independent variable.
Reference: baike.baidu/view/324030
3. Control variables: In the experiment, not only the independent variables are related to the dependent variables, but also there are additional related variables besides the independent variables. This kind of variable is called extra variable for short, and it is also called control variable because it must be controlled and kept unchanged in the experiment.
Reference: baike.baidu/view/1350520? TP = 0 _ 1 1
The object of experimental factors is called the subject. Experimental factors must act on the subjects, and we need to combine professional knowledge to determine what to choose as the subjects of this experiment. As for the number of subjects to be used in this experiment, it still needs to be determined by combining professional knowledge and statistical knowledge when estimating the sample size.
The reaction produced in the experimental unit when the experimental factors take different levels is called experimental effect. Generally, it is reflected by the numerical values of some observation indicators. The index should have the characteristics of strong specificity, high sensitivity, accuracy and reliability.
Question 3: What are the basic elements of a good class? Seven elements of a good class:
First, in-depth study of teaching materials. Studying the teaching materials carefully, reading and understanding the teaching materials are the key elements and the premise of a good class. After reading the textbook, you can understand the content of the textbook; After reading the textbook, you can correctly understand the position of this lesson, this chapter and this section in the textbook and the purpose of compiling this part by the editor. Only on this basis can we teach correctly. Therefore, we must thoroughly study the textbooks before class. Qian Menglong, a famous education expert, said that he did this: "Every time I prepare lessons, I always read the text over and over again and think over and over again. Some written languages are beautiful, expressive and affectionate, while others are rigorous and logical. I will adopt different reading methods to evaluate, appreciate and taste, and I will further consider what to teach and how to teach until I really taste and read the experience. "
Second, advanced educational ideas. Educational idea is the embodiment of educational thought. Under the background of promoting quality education in an all-round way and implementing the new curriculum in an all-round way, our educational philosophy must be guided by the idea of quality education, the concept of the new curriculum, and the reality of our students and educational environment. In this way, our teaching will not fall behind the times. To establish an advanced educational concept, we must strengthen the study, study the curriculum standards and learn the educational practice of famous teachers. This is the most important learning channel and an effective shortcut for our rapid growth.
Third, the teaching design of art classroom teaching is a process in which students learn knowledge, develop their abilities, exercise their thinking and enrich their emotions, and it is also a process in which teachers develop themselves. Teachers' teaching is to make students learn better. How can students learn better? This depends on teachers' educational art, especially the art of classroom teaching. The artistry of teaching design helps to enhance the interest and attraction of teaching, stimulate students' enthusiasm for learning, cultivate students' lasting interest in learning, and thus improve the learning effect.
Fourth, enrich the teaching language. Teaching language is an important tool for teachers to implement teaching and an important carrier for students to accept teachers' teaching. Teachers' teaching language should be loud, full of * * *, melodious, interesting, refined and accurate; Should teachers avoid the repetition of classroom teaching language? Long-winded, slow, flat and old-fashioned, irrelevant. Only such a teaching language can attract students, infect students and stimulate their enthusiasm for learning.
Fifth, a variety of teaching methods. There are many teaching methods, such as lectures, questions and answers, discussions, exercises, demonstrations, experiments, peer teaching and so on. You can make a reasonable choice and combination according to the actual subject, learning content and students. Special attention should be paid to avoiding the singleness of teaching methods, especially the long-term singleness of teaching methods. Because of the single teaching method, it is easy to cause students' study fatigue, reduce their interest in learning, and then reduce the learning effect.
Sixth, effective classroom organization. Classroom organization ability is an important ability that teachers need in classroom teaching. Good organization can ensure students to carry out learning activities more effectively, thus enhancing the effectiveness of learning. Many teachers successfully carry out teaching in open classes because there are leaders and teachers in class, who play a role in attracting jade; However, in class, some teachers can't organize students effectively, and students are lax, inattentive and even joking. Where does the effectiveness of such classroom teaching come from?
Seven, modern teaching methods. The modernization of teaching means is the inevitable result and requirement of the development of the times. Today in 2 1 century, it is no longer the era of a piece of chalk and a book. We must keep pace with the times and improve our ability to use modern teaching methods. When we use modern teaching methods, we must keep in mind the principle of "optimization", that is, we must use modern teaching methods with clear purpose, scientific and practical, accurate and beautiful, and we must never dazzle students or handle them rudely.
Question 4: What is one of the basic elements of experimental methods, that is, the experimenter who makes an experimental investigation purposefully and consciously? As a specific research method, experimental method has three pairs of basic elements. They are:? Experimental group and control group; ? Pre-test and post-test; ? Independent and dependent variables.
