1, Buddhist culture mainly includes Wutai Mountain, Yungang Grottoes and Hanging Temple.
Wutai Mountain: Wutai Mountain is composed of ancient crystalline rocks, with deep cutting in the north, towering five peaks and flat peaks, so it is called Wutai: Wanghaishan in Dongtai, Yue Feng in the west, Jinxiu Peak in the south, Coconut Peak in the north and Cuiyan Peak in the middle. Outside the five peaks, it is called outside Taiwan, and inside the five peaks, it is called inside Taiwan, with Taihuai Town as the center. Wutai has a circumference of about 250 kilometers and a total area of 2,837 square kilometers. Among the five stations, the North Station is the highest, and the top of the North Station is 306 1. 1 m [2], which is known as the "roof of North China". The climate in mountainous areas is cold, there is ice at the top of the platform all year round, and the weather is cool in midsummer, so it is also called Liang Qingshan, which is a summer resort. The natural vegetation of Wutai Mountain is mainly grassland, which is composed of meadow, grassland and shrub. This is an excellent summer pasture.
Yungang Grottoes: Yungang Grottoes are also one of the world-famous stone carving art treasures. 196 1 was declared as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the State Council, and was listed as a world cultural heritage in 200 1. On May 8, 2007, Yungang Grottoes in Datong City was officially approved by the National Tourism Administration as a national 5A-level tourist attraction. It has become an important place for people from all walks of life to visit in China, and it is also a tourist attraction that international friends admire and yearn for.
In this one-kilometer-long stone carving group, the statues are as big as ten meters and as small as several centimeters, with huge stones and numerous stone carvings, which are spectacular. Some of them are sitting in danger, lifelike, singing and dancing, flying high, or beating drums and bells, or holding piccolo or pipa, carefree and smiling at tourists. The faces and costumes of these Buddha statues, flying clouds, sponsors and providers all retain the wisdom and diligence of the ancient working people. These Buddha statues and musicians' statues also clearly reveal exotic colors. On the basis of China's traditional sculpture art, it absorbs and blends the essence of Indian Gandhara art and Persian art. It is the wisdom crystallization of the creative work of the ancient people in China and the historical witness of their friendly exchanges with other countries.
Hanging Temple: Hanging Temple, also known as Kong Xuan Temple, is located in hun yuan, Shanxi Province, 65 kilometers away from Datong City, and is a national key cultural relics protection unit. Hangkong Temple was built in the late Northern Wei Dynasty more than 1500 years ago, and it has been repaired in all dynasties. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Taoist altar was moved from Pingcheng to Datong, and the ancient craftsmen built a hanging temple according to the requirement of Taoism that "the chicken barks and the dog barks". Hanging Temple is about 50 meters above the ground. Hanging Temple has developed the architectural tradition and style of our country, and its architectural characteristics can be summarized as "strangeness, suspension and ingenuity".
Hanging Temple is the only unique temple in China that integrates Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. Built between cliffs, it was built in the late Northern Wei Dynasty with a history of 1500 years. Hanging Temple faces Hengshan Mountain, backed by Cuiping, climbing dangerous rocks, facing deep valleys, with pavilions suspended and ingenious structure. Hanging Temple has 40 halls, pavilions and pavilions. Based on the principle of mechanics, beams and columns are supported by rocks, and corridors are connected left and right. The twists and turns are amazing, and the reality and reality coexist. There are more than 80 statues of copper, iron, stone and mud in the temple, and the word "spectacular" is on the rock under the temple, which is the Mo Bao of Tang Dynasty poet Li Bai.
2. Shanxi merchant culture mainly includes Pingyao Ancient City, Qiao Family Courtyard, Wang Family Courtyard and Changjia Manor.
Pingyao Ancient City: The traffic vein of Pingyao Ancient City consists of four streets, eight small streets and seventy-two dragonflies. South Street is the central axis of Pingyao ancient city, starting from the junction of East Street and West Street in the north and reaching Dadongmen (Yingxunmen) in the south. Gushi Tower runs through the north and south, and there are many old brands and traditional shops on both sides of the street. It is the most prosperous traditional commercial street. During the Qing Dynasty, Nanjie controlled more than 50% of the financial institutions in China. It is called "Waltz Street" in China. West Street starts from Xiaximen (Fengyimen) in the west, intersects with the northern ends of East Street and South Street, and forms a straight main street with East Street. Rishengchang, the first famous bank in China, was born in Gucheng West Street, which is known as "the first financial street in Qing Dynasty".
