1In September, 923, Xue Heng published the article "Questioning Confucius' Theory for More than a Hundred Years after the Birth of Laozi", which refuted the six pieces of evidence that Liang Qichao identified as Laozi after Mencius. Liang Qichao did not feel embarrassed after reading it, but praised it as a genius, thinking that he would achieve something in the future. From then on, he became famous and did a lot of good things. Liang Qichao also became the most respected senior in his life.
Advocating intellectual knowledge, though deeper than textual research, despises textual research; Although textual research is historiography, it is not difficult for historiography, and the difficulty lies in historiography. History became the most important thing in his history. Most of his articles are published in Ta Kung Pao, Xue Heng, Yanjing Journal and Tsinghua Journal, with sharp writing and critical spirit, involving literature, history and philosophy.
While studying in Tsinghua, Zhang Yinlin actively and extensively participated in many academic discussions at that time. Famous scholars who have been criticized or praised by him include Hu Shi, Feng Youlan, Su Shi,,,. Among the critical articles, the criticism of Gu Jiegang's "ancient history discrimination" school is the most famous and influential. He used the European historian Ch. Seignobos and others think that Gu Jiegang's "fundamental method fallacy" is the misuse of "silent evidence", that is, "because a book or a book in a certain era does not describe a certain historical event, it is judged that there is no such concept in a certain era", and points out that the "silent evidence" method can only be used under strictly limited conditions, because it says: "By analogy, the two phases will be similar. Never "reason from abstract names". But he is not generally opposed to the doubt of the past, and said: "We are not saying that the past is not suspicious. As far as the course of research is concerned, all knowledge should start with doubt, let alone the past. " But anyone who doesn't agree with me is false without extensive verification and a guess. What's the difference between this and a good article written by an old strategist? People who doubt the ancients today are like this. "To this, the" ancient history discrimination "school has no systematic response.
Later generations have talked about this matter in succession, and even said, "Among the scholars who disapprove of the ancient school, there are Liu Yimou, Hu Viola, Lu Maode, Shao Lai, and others who have something to say. Criticism of the first three mainly focuses on the different interpretations of some details of ancient history, while Zhang Yinlin and Shao Lai specifically criticize the historical method of distinguishing ancient history, while Lu Mao is. In addition, Liang Yuandong's article also specifically criticized his historical methods. Zhang Yinlin was the first to publish all articles criticizing historical methods, and his theory was the most accurate. He accurately pointed out that the reason for Gu's mistake was partly due to the misuse of silent evidence method and partly due to the hollowing out of the annex. At this time, he was only a student in Tsinghua University. " "Shao Lai and Liang Yuandong's criticism is consistent with Zhang Wen's, but they are not as good as Zhang. It can be seen that he is familiar with western historical methods, so he can refer to Chen Gugu's mistakes from the perspective of historical methodology. On the other hand, contemporary criticism shows that few people were proficient in western historical methods at that time. Gu Jiegang is by no means the kind of excellent scholar that Han said. In the face of Zhang's criticism, he can't refute it, nor can he distinguish it from methodology. At that time, the so-called master scholars could not discuss with them in methodology, which was really two different things. " On the other hand, Mr. Zhang Dainian said: Zhang Yinlin "raised the question of' silent proof' in the method of historical textual research. ..... I think this argument is very valuable. In the 1930 s, the theory of doubting the ancient times was popular, which made a certain contribution to the study of ancient history, but it was often subjective and arbitrary. "
When attending academic discussions, Zhang Yinlin's historical research mainly focused on the history of science and technology in China. Zhang Heng's scientific and technological achievements, Nine Chapters, Mathematics in Han Dynasty, Wonders and Authors in History, and Manufacturing Methods of Drum Cars Recorded by Lu Daolong and Wu Deren in Song Dynasty, have been well received by experts. Wu Mi, who is proficient in English, and other literary circles are also keen on translation. There are many kinds of translation, including poetry, culture, education, politics, language and writing, among which the introduction of Bingler Theory is particularly complete. In addition, he also completed a book, Notes on Drinking Words in Nalan Chengde, and submitted it to the Commercial Press for publication. Unfortunately, it was destroyed by fire in the "December 28th Incident". There are many other essays. For example, because Liang Qichao's "An Introduction to the Qing Dynasty and the Academic History of China for Nearly 300 Years" did not mention Hong, and his population theory, compared with the theory of Malthus, a British demographer, pointed out: "Ma Hehong's theory coincides with each other, and the times are similar, and their theoretical completion period is only a few years apart ... On the other hand, Hong's theory has long been buried."