Question 5: There are three basic factors in any experiment: experimenter, () and subject. We can discover and verify chemical principles, learn scientific inquiry methods and acquire chemical knowledge.
Question 6: Who is the founder of modern pedagogy? What are the basic elements and laws of education (1) 65438+the development of politics, economy and education in the 9th century. /kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, with the development of capitalist politics and economy, it is urgent to popularize culture and education, so some major capitalist countries have carried out educational reforms one after another, making education play an increasingly important role in social life. With the vigorous development of education, people pay more and more attention to the educational process itself. Some educators gradually realize the importance of psychological knowledge in "understanding the learning activities and laws of the educated, thus improving the organization of the educational process and improving the effectiveness of educational work". For example, Pestalozzi once advocated that teachers should study the essence of students and put forward that "teaching should be psychological", which objectively promoted the emergence of educational psychology. (2) The development of psychological science in19th century. /kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, due to the development of natural science, many scientists who were originally engaged in physics, mathematics, biology or medical research introduced the experimental methods of natural science into psychology, which made psychology divorced from philosophy and became a subject that could be studied by experimental methods of natural science. Since then, psychology has changed from philosophy to an independent science. The emergence of educational psychology is directly related to the development of psychological science. The development of psychological science makes it possible for educational psychology to be separated from psychology and become an independent branch.
Question 7: What are the three basic elements of Goddard's education for children?
178 1- 1787, Pestalozzi wrote a four-volume novel "Lianhard and Godud" to publicize his educational thoughts. Goddard, the heroine in the book, exhorts her husband who drinks and indulges all day to turn virtue into evil. She also personally educates her children and the children next door, and trains them to be morally honest and brave, hardworking and simple in life, willing to study hard to read, write and calculate knowledge, and become a person with good moral character, hard work and reasonable knowledge. Godud's exemplary words and deeds have influenced the residents in the village, and the social atmosphere and living conditions in the village have been greatly improved. A new school has been set up in the village, and the old education of "teaching people to farm and have enough food and clothing" has been replaced by the new education of "adapting to modern life" in the textile era. The natural ability of children has been developed by the educational method combining with the order of natural development, and children's senses have been fully utilized in learning and training, and education and productive labor have been combined. All these reflect Pestalozzi's social view and educational view of guiding people forward and transforming society based on education. After the novel was published, it won great praise from the society, and also set a good female model like Godud, who is both a mother, a teacher and an educational reformer. The book How Godud Educates Her Children systematically expounds her educational and teaching thoughts and important theoretical works with the help of Godud's image. From 1800 New Year's Day, Pestalozzi took it to Henrich? Heinrich Geissner expressed his educational theory in the form of communication. A total of 14 letters were written. When 180 1 was published, the seventh letter was split in two by Sefas, a researcher of his educational thoughts and publisher of this group of letters, and became a monograph composed of 15 letters, entitled How Godud Educates Her Children. The theories and suggestions put forward in this letter 15 played an important role in promoting the development of capitalist democratic education in Europe at that time, and were regarded as the most representative works of Pestalozzi's educational theory.
In the English version of 1898, a method summary is attached after the letter 15. This is a report written by Pestalozzi to the Association of Friends of Education in burgdorf. This report is a preliminary systematic summary and theoretical explanation of his educational activities. Among them, he first put forward the principle of intuition. His famous argument "I try to make human teaching psychological" was also put forward here for the first time. Later, in How Godud Educates Her Children, he quoted this report in many discussions and conclusions.
The 15 letters in How Godud Educates Her Children are rich in content, which can basically reflect all the important viewpoints of Pestalozzi's educational theory.
In the previous letters, he first expounded the ideological basis of his educational activities and his understanding of thorough educational reform. He pointed out that the only way to save the working people from lack of knowledge and moral degradation and get a better life is to let them go to school and receive education from an early age, so that their personality and ability can be fully developed and they can get up and save themselves. He set himself a lifelong goal of fighting for educational reform: "I want to be a school teacher." He also pointed out that education reform should never be just a simple repair of the original system, and that "the most fundamental person is not only to alleviate the school ills that lead to the weakness of the vast majority of people in Europe, but to fundamentally treat them", that is, the concept and system of education must be fundamentally changed.
In the second and third letters, he described the contributions made by several of his assistants, Krus, Sobler and Booth, in his educational experiments, in the exploration of important issues such as "teaching psychology", "simplifying teaching mechanism" and "factor education", and pointed out that it was their writing and cooperation that saved him and saved his career from premature death.