Rishengchang Bank was founded in the fourth year of Daoguang (AD 1824). The site covers an area of 2,324 square meters, with compact land and distinctive functions. After a hundred years of vicissitudes and brilliant achievements, it occupied the leading position in national finance, initiated the national banking in China, and once manipulated the economic lifeline of the whole Qing Dynasty in the19th century. Its semicolons are distributed in more than 30 cities and commercial ports in China, as far away as Europe, America, Southeast Asia and other countries, and are known as "Huitong World". After Rishengchang Bank was founded, Jiexiu, Taigu and Qixian followed suit.
East Street starts from the lower East Gate (Qin and Han Gate) in the east, intersects with the north ends of West and South Street, and forms a straight main street with West Street. North Street starts from the north gate (Gongjimen) and Nantong West Street. Baxiao Street and 72 Dragonfly Hutong have their own names, some of which are named after nearby buildings or eye-catching signs, such as Yamen Street, Shuyuan Street, Jiaochang Lane, Helanqiao Lane, Flagstaff Street, Sanyanjing Street, Zhaobi South Street and Xiaochayuan Lane. Some are named after Confucius Temple, such as Miao Wen Street, Chenghuangmiao Street, Luohanmiao Street, Huoshenmiao Street, Guandi Temple Street, Zhenwumiao Street and Wudaomiao Street. Some are named after local families, such as Zhao Street.
, Leijiayuan Street, Song Menghuai Lane, Yan Jia Lane, Jijia Lane, Guojia Lane, Jia Fan Street, Shaojia Lane, Majia Lane, etc.; There is a relatively closed city in the northeast corner of the ancient city, similar to the square in the ancient city. The four nearby streets are named Dongbijingbao, Zhongbijingbao, Xibijingbao and Waibao Street. There are still some streets and lanes that have not been able to explore the origin of their names, such as Renyi Street, Sweet Water Lane, Bean Sprout Street and Huludu Lane.
The houses in Pingyao ancient city are mainly wooden quadrangles with brick walls and tiled roofs, with strict layout, symmetry and respect for order. Large families build two-entry, three-entry courtyards or even larger courtyards, which are separated by gorgeous hanging doors. Most residential courtyards are beautifully decorated. Brick carvings are usually built at the entrance, wood carvings are placed on the beams under the eaves, and stone carvings are used to decorate columns, doorposts and stone drums.
There is a folk saying: "Ten eccentrics of Pingyao ancient city", one of which is "a half-built house." The reason why most houses in Pingyao fall into the water is a single slope, which is generally said to be "four waters return to the hall" or "fat water does not flow out of the field". Shanxi is located in drought and has a big sandstorm. Building on a single slope can increase the height of the external wall facing the street, but not opening windows facing the street can effectively resist sandstorms and improve the safety factor. The compact layout of the hospital shows the national character of external exclusion and internal cohesion.
Chenghuangmiao is located in Chenghuangmiao Street in the southeast of the city. It consists of three groups of buildings: the City God Temple, the God of Wealth Temple and the Kitchen God Temple. City God is one of the important gods generally worshipped in ancient Han religious culture, and most of them are served by famous ministers and heroes who have contributed to the local people. The slogan "It is difficult for an emperor to go to the Temple of Heaven, but it is difficult for a county official to come here" comes from nowhere. But in history, especially in the Ming dynasty, the official position of the city god was indeed higher than that of the county magistrate. The imperial edict of Ming Taizu requires all localities to build the Town God Temple, which is symmetrically arranged with the county government, and "Yin and Yang do their respective duties", which is a clear embodiment of the ancient idea of "governing people and gods together". Qingxu Guan, located in the east section of East Street, was founded in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty. The existing main building is a relic of the Ming Dynasty, and it is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shanxi Province.
Qiao Family Courtyard: Qiao Family Courtyard is located in Qiaojiabao Village, Qixian County, Shanxi Province.
