Question 2: What are the principles of the division of local powers in China? 15 division principle of power and expenditure
Basta Bull, a British financial scholar, put forward the following important principles on the division of central and local fiscal expenditure: (1) Benefit principle. (2) Principle of action. (3) technical principle.
Based on the above principles of division of powers and expenditures, combined with the theoretical basis of division of powers and expenditures, in general, the division of powers and expenditures between * * * at all levels should follow the following principles:
(1) National public goods should be provided by the central government.
(2) The local public goods enjoyed by local residents are provided by the local government.
(3) For cross-regional and foreign public projects and projects, the central government should come forward to organize or participate to some extent.
(4) The difference in income distribution should be adjusted by the superior to create favorable conditions for narrowing the income gap and improving the effect.
(5) adhere to the principle of legalization of the division of administrative power and expenditure responsibility.
Question 3: What are the criteria for dividing financial power and administrative power? The power of affairs is shì quán (1). Refers to all kinds of proper disposal in military command. Huainanzi? Simple training of soldiers: "Chen died righteously, chose the front, advanced and retreated moderately, fought hard, did not twist back and forth, and did not distinguish between left and right. Few people were injured by the blade, and many people were injured by the enemy. This is called power. " (2). Authority; Power. Song? Mei Shi's "Send Shao Langzhong to Know Tanzhou": "Tell the Han family to be generous, and don't neglect the power." Ming Yuan Keli's Practice of Chen Xiubei Taking Earthquake as a Warning: "When a general is set up, it is said that the two guerrillas, Denglai, Chengshan and Weihai Huangcheng Island, are closely related, so Qin Yi should be added to pay more attention to affairs." "Ming history? Legend three? Japan: "Please, as in the past, it would be easy for the task force to patrol the important officials and unify the coastal counties and powers. "Kang Youwei's Book of Great Harmony Part C:" In the past century, the rights of civilians have become increasingly prosperous. For example, the system of officials has been completely liberalized. Although there are nobles and monks, their powers have been decided, and they have replaced the monarchy. "(3) the power of administrative organs to manage administrative affairs in accordance with relevant laws and regulations." Decentralization "
The specific meaning of administrative power is the administrative power of state-owned enterprises and institutions managed by * * * at all levels, which embodies the division of management functions at all levels and highlights the administrative subordination.
Financial power refers to the financial power that all levels * * * are responsible for raising and controlling income under the circumstances permitted by law, mainly including the right to tax, charge fees and issue creditor's rights.
Question 4: Which three types of market economy countries can be classified into the following three categories: First, the central enumeration method. The Constitution and other laws list the powers of the central government or the federal government respectively, and the remaining powers are summarized locally. According to this classification, there are many local forces, representing the United States, Japan and other countries. The second is the common enumeration method. The law lists both central or federal power and local power. If there are unlisted powers, their ownership is determined according to the nature of the affairs, representing Canada and other countries. The third is the central presumption method. The law lists local powers, while unlisted powers are considered to belong to the central government. That is, local enumeration and central generalization, so the central government has greater power. On behalf of South Africa and other countries.
Question 5: Why did the division of "administrative power" suddenly become the division of "financial power"? What is the difference? Why did the previous division of "administrative power" suddenly become the division of "financial power"? What's the difference between them?
In this regard, on August 25, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Finance answered a reporter's question and explained the reform of the division of financial affairs and expenditure responsibilities between the central and local governments.
The relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Finance said that the division of powers between * * * involves not only the division of administrative power, but also the public service departments in a broad sense such as legislation and justice, which is the concept of "great power". China still needs a process to improve the socialist market economic system, accelerate the transformation of functions and promote the construction of the rule of law, and the conditions for comprehensively promoting the reform of the division of powers and expenditures in the short term are not yet mature. Therefore, I choose to start with finance.
Why do you choose to start with finance? The above person in charge gave three reasons.
