After the Tang and Song Dynasties, a large number of Hakkas in Fujian moved in from Henan and Anhui, mainly distributed in Ninghua, Changting, Wuping, Shanghang, Yongding, Longyan, Liancheng, Sanming, Liu Qing, Pinghe, Nanjing and Zhao 'an in western Fujian. Hakka's family system, weddings, funerals, celebrations and living habits are all based on the customs of the Han nationality in the Central Plains, absorbing and integrating the customs of many migration places and indigenous people in western Fujian, forming a unique custom.

Weddings of Hakkas in western Fujian are mostly held at night, which is strange and interesting. At night, the men's wedding procession can reach the women's house. The bride can't go out until the man comes in and lights up the house with the lamp he brought. Before going out, the bride has to stand in a rice screen with eight diagrams and Tai Chi diagrams, take off her old shoes and put on new ones, which is called "crossing the rice screen", symbolizing farewell and innovation to her native land. Then, the bride was carried out of the house by her father and got on the bus (in ancient times, she was in a sedan chair). The stepmother's family splashed water on the car, indicating that "splashing water on married women" took root in her husband's family. When the bride gets on the bus, she should wail loudly to show that she is reluctant to part with her parents, has filial piety and has good luck after marriage, which is called "crying for good life".

No matter how short the journey is, the bride must arrive at the man's house before dawn. On the way, you should also avoid meeting other wedding teams and rush to celebrate. Once they meet, the two brides will exchange handkerchiefs to show their friendship. After arriving at the man's house, the bride was dragged by a blessed woman with a disc full of oranges (sweet and auspicious) and went through the charcoal stove to show her wealth. Cover or step on it with a rice screen, which means that the husband and the woman sing together; There's an umbrella. Take your time. When the bride and groom entered the mourning hall to pay homage, the man's family began to entertain relatives and friends. At the banquet, my mother-in-law sat in the top position and sang "Eat chicken, the bride and groom are good couples" when serving. "Eat pig's heart, the whole family is United"; "After eating a pig's belly, children and grandchildren will start to grow up (promising)" and so on. When mom and uncle bring the rice, everyone can start work.

festival

There are many kinds of Hakka Lunar New Year holidays, with 35 kinds a year. For example, on the first day of New Year's Day, Hakkas have to worship their ancestors first, and then go to the temple to make pilgrimages. There are also many taboos in speaking and doing things. From the second day of the second year, there is the custom of "Xinzheng offering sacrifices to the tomb", and every household prepares three sacrifices and incense sticks to sweep the ancestral graves; The third day is a "poor day" and generally does not go out; On the fifth day of the fifth year, "start a small business" and start production and business activities; On the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, women go out early and collect seven kinds of vegetables, such as spinach, celery, fennel, onion and garlic, leek, mustard and Chinese cabbage, and cook them together to make a fortune. On the 15th day of the first month, Yuan Xiao was celebrated and all walks of life returned to normal. In addition, the seventh day of May is the birthday of the carpenter to commemorate the master Sheng Qiao. On May 13, businessmen commemorated Guandi's birthday. On July 7, the weaver girl "Seven Stars Niang" presented; On August 15, the Mid-Autumn Festival women invited the "god of vegetable basket", the god of broom, hat and dining table. On September 13, the blacksmith offered sacrifices to the furnace owner; On September 14, the mason offered sacrifices to Master Ke Ye, and so on.

Hakka people attach great importance to the tradition of sharing houses. The large and closed earth buildings most intensively reflect the characteristics of their ethnic groups. Generally, there are hundreds of people living in tulou on average.

prescribe a diet

A prominent feature of Hakka food culture is the variety of dishes. Every holiday, especially the Spring Festival, every household cooks a large pot of braised pork. Similar cauldrons include fermented bean curd, sour bamboo shoots, braised dog meat and so on. Bamboo shoots are mostly used in dishes. Historically, Hakkas have also developed a variety of dried vegetables, such as Wuping dried pork gall, Shanghang dried radish, Yongding dried vegetable, Liancheng dried sweet potato, Ninghua dried rat, Changting dried bean curd, Mingxi dried meat and Liu Qing dried bamboo shoots, which are collectively called "eight dried" in western Fujian. Because these places belonged to Tingzhou in ancient times, they were also called "Tingzhou Eight Branches" or "Tingzhou Eight Branches". Traditional folk banquets are popular with "eight bowls" and "five large plates". The first bowl of dishes is usually stuffed tofu. It is said that Emperor Qianlong likes to eat stuffed tofu, so this bowl of food is called "the emperor's dish" here, and its value has doubled, so the first bowl should be served.