The compound is a fully enclosed castle-like building complex, with an area of 10642 square meters (about 16 mu) and a building area of 4 175 square meters. It is divided into 6 courtyards, 20 small courtyards and 3 13 rooms. The courtyard faces the street on the third side and is not connected with the surrounding houses. The periphery is a closed brick wall, the height of which exceeds 10 meter. The upper floor is a female wall-type crib, with many floors and pavilions dotted in it, which is magnificent and magnificent. The gate sits west facing east, with a high top floor, a doorway in the middle and a brick-carved longevity painting opposite the gate. To the inside of the gate, there is an east-west corridor paved with stones. The walls on both sides of the corridor are surrounded by retaining walls. At the end of the corridor is the ancestral temple, which is a temple-like structure opposite to the gate. There are three courtyards in the north, all of which are eaves doors, hidden columns and three bays of historical cloisters. There are more than enough cars coming in and out, and there are nails and horses on the outside of the door. From east to west, it is the old courtyard, the northwest courtyard and the study courtyard in turn. All courtyards are positive-biased, with the master of the main courtyard living, and the partial courtyard is the guest room, maid living room and kitchen. Architecturally, the side yard is relatively low and the roof structure is very different. The main courtyard is a tile eaves, and the side courtyard is a square brick roof bungalow, which not only embodies the ethical level, but also embodies the sense of hierarchy in architecture. There are four main buildings in the compound, including the gatehouse, the sentry box and six pavilions. There are walkways on the roof of every hospital, which is convenient for patrolling at night to protect the hospital.
Looking at the whole hospital, the layout is rigorous and the design is exquisite. From the top, it looks like a "hi-hi". Exquisite architecture, well-made tiles, cornices and arches, resplendent and magnificent, and exquisite wood carving fully show the superb architectural technology level of our working people. It is praised by experts and scholars as "a bright pearl in the history of northern residential architecture", so it is praised as "the Forbidden City in the royal family, and the houses look at the Qiao family"
Wangjia Courtyard: Wangjia Courtyard is located in Jingsheng Town, east of Lingshi County, Shanxi Province 12km. It is 35 kilometers away from Pingyao ancient city, 4 kilometers away from Mianshan in Jiexiu, and 2 kilometers away from Zishou Temple, where the 18th Luohan returned overseas Chinese. It is a boutique tourist route launched by Shanxi Province in recent years with the advantages of "famous city, famous mountain, famous courtyard and famous temple". Tongpu Railway and National Highway 108 run through the county. The Lingshi exit of the newly opened Dayun Expressway is 2 kilometers away from Wang Jia Courtyard, and the traffic is very convenient.
The Wang Family Courtyard is a master of residential buildings in Qing Dynasty. It was built by Wang Jingsheng family, one of the four families in Lingshi County in history, during the years of Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong and Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty, with a total area of over 250,000 square meters. At present, Gaojiaya, Hongmenbao and Wangcitang, which are opened in China Folk House Art Museum and China King Museum, have a total of 123 courtyards and 1 18 houses with an area of 45,000 square meters.
Gaojiaya and Hongmenbao face each other in the east and west, and are connected by a bridge. They are all totally enclosed castle-like buildings on the loess high slope. Appearance, follow the trend, form and god stand together; Among them, the cave houses are tiled and skillfully connected together. Broad and profound, spectacular, natural work and good use. It seems to be ever-changing, while maintaining the commonness of traditional houses in the north, it also shows its outstanding personality style. The general characteristics are: standing by the mountain, changing with the shape, overlapping buildings, patchwork, magnificent momentum and complete functions. It basically inherited the courtyard style of the front hall and the back bedroom formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty in China, and with ingenious brick carving, wood carving and stone carving, it is elegant in decoration, rich in connotation, practical and beautiful, and high in cultural taste.
Changjia Manor: Changjia, Yuci, Shanxi [1], taking the ambition of the world with money, pursuing the spirit of the four seas, making tea in Wuyishan, setting up a village in Chaktu, opening up Wanli Tea Road, transporting and selling Mongolia, Russia and Northern Europe for more than 200 years, becoming a wealthy businessman in Shanxi and the first family in China's trade with Russia. The reason why Chang's family business is prosperous lies in his foresight, being prepared for danger in times of peace, studying hard in class and his family's origin. Handed down from generation to generation, we will abide by the family motto of "learning to be excellent is good" and constantly deliver outstanding cultural talents to the business community. Business groups ensure a lasting elite class, and perfectly embody Confucianism and ethics in economic consciousness and business activities, and realize the unity of economic rationality and moral rationality.