First, there is a certain foundation for promoting reform from the division of financial powers. With China's economic and social development and the expansion of fiscal revenue, * * *' s ability to provide basic public services and the level of security are also constantly improving. With the accelerated transformation of * * * *' s functions, the conditions for the division of financial affairs between the central and local governments have been initially met. The promulgation and implementation of the newly revised budget law has also laid a legal foundation for promoting the reform of the division of financial affairs and expenditure responsibilities between the central and local governments.
Second, promoting reform from the division of financial power can fundamentally solve many urgent problems facing reform and development. At present, the income division between the central and local governments needs to be further straightened out, the special transfer payment from the central to local governments needs to be further cleaned up and integrated, the equalization of basic public services between regions needs to be vigorously promoted, and the efficiency of the use of fiscal funds needs to be further improved. All these need to be based on a clear division of financial rights and the corresponding definition of expenditure responsibilities at all levels. Starting with the division of financial power, promoting reform can have the effect of "taking the lead and moving the whole body".
Third, promoting the reform from the division of financial power can lay the foundation and create conditions for comprehensively promoting the reform of the division of financial power. The reform of the division of powers involves a wide range and is difficult, and it is impossible to do it overnight. The division of power in some mature market countries has experienced gradual evolution for hundreds of years. Finance is an important part of * * affairs. Starting with the rational division of financial affairs, the reform of the division of powers between the central and local governments has broken the problem, which is easy first and difficult later. It has not only grasped the core responsibility of providing basic public services, but also accumulated experience and made a way out for comprehensively promoting the reform of the division of powers.
Question 6: Please discuss the current situation of decentralization in China and its reform ideas. It's complicated. First of all, China established the socialist market economy reform at the 14th National Congress, established the basic strategy of governing the country according to law and building a socialist country with legal system at the 15th National Congress, and put forward the implementation outline of comprehensively promoting administration according to law in March 2004. So far, China has completed the trilogy of governing the country according to law, governing for the people and efficient administration.
China is a multi-party political system and a centralized country. Similar to France and Japan.
Therefore, China's * * * is mainly divided into several aspects: 1, the State Council, including more than 20 ministries, more than 20 bureaus and several committees, is responsible for managing certain institutions in all walks of life and places, mainly responsible for legal construction, administrative management, inspection and supervision. (Go to Baidu Encyclopedia for details, there are too many. )
2. Municipalities and provinces are the main administrative units in China, which are mainly responsible for the comprehensive management, resource allocation, enterprise introduction and administrative management of various regions in the province. The province has no right to make laws, but it has the right to make provincial rules and administrative regulations (laws and regulations issued by the State Council must be observed). The city is the same as the province, but the administrative regulations and rules of the city must comply with the provisions of the province and the State Council.
3. Autonomous regions shall practise autonomy on the basis of places where ethnic minorities live in compact communities, and ethnic minority people shall be masters of their own affairs and manage their own local affairs. Autonomous regions enjoy the right of national autonomy as stipulated in the Constitution, the Law on Regional Autonomy and other laws.
4. Hong Kong, Macao and the Special Administrative Region implement one country, two systems, have completely independent legal construction rights and administrative law enforcement rights, and are responsible for the management of their respective regions.
Therefore, referring to the laws and regulations of the State Council, the rights and obligations of local governments are clear. Except for the special zone.
There are several issues that need to be elaborated. First, various ministries and commissions in the State Council have offices and sub-bureaus in provinces, cities, counties and autonomous regions, which are responsible for coordinating counterpart management in several provinces and cities, such as police stations, safety supervision bureaus, social security bureaus and education bureaus. A local person * * * is responsible for the unified management and coordination of the work of various departments, and reports it step by step according to the level of the incident. For example, people * * * principal must report to the State Council within 2 hours, and the State Council will organize the work.
Secondly, through the development of China in recent years, some departments have developed too fast and some departments have stagnated, which has caused some problems in the supervision of many departments, but no departments are really responsible for it. However, some departments have too much power, which leads to extreme waste of resources. For example, the problem of manhole covers is neglected, and the problem of railways is the extreme waste of resources. The police system and the safety production supervision and inspection system have developed rapidly, but medical care and education have stagnated.
