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Why does Japanese education expenditure account for 20% of GDP, while China only accounts for 3%?
Where did you get this number?

Assuming that the data you provide is true, I will try to make an analysis.

Looking back at history, the rise of many great powers in modern times has involved a lot of investment in education. There were universities in Europe 500 years ago, but they only appeared in China in the late Qing Dynasty, indicating that feudal China did not pay enough attention to education.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the party and the state attached great importance to education, and education and agriculture remained the main items of financial expenditure. However, as a developing country, China needs more funds to invest in medical care, national defense, infrastructure construction and other fields. Although government revenue has increased, investment in education has also increased, and investment in other fields has also increased accordingly. This requires balanced development.