In the letter 4- 12, he comprehensively discussed the problem of intellectual education or teaching, discussed that the teaching principle should be unified with the laws of nature and the laws of children's psychological development, and pointed out that the whole task of teaching theory research is "to find the laws that human intellectual development must abide by in terms of its true colors." This is the focus and core of this book. He discussed in detail the process of exploring the elements of intellectual education and the teaching art of the elements, put forward that numbers, shapes and characters constitute the basic elements of knowledge, cognitive ability and teaching art, and discussed in detail the teaching of these elements respectively, which widely involved the teaching contents and methods of Chinese, measurement and arithmetic in primary schools. What are the main teaching principles that run through all his teaching theories? d？ Intuitive ... >>
Question 8: What is the introduction of educational principles in pedagogy?
The basic theories of education include:
The concept of education;
Basic laws of education (the relationship between education and human development, the relationship between education and social development), educational purpose, educational system, etc. Teaching theory; Theory of moral education; Curriculum theory; Teachers, students, schools; The prospect of education includes: the development trend of education under the background of today's times, the new characteristics of modern education and so on.
This chapter has been tested: 2000: Pedagogy (Ming Jie)
The object of pedagogy research
Pedagogy is a science that studies educational phenomena and problems and reveals educational laws.
Second, the emergence and development of pedagogy (four stages)
Pedagogy is a science gradually formed and developed with the development of society and the rich experience of human education.
The embryonic stage of pedagogy (feudal society and slave society)
Xue Ji in China is the earliest educational monograph in human history.
Mencius' Confucianism at the end of the Warring States Period is a high generalization of China's ancient educational experience and Confucian educational thought. Including:' Daoyin'-guiding without pulling; "Strong but restrained"-encouragement rather than criticism; "Openness and contact"-inspire rather than tell directly; Teaching and learning learn from each other'-teaching and learning promote each other.
The independent formal stage of pedagogy (Comenius, Herbart)
The Great Teaching Theory by Comenius, a Czech educator, is the earliest educational work in modern times. Its contents are as follows: a. Propose universal primary education; B) Advocating the establishment of a school education system adapted to the age characteristics of students; Show the classroom teaching system; D. stipulate a wide range of teaching contents; E. Put forward the principles of convenience, thoroughness, conciseness and quickness in teaching; Speak highly of teachers' profession and emphasize the role of teachers.
Evaluation: These propositions are against feudal education. The establishment of new educational science has played a positive role.
German Herbart's General Pedagogy marks the beginning of pedagogy as an independent discipline.
Different stages of pedagogy development (since 19C50y)
186 1 year, Spencer is a famous positivist. He proposed that the task of education is to teach people how to live. He advocates inspiring students' consciousness and opposes teaching.
"Experimental Pedagogy"-At the beginning of the 20th century, European and American educators used the methods of experiment, statistics and comparison to study educational problems, and "Experimental Pedagogy" appeared, which was first put forward by German Man Mei in 190 1 year. German educator Rai's "Experimental Pedagogy" completed a systematic exposition of experimental pedagogy.
Evaluation: However, it is wrong for experimental educators to treat people and animals equally, interpret children's development as a purely biological process and ignore human sociality.
65438+ john dewey's pragmatic education theory "People-oriented and Education" at the end of 09C and the beginning of 200C, starting from pragmatism, opposed the traditional education centered on subject textbooks and divorced from real life; It advocates students to learn in real life, and puts forward "education is life", "school is society" and "learning by doing". His theory is based on "experience" and centered on action, with a narrow empirical color.
A clue: there is a confrontation between the traditional education school represented by Herbart and the modern education school represented by Dewey in western education.
Kailov's pedagogy in the Soviet Union
Yang Xianjiang's New Education Outline in China's New Democratic Period
Deepening stage of pedagogy theory: (20C50y)
1956 American Bloom's educational goal classification system. He divided educational goals into three categories: cognitive goals, emotional goals and motor skills goals. Each type of goal is divided into different levels, arranged in a ladder from low to high. His classification can help teachers to determine the purpose and task of teaching more carefully and provide a framework for people to observe the educational process, analyze educational activities and evaluate education.
1963 mei bruner's "educational process" advocates that students must understand the basic structure of the subject (structured educational thought), pay special attention to the cultivation of students' ability, and advocate discovery learning (discovery method education).
Education and Development by Zakov of the Soviet Union ④ Optimization of Teaching Process by babanski of the Soviet Union.
Third, the research method of pedagogy: 1. Historical method, 2. Survey methods, 3. Experimental methods, 4. Statistical methods, 5. Basic methods of information theory. Basic methods of system theory. The basic method of cybernetics,
The concept of education
This chapter has tested the real questions: (short answer) Briefly describe the basic elements of education and their interrelationships 02,
Brief introduction to the basic characteristics of ancient school education 05
Section 1 the qualitative stipulation of education
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