Finally, the direction of China's reform is * * * determined to separate government from business, to build a scientific management system, so that each department has a responsible place, and gradually transition from being in power for the people to being in power with high efficiency. For example, the Ministry of Railways has been privatized. According to the advanced foreign political system, it can be seen that the real benign * * * does not depend on people's level of consciousness, but on the scientific nature of the system.
The situation of "1 person in charge, 1 person in charge, many people in charge" makes you afraid to do it, can't do it, and can't do it well.
The practice of free trade was put forward by * *. The establishment of an independent free trade zone in Shanghai is completely free from local restrictions and industry restrictions, and everything is completely determined by the market. This completely broke the economic model of our country. For example, if you want to build a house, you need to buy land first. Buying land requires money, so you need to borrow money from the bank. So whether the bank can give you a loan depends on the local government. So you have to go to the leader of * * *, and then you start to mark the land. After a complicated and intense bidding process, your bid price is very high, so the cost of building a house is high. You need a lot of cash, and you have to borrow money in the process of building a house, so you still have to find a leader, mortgage, and take any low pressure. You may not have so many assets, and it will cost so much money to take the house you built as collateral. The central bank has no way to print money. A print is hundreds of billions, hundreds of billions of prints. The profits of real estate developers are not that big. Who has the biggest profit? Place * * *! Most enterprises rely on their own assets for survival and working capital, so the living conditions of enterprises are not good, so that wages can not go up and prices soar. This is the original intention of the establishment of the free trade zone. Banks are all private. Why do they ... >>
Question 7: Why should we establish a system suitable for expenditure responsibility? Hello,
The power of affairs reflects the scope and direction of * * *' s activities, and the expenditure responsibility is the financial expenditure obligation of * * * to perform the power of affairs. It is an important content to deepen the reform of fiscal and taxation system to establish a system that is compatible with the responsibility of expenditure.
First of all, the important goal of the function transformation of * * * is to reasonably define the power of * * *, which includes not only rationally defining the boundary between * * * and the market and society, but also clarifying the functional scope of * * *, and also straightening out the internal relations of * * *, managing the things of * * * well and ignoring the things that should not be managed.
Secondly, only on the basis of clearly defining the division of powers and responsibilities of * * *, and reasonably defining the expenditure responsibilities of * * * at all levels, can we scientifically determine the distribution of financial resources between * * * at all levels, ensure the financial needs of * * * at all levels to perform their functions, and finally realize the matching of financial resources and powers.
Thirdly, from the theoretical and practical point of view, it is an important feature of a sound and perfect tax-sharing financial system to scientifically define the power of * * * and its determined expenditure responsibility, match the corresponding tax sources, finally establish a local tax system with the main taxes at all levels as the core, and reasonably determine the financial distribution relationship between all levels.
Question 8: How to divide the powers and responsibilities between urban areas * * * How to divide the responsibilities between urban areas reasonably * * * is an important content to promote the reform of local institutions.
Principles to be followed in two-level * * * relationship:
(a) follow the principle of unity of responsibility and rights, and scientifically allocate administrative functions at two levels in urban areas.
According to the principle of "compartmentalization, compartmentalization as the main" or "compartmentalization, compartmentalization as the main", improve the hierarchical management system of * * *, move the management center and management authority down according to the requirements of the first-level authority of * * *, further clarify the management functions of * * * at the district and town levels, and authorize them accordingly, so that the two levels of urban areas can form a code of conduct as soon as possible and operate in coordination.
(two) to further rationalize the financial system at the municipal and district levels, so that the financial power and administrative power at the district level are consistent.