Leicha is a special drink of Hakka people. It is said that this medicinal beverage originated from the soup invented by Yi Yin in Shang Dynasty, and now it is authentic in Shi Bi, the ancestral home of Hakka. Grinding tea is made by putting tea leaves, distiller's yeast and salt into a ceramic grinding bowl, grinding camphor, nanmu, maple, tea leaves and other trees to make tea paste, adding spices and food, pouring boiling water to cover it, and eating it in a few minutes. Various ingredients can be used in daily diet, including meat tea, vegetarian tea, medicinal tea, staple tea, complementary tea, self-use tea, hospitality tea and so on. Its characteristics are fragrant smell, refreshing and refreshing taste. It is not only a drink, but also a meal.

music

Time and again, the joy of harmony and prosperity was played, all the sufferings were gently unloaded from the strings, and all the happiness poured out from the bottom of my heart ... 10. In October, the Hakka Art Troupe in western Fujian performed Hakka music for tourists for ten times in Yongding Hakka Earth Building, a world cultural heritage, and won applause from tourists.

In 2006, Hakka Fan Shi music in western Fujian was listed as the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage. Fan Shi is also called "Hakka ten ring", "Ten Kinds of Drama", "Ten Scenes", "Gathering Circles", "Ten Classes", "Gathering Fans" and "Helping Fans". It is called "Fan Shi" because the band used erhu, guagui, coconut tree, banhu, Qin Yue, Sanxian, dulcimer, pipa, bamboo flute, suona and other 10 orchestral instruments, as well as percussion instruments such as plates, drums, gongs, cymbals and bells, so it is called "". In addition to the main musical instruments such as erhu, dulcimer, Qin Yue, bamboo flute, gong and cymbal, the band's combination can be increased or decreased according to the band's talent in mastering musical instruments, which can be seven or eight or fifteen or six. It is a kind of folk music, originally recorded by Miyachi notation. You can't sing it, but you can recite it. Mainly played in marching mode, it is mainly used to congratulate weddings, birthday banquets, birthdays, and other happy events.

According to relevant historical records, "Fan Shi" has a history of at least 600 years in western Fujian, mainly spreading in Yongding, Changting, Liancheng, Shanghang and Wuping counties of Hakka in western Fujian, and is deeply loved by the masses. In both towns and villages, there are almost all class clubs that play Fan Shi music, and most of them are amateur entertainment groups. During the revolutionary war years, a group of literary and art workers filled revolutionary new words with ten pieces of music loved by people in western Fujian in the form of "new wine in old bottles". For example, the widely circulated song "Send Lang to the Red Army" used ten tunes to publicize the revolutionary truth and inspire the people's fighting spirit, which played a great role. It has become a successful example of the close combination of Chinese traditional folk literature and revolutionary struggle, and it has also added luster to ten pieces of Hakka music in western Fujian.

Dress

Hakka women's cool hats also have a history of 1000 years. This is a unique and chic round hat, woven with thin contemptuous fragments or straw. The top of the hat is sewn with cloth, and some are embroidered with flowers (mostly plum blossoms); Around the edge, in addition to the front, 5 inches of cloth with different colors and unified folding are hung. Young unmarried girls have to weave two colorful ribbons at both ends of the hanging cloth, which shows whether Hakka girls have in-laws or not. This kind of hat can especially shade the sun, and the colored cloth and ribbon hanging along the brim can also attract a slight breeze. Hakka people used to call it "cool hat", which is still liked by many women in Yongding, Wuping, Shanghang and Changting counties.