From 192 1 to 1929, it is the first stage of Zhang Yinlin's historical management: Tsinghua is reading.
1Autumn solstice of 9291Summer of 933 was the second stage of Zhang Yinlin's historical research, when he was studying in the United States.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/929, Zhang Yinlin graduated from Tsinghua University and went to study in the United States. At Stanford University, he studied western philosophy first, then sociology, and decided to take history as his lifelong career. 1in March, 933, he wrote to the historian Zhang Qiyun, describing the theme of academic research as: "National history is my brother's career, and philosophy and sociology have been studied for many years, which is nothing more than preparing for this kind of work. From a philosophical point of view, we should be aware of the broad prospects and methods. From a sociological point of view, we should understand the personnel principle. " After the September 18th Incident, he wrote to Zhang Qiyun, expressing his deep hatred for the Japanese invaders and his belief in defeating the Japanese army. He said: "When this country collapsed, scholars did their best." "The current state affairs are not optimistic, but let's take a long-term view. Judging from the trend of world history, the fierce flame of the Japanese aggressors is by no means long-lasting. However, if China is not extreme, Thailand will not come. And hardened his heart, waiting for the cross along the jiangbei and jianghai coasts to be ravaged. In the era of corruption in history, what can be transferred by the moral excitement of a few people has almost no examples to follow and will be destroyed by external forces. If they are destroyed, they will come back to life. My brother is pessimistic about the present and not pessimistic about the future. " Most of its state affairs theories are like this.
In the meantime, I still write for domestic newspapers. The breadth of interest and the intensity of criticism have not changed. It is worth noting that he used anthropological theory to comment on Guo Moruo's "Research on Ancient China Society". In his view, the study of China ancient society "provides an example for the study of ancient history" and "has many advantages". He said: "the situation of production and social organization ... is naturally much more important than the reality of someone or something." Social background "at least when it can reflect the social situation when the legend came into being." The change of social system is somewhat' rational' or' historical logic', for example, bronze precedes iron. The advantage of "Credentials" is that it uses anthropological conclusions as a tool to sort out ancient history. But he also thinks: "The guiding principle of Mr. Guo's research is Morgan's Ancient Society more than 50 years ago, which has become an antique in the history of anthropology, and most of its conclusions have been abandoned by anthropologists in recent years." "At the end of 19, Mr. Guo unconditionally accepted a whipping social evolution theory that has long been a thing of the past, and used the history of China as its proof, which caused many far-fetched places." "Guo Shu's most novel argument about the ancient history of China is actually the most difficult to establish." Criticism of Guo Moruo at that time and later generations was mostly based on his dogmatic model, but Zhang pointed out that the anthropological theory he relied on was outdated and beyond his historical knowledge, but he did not deny the advantages of Guo's works, indicating that he did not lose the golden mean.
In addition, in the article criticizing Feng Youlan's History of China's Philosophy, it is proposed that the history of philosophy has two tasks: "First, it is philosophical, and it is necessary to systematically and concisely clarify the theories of various schools in the past with modern language; First, it is historical. It is necessary to examine the origin of various theories, the time of establishment, the author's life, the development of ideas, the interaction between his theory and other theories, and the interaction between his theory and the environment outside the academic field.