3. Root-seeking and ancestor worship mainly include: Sophora japonica, Yao Temple, etc.
Robinia pseudoacacia: Robinia pseudoacacia, also known as Hong Tong Robinia pseudoacacia, is located 2 kilometers northwest of Hongtong County. This ancient tree with thick trunk, withered branches and ravines is the ancient pagoda tree. "Ask me where my ancestors are, Hong Tong Sophora japonica. What's the name of your ancestral home? The old nest under the big locust tree. "
Yao Temple: Yao Temple, located at the southern end of Qinshu Road in Linfen City, is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shanxi Province. Linfen is known as Pingyang in history, and Shangshu contains Pingyang, the capital of Yao. Sima Qian's "Historical Records" said: "Scholars often say that the Five Emperors are still good, but history books have been published since Yao." . It shows that Chinese civilization began in Yao. Yao Temple was originally built on the west bank of Fenhe River, and moved to Fendong in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and moved to this site in the third year of Tang Xianqing (685), which has been more than 1300 years. All previous dynasties were national places of worship, which were repaired and expanded many times. Linfen, Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, once visited this place.
Yao Temple now covers an area of 5.33 hectares, mainly including ancient buildings such as Shanmen, Wufenglou, Pavilion, Guang Yun Hall and Bedroom, as well as landscapes such as Baibaohuai, Baibaozi, Minglubai and Xiaoyebai, which are rare trees in the Han Dynasty over 1.600 years ago.
4. The main scenic spots in Shanxi are Taihang Grand Canyon, Mianshan Mountain, Hengshan Mountain, Hukou Waterfall, Mount Jue and Luya Mountain.
Taihang Mountain Grand Canyon: Taihang Mountain Grand Canyon is the "ocean" of peaks, the country of rocks, the world of caves, the treasure house of water, the garden where plants grow and the paradise where animals live. The scenic spot has beautiful scenery and strange scenery. It brings together the Taihang customs in the strange valley of Qifeng. There are more than 400 landscapes and 44 scenic spots here, including cliffs, rocks, clear springs, waterfalls, caves, temples and legends.
Taihang Mountain Grand Canyon is not only intoxicating in natural scenery, but also radiant in human landscape. The cultural background here is very profound, and the story of Confucius returning to the car and the two immortals has a long history. The Journey to the West, the eternal elegy of Cao Cao, and "A bend in the sheep's intestines, a wheel destroyed ……" are immortal, and historical relics still exist, especially Zhenze Palace, a provincial cultural relics protection unit located in the southwest of Zituan Mountain, which is a well-preserved typical Taoist building. It was built in the Tang Dynasty and covers an area of 6,900 square meters. There are memorial archway theater, Sanjin quadrangle, dressing building, bell and drum tower, flower arranging building, Wanghe building and so on. The whole building is rigorous in structure, reasonable in layout, exquisite in workmanship, informative in mural painting, strong in story, and elegant in stone carving painting workshop? It has very precious historical and artistic appreciation value. It is an ideal place to accept the education of ancient architectural style and art.
Taihang Grand Canyon has beautiful scenery and rich natural and cultural landscape resources. The planning takes Wuzhixia, Longquan Gorge and Wangmang Gorge as the main lines, and opens up four scenic spots: Zituan Cave, Yungai Temple, Shuiyao Cave and Zhenze Palace. There are 44 scenic spots, including gorge, water, mountain, stone, tree, forest and more than 400 scenic spots. There are towering green seas, cliffs hacked with knives and axes, and rocks with different shapes, such as silver waterfalls, deep pools with rippling blue waves, magnificent temples, charming caves and fascinating legends. The scenic spots are true and false, bright and dark, bright and colorful, strange and dangerous, and unique, which makes the natural landscape and human landscape of the park achieve perfect harmony.
