/kloc-The conquest of Mongols in the 3rd century brought unprecedented shock to the world, especially to China. Genghis Khan and his descendants set their sights on the south of China after several voyages to the West. The Semu people who first joined Mongolia became the assistants and financial experts of the conquerors in the Yuan Dynasty. Whether in Dadoucheng or in foreign commercial cities, colored businessmen can be seen everywhere. The Mongols went south, which opened up a new place for businessmen to return to China. Every day goes south, how many families stay. ?
After the yuan dynasty unified the whole country, due to its vast territory, the exchange of materials between the north and the south was unimpeded; Coupled with the mercantile policy implemented by the Mongolian and Yuan governments, the number of businessmen in the economically developed Jiangnan region increased rapidly under the influence of the Hui people's business atmosphere. Give up this agriculture to attract investment? The atmosphere was very prosperous. At that time, Zhang Zhihan said: Since the reunification of the South, sold businessmen and vagrants have made a fortune without bearing stones. ? Fujian-Guangzhou sea merchants, Yangzhou salt merchants, Jiangyou merchants and Huizhou merchants are all active in the commercial stage of Jiangnan. In this regard, people were deeply touched at that time, so that it appeared? In modern times, that's under the Yuan Dynasty, the sky is high and the city is just right, so many people make profits in the market. Statement.
Unprecedented commercial prosperity has had a completely different impact on the social life of the north and the south, and there are also different attitudes between the north and the south among intellectuals. People in Dingxing (now Dingxing, Hebei) are very sensitive to this unprecedented social phenomenon. Traveling in the economic zone, exotic goods can live. ? The world rules the basket, who will drive this wind? ? He simply can't understand, China, an intoxicating ethical order society, how can it fall overnight? Rule the basket in the world? He was confused and angry about it. Who will ride the wind? ? In his book "Eight Things of the Prime Minister of Shangshu", the precarious mentality of a feudal scholar-bureaucrat in the face of such a huge commercial impact is vividly on the paper:
Today's etiquette system is not repaired, and customs are abandoned? Dajia, a wealthy businessman, is eager to try. ? Without strict prohibition, there is money. Without perseverance, people will make more and more money. Cheating and forging everything, asking for it. Shame and mourning, customs are getting thinner.
In the vast Jiangnan area, what we see is another scene. Owners' craze has emerged in both coastal port cities and commercial cities in the mainland. Due to the development of businessmen's economic strength, their influence in Jiangnan local society is growing day by day. In the social life of Jiangnan area at the end of Yuan Dynasty, we found a very obvious phenomenon of taxi merchants' affinity. Contrary to the traditional old tune of restraining business, southern scholars moved out of Shangshu and Shiji one after another and began to praise businessmen and business.
First, helping the poor and helping the world, the social power of businessmen is unprecedented.
It is estimated that the passengers are really fun, and the big ship flies to the mountains and walks through the battlements. Coral is not included in the Green Pearl Tower, and there are many children like Zhuo. Ten bulls and 300 chariots, snow like red teeth and rhinoceros horn. Dogs feed meat and sleep on carpets, and the donkey trough in the stable is also Dan. I don't envy Fengchi in life, but I don't love Kirin Pavilion in death. It is estimated that customers are really fun.
Fang Hui's Guessing the Guest, which describes the wealthy businessmen in Hangzhou Bay in Yuan Dynasty, shows us the unprecedented prosperity of Jiangnan commerce and the unprecedented prominence of businessmen as special social classes at the end of 13.
With the growth of the economic strength of businessmen in the south of the Yangtze River, their social influence has also been improved. This promotion process is completed by various forms of social identity. First of all, rich to the end, and left to the end? This is the traditional investment orientation of China businessmen. In China ancient society rooted in the vast rural economy, wealth and status in the traditional sense are directly related to land.
A considerable number of businessmen in the Yuan Dynasty still did not break away from this tradition. ? Rich people clap their fields for gold, but they like the price of rice in the market? Perhaps the richest man who holds silver ingots is most interested in land property that never seems to depreciate. Li Rucheng, a native of Jinling, is doing business in Liuhe (now Jiangsu Liuhe). People bring farmhouses to drink porridge and see things directly. Ask the reason and say:? Want future generations to preserve it for a long time? . Han Meng, a businessman from Jiangxi Yongfeng (now Jiangxi Yongfeng)? My family is the most famous in Jiangdong, and I am good at Jia, and I have got livestock and fields, more than tens of thousands of acres. Invested a lot of operating income in land and bought more than 10 thousand mu of fertile land. Once money is transformed into land, the social status of businessmen can be realized through this transformation from businessmen to gentry.
Of course, in addition to land, businessmen also have different consumption needs from landlords. After all, they have been through many battles in the market place. Wandering in different places makes them generally infatuated with the pastime of getting drunk and drinking to solve homesickness. Living in the city for a long time made them accustomed to the luxurious and fashionable life. Yang Weizhen's Show Qi Tang:? I think the residence in Lu Guan is an exhibition hall of goods and wealth. And his people are all five businessmen. Working at sunrise, fleas camping, and entering without rest for a day are the end of the cone knife, and there is no plan. Body repair with language, saying that clothes are embroidered; If you agree with linguists, you will say that Yu Jun carved ear holes. ? The improvement of material living standard is the life content that enterprise groups pay attention to.