In a word, Zhang Yinlin's articles have a strong theoretical color on the whole. Even research articles are the same. In the process of textual research, he generally does not start with materials, but with understanding. Clear logical standards, and then develop historical materials according to logic to avoid conceptual differences. For example, in "Anti-control and Re-submission of Pseudo-ancient Copywriting", we first said: "First, we should set the trial standard", then find out the "central issue of this case", sort out the core issues one by one, and finally draw a credible conclusion. It is precisely because of his profound theoretical accomplishment and logical thinking ability that his textual research articles are clearly written and refreshed, which is by no means a smoke bomb-like material accumulation. Qian Zhongshu and Zhang Yinlin can learn from the south and learn from the north, or they can be regarded as learning from the south and learning from the north.
It should be pointed out that when he was studying in the United States, he did not accept American philosophical expertise, but opposed Dewey's psychological logic, and even thought Dewey was old and confused. So he also looked down on Hu Shi's theoretical proposition. His ethics comes from the British philosopher G.E.Moore, and his master's thesis in the United States is about the ethics of this realist. In the United States, he read more books about mathematical logic, intuitionism, modern anthropology and so on, emphasizing positive subjective practice spirit. Kant's philosophy also had a profound influence on him. In the preface of China's Calligraphy Criticism, he analyzed the aesthetic principle contained in China's calligraphy art, that is, "it was obviously influenced by Kant's method." He once said: "The road that philosophy should take today is still the old road for Kant. Explore the difference between Kant's transcendental judgment and empirical judgment. " Bergson and Nietzsche are also his favorite philosophers. Gaikant, Bergson and Nietzsche are all Hitler in the ideological field, and Dewey's is Goebbels' legacy in the end. This shows Zhang Yinlin's conceit.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/933, Zhang Yinlin came back from the United States. The following year, he taught in the history department of Tsinghua University, teaching the academic history of China and the history of Song Dynasty. That was the second stage of Zhang's road to history, when he coached Tsinghua.
1935 was entrusted by the Ministry of Education of the National Government (said to be entrusted by the National Defense Design Committee) and was recommended by Fu Sinian as the editor-in-chief of history textbooks for senior high schools and primary schools. It was for his later masterpiece "Outline of China" (an ancient book ending with the founding of the Eastern Han Dynasty). He compiled this book in the form of an outline. Starting from the Shang Dynasty, he analyzed dozens of topics with a history of about 4,000 years and organized experts to compile it together. Han personally wrote it before, and Wu Han was responsible for planning it after the Tang Dynasty. Qian Jiaju wrote about the social changes after the Opium War and the Sino-Japanese War. Everyone's manuscript was finally integrated and unified by him. However, this plan was not fully realized in the end. By February 1940, I had only finished the part I had written before the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was published by the History and Geography Education Research Office of Zhejiang University in March 194 1.
An Outline of China is a masterpiece of Zhang Yinlin, which was well received after its publication. In the preface (written in February 1940), he said: "In this era of clinging to the remnants, isn't it a legitimate thing for historians to review the achievements of new historical research in the past decade, and to write a new chapter on the general history of China under the warning of various new historical views to help a nation learn by itself in an unprecedented period of great change?" According to this principle, he set five standards for this book, namely, new heterosexuality, effectiveness, cultural value, training and regret, and the origin of the status quo, and integrated them in several categories. "Choose a few programs as the theme and give each selected program a thorough narrative. The big events outside these programs only involve the background; Social changes, the contribution of ideas, and the personalities of several important figures are very balanced and meticulous. " In addition to domestic historians, some foreign scholars also spoke highly of this book.
In the relevant articles of this period, he praised Lu Xun as "the most humane scholar in China today." 12 also thinks that "improving history textbooks is the premise of improving history education." He also criticized Feng Youlan's History of China Philosophy (Volume II) and discussed Gong Zizhen's poem Confucian Scholars in Han Dynasty with Chen Yinque. His historical papers mainly focus on the ancient history, the history of Song Dynasty and the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and translated some works of foreign scholars. His remarks about 1894- 1895 Sino-Japanese War were one of the earliest statements to defend Fang Boqian.