1. In terms of budgetary funds, it is necessary to adjust the division of fiscal revenue at the two levels in urban areas and reasonably determine the proportion. In accordance with the principle of "first-level political power, first-level administrative power and first-level finance", on the basis of decentralization, we will further rationalize the division of administrative power at the municipal and district levels, clarify the functions and responsibilities of the districts, and adjust the scope of fiscal revenue and expenditure at the two levels accordingly. Simplify the system of dividing the fiscal revenue of cities and districts, cancel the practice of dividing the fiscal revenue of cities and districts according to the registration level of enterprises in the industrial and commercial system, and divide the fiscal revenue of each district according to the principle of territorial management instead.
2, extrabudgetary funds, should be unified collection, grading use, and give the district * * * enough initiative. The extra-budgetary income of municipal units mainly includes fee income and administrative income, which should be subject to "unified collection and graded use". Fee income is generally a * * * fund. As a specific resource of * * *, it should be managed and used by local * * *, and the administrative income collected by directly affiliated units can be co-ordinated by the city * * *.
3, the city * * * to increase the transfer payment, improve the unbalanced financial burden between districts. In terms of administrative funds and public health funds, the city should increase the transfer payment of city-level income to district-level finance, and increase the transfer payment in infrastructure construction and education funds.
(three) actively rely on the grassroots, establish a good linkage and coordination mechanism.
The function of a city depends largely on the role of grass-roots organizations, and the construction and management of a city must also rely closely on grass-roots organizations. First, in the process of urban development and construction, we should solicit the opinions of local grassroots cadres and masses, actively attract their participation, and communicate with local cadres and grassroots organizations in a timely manner in terms of land acquisition, key project construction, community planning and development, etc. Second, in terms of * * * resource allocation and public power distribution, it is targeted to tilt to the district and town levels, so that grassroots * * * can have the right to speak and decide, and strive to establish prestige among grassroots cadres and masses and consolidate the grassroots foundation. Third, on the basis of the unified management of the Municipal Comprehensive Law Enforcement Bureau, give full play to the advantages of the grassroots, explore the establishment of corresponding management teams at the street and township levels, implement hierarchical management, give full play to the comprehensive efficiency of management, and ensure that the law enforcement of city appearance management is in place.
Question 9: The current reality of the division of powers between the central and local governments in the United States, and the advantages and disadvantages of the principle of division of powers and expenditures.
Basta Bull, a British financial scholar, put forward the following important principles on the division of central and local fiscal expenditure: (1) Benefit principle. (2) Principle of action. (3) technical principle.
Based on the above principles of division of powers and expenditures, combined with the theoretical basis of division of powers and expenditures, in general, the division of powers and expenditures between * * * at all levels should follow the following principles:
(1) National public goods should be provided by the central government.
(2) The local public goods enjoyed by local residents are provided by the local government.
(3) For cross-regional and foreign public projects and projects, the central government should come forward to organize or participate to some extent.
(4) The difference in income distribution should be adjusted by the superior to create favorable conditions for narrowing the income gap and improving the effect.
(5) adhere to the principle of legalization of the division of administrative power and expenditure responsibility.
The tenth question: The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee proposed that a system should be established to adapt the powers and expenditures, and further rationalize the income division between the central and local governments. Analysis of questions C and C: It turns out that the responsibilities of the central and local governments overlap, and the division of power and expenditure responsibilities is unclear, and the responsibility of central decision-making and local implementation is increasing. Many things managed by the central government are not directly managed by the central government, but entrusted to local governments. However, there is no clear division of expenditure responsibility, and the power of affairs and expenditure responsibility are not compatible. Objectively, local governments have intervened in the affairs to varying degrees, and local governments have no financial resources to do things that are not suitable for them, resulting in low administrative efficiency. The essence of establishing a system suitable for expenditure responsibility is to further adjust the relationship between the central and local governments and realize the equalization of basic public services. It can be seen that item C meets the meaning of the question and can be selected; Democratic centralism is the principle of organization and activity of state institutions in China, and the establishment of a system suitable for expenditure responsibility is the embodiment of China's adherence to the principle of democratic centralism, so it is impossible to choose item A; There is no separation of powers between the central and local governments in China, so item D cannot be selected; Item b doesn't meet the meaning of the question either, so you can't choose it. So, the answer is C.