Due to the limitation of water transportation technology and other conditions at that time, the accident rate of businessmen on their way to business was very high, and many people were buried in foreign lands. Ordinary businessmen have to rely on the blessing of some gods psychologically in order to go out safely. After becoming rich in business, he spared no expense to build temples in order to continue to be protected by the gods. Zhang Jian's "Jiangnan Jiake Ci" not only reveals to us the orientation of Jiangnan businessmen to invest heavily in building temples, but also reveals to us the mentality of some businessmen seeking social recognition after they get rich. ? In order to make the structure city disappear, we took stones and collected wood from Taihu Mountain.
Ruined, life is free, and the buildings are magnificent. ? It is necessary to make the newly-built temples unparalleled in the whole city, overwhelm the crowd, override the customs and rebuild them at all costs. The foreman who undertakes housing construction also knows the merchant's ostentatious mentality, so he is often kit kat. Want to satisfy your idea with carving? . To some extent, businessmen's extravagant consumption and life have also become a means for them to gain social status and neighborhood recognition, reflecting an escape trend of economic movement track under the influence of local social and cultural attraction. Extraordinary wealth possession will certainly attract the attention of monopolists with existing social status. Since the Southern Dynasties, the story of Roy's marriage has been staged frequently on the social stage in southern China, and hundreds of years later, Jiangnan, a city with a strong commercial atmosphere, is no exception.
The expansion of social tension of businessmen makes their social roles increasingly important, and their every move is more closely related to local social life. Among them, the most direct influence is their social or family mutual aid behavior, which has become another direct expression of economic movement track escape attracted by regional culture.
In the south of the Yangtze River in the Yuan Dynasty, there were many examples of businessmen building bridges and roads after they became rich in business. For example, Wang Shilong, a businessman and landlord in Xiuning, paved the way for his hometown. The repair of beams and the construction of roads are beyond my power. ; In Lizhou (located on the north bank of Dongting Lake where the lower reaches of Lishui River in Hunan Province flow), a businessman named Xie built the Yiji Bridge across Weihe River, a tributary of Lijiang River. Hu Mengzhou, a businessman from Xinyu Estuary, Jiangxi, used private funds to repair Tongji Bridge in the east of Xinyu City. Their righteous deeds in society are manifested in the social average flow of commercial profits under the control of Confucian concept of benevolence.
Merchants in the south of the Yangtze River also gave a lot of relief after they became rich. For example, China businessmen in Wuxi opened warehouses to alleviate hunger and stabilize local society:
Fahrenheit, Xishan (another name for Yuanxi? Chief) is a rich family, with dozens of people as the main group. ? It's already afternoon (1329- 1330), the drought is still there, and the old man is in bed. You pity it and develop the granary. Left-handed food, right-handed porridge, stable environment. The government heard it and recommended it, the people cherished its benefits, and the scholars recited its beauty.
Luling Xuanxi merchants made great achievements and raised soldiers in troubled times. When the years are bad, buy food to satisfy hunger and stabilize prices;
To the right (1353), the demon is blazing, more than a thousand people are forced into the territory, and the people are uneasy. When Kouzhi arrived, you were in a hurry to give Xiaomi to Ding Zhuang, advocating benevolence and righteousness, and all the people competed first, and Kouzhi was defeated. ? The following year (1354), after the famine, the county lost its reserves and ordered to surrender. The monarch tried his best to get 800 stones to throw away, but the villagers complained that they were hungry and asked for money from other places. Compared with going back to school, the rural price is 300 pence per stone, so please borrow at the rural price. If so, it will be more difficult for ordinary people to eat. ? Therefore, there is nothing to increase. The people live on, and the yuan loan is more than autumn, and they don't want to win.
The righteous act of merchants in the south of the Yangtze River also contains a content with China characteristics, that is, help and relief for brothers. Businessman, from Poyang, when his parents died, the land tomb was finally lost. Third brother is cautious. Third brother lost everything because of drunkenness, and you redeemed him again and again because you punished yourself to the whole family. His brother's analysis of wealth caused a lawsuit, but he didn't understand it for a long time. You called him in particular, and everyone bowed their heads and thanked him, giving their lives to do good deeds? . Dragon, a businessman in Jishui, used his business income to support the brothers and clans and the sages in his hometown. The three younger brothers are unhappy, and they all share their wealth and support each other, resulting in an auspicious combination of two bamboos and one root. The son of this family is very sensitive, and he is poor. Falk enrolled his grandchildren as teachers and friends, and later became a famous Confucian. ?