Zhang Yinlin also published articles for social criticism and political criticism. In "Two Obstacles to the Future of China Nation" 16, he said: "Shixian likes to compare Chinese and Western cultures. I don't think there are two concrete things that can explain the differences between Chinese and Western cultures more simply." Compared with the west, China people's "three taboos" and extended family system are two major obstacles to the future of the nation. He also discussed the relationship between legal judgment and moral judgment, holding that everyone is equal before the law and morality should be replaced by law. "Why can a chairman of the provincial government who kills innocent people be illegally and unharmed? Because he is' Zun', maybe add' Xian'. Why can a person who has been excavated by the government be a big official safely? Because he is a' saint'. Why can't a fugitive who lost his land be punished? Because indirectly and directly punishing him involves many respected, close and noble people. " He also said: "Three taboos are the destroyers of legal dignity, so the first psychological reform that China and its struggle for survival need today is to overthrow the three taboos! The slogan we need today is not' party power is above everything', but' law is above everything'! Even the premise that the party's power is above everything else is that the party's laws are above everything else. Otherwise, what does the party's strength depend on? " He also said: "The morality of patriarchy center or family center is useless, which is not conducive to national unity. In China, which is struggling for survival, we should quickly abandon the morality of family center and replace it with the morality of national center. " These are Zhang Yinlin's brilliant ideas, but they are superficial and just the complaints of intellectuals. His solution to the problem is "psychological reform", never mentioning social revolution, especially wishful thinking and pedantry.
From July 1937 to June 1942, he taught in southwest China and went into exile, which was the fourth and last stage of his life and career in Zhang Yinlin.
Shortly after the Lugouqiao Incident, Zhang Yinlin went south alone and taught history at Zhejiang University in Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang Province. All his manuscripts and books (he plans to write the history of the founding of the Republic of China) and his family stayed in Beijing. Later, Zhejiang University moved several times, and he moved to Kunming, where he taught at the National The National SouthWest Associated University and lived in Wu Han's home. He added the tenth chapter and preface of China's Outline of History, Restructuring and Transformation. 1940, Zhejiang University moved to Zunyi, northern Guizhou, and he went to teach again until his death. During this period, the focus of historical management was the history of Song Dynasty. "The notes of the Song people's anthology are searched almost every time, and the articles about Song are carefully researched by more ancient authors. Read and write Evergrande Dan. "
In Zhejiang University, my colleagues and I founded the magazine Thought and Times, trying to "carry out ideological construction during the period of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and at the same time, we want to take society as the center, load the compilation of national history, and publish a long compilation of national history." Thought and Times Society was formally established in June 194 1 and published its inaugural issue in August 1, which was encouraged by Chiang Kai-shek. Zhang Yinlin's later manuscripts are mainly published here.
During this period, he was almost completely disappointed with the corrupt politics of the National Government. It turned out that 1939 was summoned by Chiang Kai-shek. "It seems that he was invited to teach logic in the China Training Corps", which made him quite excited. I thought it would be a slightly effective political opportunity 18. After that, the Political Department of the Kuomintang Military Commission, who stayed in Chongqing, was treated by Chen Cheng, the Minister of Political Department, and wrote a pamphlet entitled "Interpretation of the words of the victory of Chiang Kai-shek in the Anti-Japanese War". But he immediately found that the Kuomintang was terminally ill and severely criticized it. The book "On the Way to Cultivate Politics" had to be published after death because of its fierce rhetoric. The book briefly stated that the fundamental disease of Kuomintang rule was paralysis, which was "still far away" from the situation of "Ren Xian doing whatever he can, rewarding merit and punishing evil". It is said that he was a pure nationalist at first, and nationalists tried to win him over. Later, he was "in favor of a Fabian-style socialism similar to that of Britain". He can criticize with words, but not with actions, thinking that "people who only see riots in the revolution are not worthy to talk about the revolution." It also divides political forms into "up" and "down", not reactionary and revolutionary. He fell in love with "Bi Xia", a seemingly "turbulent" and essentially stable politics, and hoped that the rulers could really proceed from the wishes of the majority, instead of turning the whimsy of the rulers into a "national consensus". He advocated improving the real life of civilians and improving the living conditions of junior civil servants, school teachers and soldiers, and regarded this as the prominent main line of his political thought. In fact, he is just a liberal intellectual who complains from the "transcendental standpoint of scholars and scholars".