First, the art education in primitive society
Education is produced with the appearance of artificial tools, and art education is also born in artificial labor tools. In the Paleolithic Age, our ancestors began to make stone tools, collect and hunt, and in the process of making and improving labor tools and transforming nature, they sprouted original aesthetic concepts. In the Neolithic Age, with the development of grinding stone tools, inventing pottery, weaving, weaving, tooth carving and jade carving, especially in the production and decoration of murals and pottery, the aesthetic concept of early human beings was further improved. The activity that enables these concepts to continue and develop is primitive art education, which has obvious unconscious characteristics and is manifested as the primitive education form of teaching between father and son, old and young.
Second, the art education in slave society
The establishment of the Xia Dynasty in about 2 1 century BC marked China's entry into the slave society. Under the production conditions of slave society, human beings separated physical labor from mental labor, which prompted art education to be separated from the primitive state, and finally separated from social production, labor and life, and became relatively independent social activities and social organizations in a certain range. The emergence of schools, in the teaching content of schools, rites and music is an important content, which includes the important content of art education, becomes the ruling tool of slave owners and nobles, and is also a weapon to coordinate their internal moral and ethical relations.
The establishment of Shang Dynasty promoted the all-round development of education. School education in Shang Dynasty was mainly religious and military, with the characteristics of samurai education. However, there is still the education of "six arts": ritual (ritual and behavior), music (music and dance), archery (archery), martial arts (equestrian) and calligraphy (mathematics), although it is not clear at this time.
The Western Zhou Dynasty was the heyday of slavery society, and education was unprecedentedly developed. "Six Arts" became the most important course in Western Zhou School. From Shang Chongwu's "Education" to "Ren Ming Lun", "Six Arts" has been fully valued. Although the educational concept of all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor has not been put forward yet, the "six arts" itself already contains these contents.
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a transitional period from slave society to feudal society, and there has been an academic situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend". At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius, a thinker, politician and educator, put forward the idea of "benevolence" as the core, pointing out that "it is based on poetry, ceremony and music". That is to say, only through aesthetic education can people's sentiments be cultivated, their moral and aesthetic realms be unified, and their basic values can be realized through the subtle influence of art.
Throughout the slave society, the "rites", "music" and "books" in the "six arts" have occupied an important position in people's understanding and put forward the function of art education, but they have not yet occupied a place in school education.
Third, the art education in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties (early feudal society)
The Warring States Period began the long feudal era in China. The wide application of ironware promoted the development of social productive forces, and also promoted the emergence of private schools. The content of artistic works is mainly figure painting, emphasizing the service of maintaining feudal ethics.
The Qin Dynasty carried out a series of reforms in the fields of politics, economy and culture, and set up official schools all over the country, which formed a situation in which official schools were the mainstay, supplemented by private schools, and strengthened the function of education in serving the political power. And has made brilliant achievements in architecture, sculpture and painting. The existing Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses are enough to show that the art education in the Qin Dynasty has made a major breakthrough in the educational scale and artistic level.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented the academic system of combining official learning (imperial academy and County Chinese Studies) with private learning, and also established Hongdumen School (named after the school was located in Luoyang), a college specializing in literature and art. The course "Calligraphy and Painting" was officially opened here. It is the earliest specialized college in China and the earliest specialized college in literature and art in the world. The art education in Han dynasty is still the way of teaching painting skills by master, apprentice and father. At that time, the main function of art was ideological education and moral education, and art education was mainly to train rulers to serve politics.
Fourth, the art education from Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties (the heyday of feudal society)
The fine arts of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties inherited and carried forward the painting art of Han Dynasty, showing a colorful face. At this time, the first batch of painters with clear records appeared in the history of China, such as Cao Buxing, Wei Xie, Gu Kaizhi, Lu Tanwei and Zhang Monk Friends. However, the art teaching at that time still followed the form of mentoring and father-son teaching, and the relationship between teachers and students was obvious, such as Cao Buxing, Gu Kaizhi, Gu Kaizhi and Lu Tanwei. At this time, the function of art education is still ideological education and moral education. Fortunately, people have realized the appreciation function of art at this time, and think that landscape painting makes people feel spiritual pleasure, which is incomparable to other literary and artistic works.
In China in the 20th century, the Chinese nation experienced a process from being bullied to being the master of the country and standing on its own feet in the world. The culture of China has gradually developed from a semi-feudal and semi-colonial culture into a democratic, scientific and socialist culture with China characteristics. As an art form, art undoubtedly has its uniqueness, but as an important part of China culture, its development will inevitably reflect the same experience of China cultural development in the ZO century. This "Hundred Years China Fine Arts Classic Library" contains fine arts literature and works with historical value and characteristics of the times in the past 100 years. This clearly shows us that under the cultural background of the 20th century, China fine arts finally realized the progress and development of China fine arts from inheriting tradition to absorbing foreign art, from improving artists' self-cultivation to paying attention to life and society, and drawing nutrition from working people. Today's China fine arts, both in theory and creation, are in a very active and prosperous period. One of the most important reasons for this situation is the efforts of several generations in the art world in the past 100 years. Review the past and learn the new. At the turn of the century, editing and publishing this set of "Hundred Years China Fine Arts Classic Library" not only reveals the development course of China fine arts in the 20th century, but also has great significance. It can enlighten us on how to develop our fine arts career in the new 2 1 century and create more brilliant history.