Mianshan: Mianshan, also known as Mianshang, is the gate of Mianshan. Later, Jie Zhitui, the famous minister of Jin Wengong, the monarch of Jin State in the Spring and Autumn Period, lived in seclusion with his mother, also known as Jie Shan. It is located in the shadow of Fenhe River, 20 kilometers away from Jiexiu urban area, spanning Jiexiu, Lingshi and Qinyuan counties. The highest altitude is 2566.6 meters, and the relative altitude exceeds 1000 meters. It is a branch of Mount Taiyue (Huoshan) extending northward. It is a key scenic spot in Shaanxi Province, a national 4A-level tourist attraction, a famous historical and cultural mountain in China, the birthplace of Tomb-Sweeping Day in China, the Qingming Cultural Research Center for Cold Food in China and the Qingming Cultural Museum for Cold Food in China.
Mount Hengshan: Mount Hengshan, formerly known as Beiyue, is 20 17 meters above sea level. It is also known as the Five Mountains with Mount Taishan in Dongyue, Huashan in Xiyue, Hengshan in Nanyue and Songshan in Zhongyue. 1982, Hengshan Mountain was included in the first batch of national scenic spots with the approval of the State Council. It was once called Changshan, Hengzong, Yuan Yue and Confucius. It is located at 10 km south of Hunyuan, 62 km away from Datong.
Hengshan Mountain, also known as "Taiheng Mountain", also known as "Yuan Yueshan, Zi Yueshan and damao mountain", was renamed "Changshan Mountain" in the Han Dynasty because it was taboo to China Emperor Liu Heng. According to the Book of History, during Shun Di's northern tour, Yao Zeng offered sacrifices to Beiyue and made Beiyue the founder of Wanshan. Later, when Dayu controlled the water, he recorded that "Hebei belongs to Hengshan Mountain"; Qin Shihuang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and Song Zhenzong made Beiyue king and emperor, and Ming Taizu revered Beiyue as a god, which shows a long history.
Hukou Waterfall: A famous waterfall on the Yellow River in China, its surging momentum is a symbol of the Chinese national spirit. It borders Hukou Town, Jixian County, Linfen City, Shanxi Province in the east and Hukou Township, Yichuan County, Yan 'an City, Shaanxi Province in the west. About 5-6 hours' drive from Taiyuan; It takes about 2 hours to drive from Xi 'an. At this point, the stone walls on both sides of the Yellow River stand, and the estuary is as narrow as Hukou, hence the name Hukou Waterfall. The waterfall falls 9 meters and is rich in hydraulic resources.
On1October 23rd, 2005, 10, the list of the most beautiful places in China was released. The event, sponsored by chinese national geography and co-organized by 34 media outlets across the country, lasted for 8 months and awarded three categories of awards, namely "Expert Society Group", "Media Group" and "Internet Mobile Phone Popularity Group". The "Media Group" and "Popularity Group" produced 12 award-winning places by means of media voting and voting by netizens and mobile phone users respectively. The award of "Expert Social Group" promoted by chinese national geography magazine is unique and divided into 15 types, such as mountains, lakes, forests, grasslands, deserts, Ya Dan landforms, islands, coasts, waterfalls, glaciers, canyons, urban areas, rural ancient towns, tourist caves, swamps and wetlands. Hukou Waterfall, the six most beautiful waterfalls in China, is among them.
Mount Jue: Mount Jue is located in the south bank of Dan River, southeast of Jincheng 13 km. The main peak is 973 meters above sea level, and the mountain is famous for its precipitousness and magic. In ancient times, it was known as "the first wonder of rivers and mountains in Jin and Wei Dynasties", "Little Huashan Mountain" and "Little Wudang Mountain", and its potential was indeed comparable to Huashan Mountain and Wudang Mountain. "Mount Yue Map" is one of the four famous scenic spots in Jincheng.
Luya Mountain: Luya Mountain is the main peak of Guancen Mountain. Located in Ningwu, Wuzhai and Kelan counties, 26 kilometers southeast of Wuzhai County, it belongs to the Lvliang Mountains. "It is connected to Kelan in the west, Ningwu in the east and Jingle in the south."
Luya Mountain, named after its shape like a "reed bud", is a tall and straight male peak in the mountains, just like a giant with a giant sword. There are overlapping peaks here, surrounded by more than 200 peaks, criss-crossing gullies, undulating cliffs and gullies, gurgling streams and more than 30 waterfalls. The peaks are steep, the rocks are rugged and the trees are dense. Whenever there is a cloud, the male peak protrudes like a green reed bud, full of vitality, fresh and charming. At sunrise after the rain, the green Lubao Mountain will also be transformed into fiery red and colorful "Buddha's light Lubao".