Ningbo Xia Rongxian and Rongfa brothers became rich after doing business. In other words, a house? Parents and brothers live together. Live in the same room, eat the same food and enjoy it. ? In rural areas, whether they are connected or not, they are all shared by the whole people, and there are constant deaths caused by hunger and cold medicine. Therefore, the reputation was abroad, and the princes and nobles asked for help several times, and the ministers recommended them. The Jixian Institute heard about it and praised it. Because the nickname is "really escape from Chu Shi Cloud"? .
Rongfa often says:? Ge can still burn roots. Anyone here? ? Because of his strong economic strength in business, his kindness to the villagers is countless. Father tasted the taste of being caught in an affair and not being an official for a long time. When you complained that you had a department, you were rehabilitated. It was also tasted by Cao Shi, a county tax collector, and falsely accused. You try your best to overcome his weakness, and Cao Gai is a good family in Xizhou, and the incumbent helps him in many ways. The family is terrible. Jun said:? No pain, my brother.
If you are in charge of the political department, your father can extend it. ? As expected, Cao was ashamed of it. Some villagers used paper money to accept it, and officials took bribes to listen to their false fingers. Your second brother was also arrested and released by the government on the same day. Li Yang's surname slanders his neighbor. When you sit down, you try to stay straight. Li was lonely and willing to learn, but he was taught by you. The forest woman needs to take all kinds of expensive fine medicine when she is sick, but she has no resources, so you can give it to her. ? Its establishment is almost out of reach, and it is famous for Jixian Academy, named Xuanyi Chu Shi. ? The Xia brothers won the recognition of the local society when they exercised the great righteousness of helping the poor and the needy, and even the national Jixian Institute publicly commended them.
Second, Fan Li paid tribute, and the southeast scholars competed for the landlord.
(A) Businessmen's closeness to traditional cultural representatives
Learning is a basic and advanced road in China traditional society. After getting rich in business, many businessmen began to study and make friends, seeking fame or for their children to study and be officials. Some businessmen who had a good cultural foundation before going into business, after they became rich, still could not give up the feelings of traditional literati about poetry and official career, and then used wealth as a means of studying abroad. Jishui merchants were young, and when they were young, they ate poetry books and traveled to Yan Dou and Guanshan with books in the south of Yuanping. At that time, celebrities from all over the world, such as Xiao Guo and Zhao Mengfu, a scholar of Hanlin, handed them over. I tried to teach my secretary to be a supervisor, but I resigned because my horse was unknown.
After becoming rich in business, Lei Long wanted to become famous in the north, but his career was not smooth, and he never wanted to be an official. In this regard, he once lamented: he traveled tens of millions of miles in the north and south, became a servant of horses and chariots, lived in harmony, and welcomed guests like East and West. Look at fame and fortune, look at what's in the bag. But things will come and be embarrassing. His life is also a husband! His life is also a husband! ? Song Lian said he? There are many books in the world, and the sages in the countryside are hundreds of books written by more than a dozen people, if they are loyal to Hu Gong, Gong Zhong and Wen Zhong.
I'm afraid it will be abandoned and not passed on. I'm going to build a fine bamboo house to make old treasures together. ? I read and write books myself. There are several volumes of anthology, which are hidden at home. ? Later generations learned more from Confucianism, and the second son abandoned business and joined literature. The eldest son came back and was awarded Zhou Shunru by imperial academy, the capital of the class. The second son came to you, and a state road was recorded as Confucianism. Four grandchildren, Meng Quan, Meng Fu and Xun. Xun, a disciple of Mr. Liu, is a well-read scholar, who takes ancient Chinese as his master. In the Ming dynasty, it should be summoned to be the master of the Royal Guards.
For those businessmen who abandoned school in their early years, reading and learning always seems to have a special charm in their minds. Jiangxi Jinxi businessman Susan Wang? Fuck the art of winning, seven trips to Fu Jian, big family? . ? I lamented that I left school early. Li Di's son studied art, built a fine house area, hired a master to live there, and worked hard every morning and evening. If you don't forget to go. I have been a teacher for two thousand miles and have never been disturbed by a constant stream of people. And I was happy when I saw the eldest son's sutra and got the recommendation from my hometown with the "Li" sutra. I have a son who can get through menstruation. Although I neglected my studies, why should I regret it? ? Ningbo Xia Rongfa? Although I don't read much, I respect the wise and listen to them. Sun Biyan is a famous teacher. What about teaching Confucianism? .
Persistence in their studies and official career has made businessmen in the south of the Yangtze River generally show their friendly and respectful attitude towards literati. For example, Fang Rujin, a businessman from Huizhou, paid tribute to Huang Shu, a well-known local scholar; Xinyu merchants pay tribute to the Confucian predecessors; And Cao, a landlord and businessman from Huating, praised most of the scribes. For a time, there was a wind of merchants' courtesy in Jiangnan area.
Kunshan Taicang is a prosperous overseas trading port that began to rise in the Yuan Dynasty. During the political turmoil at the end of Yuan Dynasty, Quanzhou maritime merchants went northward in succession, and a large number of Quanzhou maritime merchants such as Zhu Daoshan and Sun Tianfu moved to Kunshan. Wang Yi, Gao Qi and Chen, great scholars at the turn of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, were all guests of Zhu, Sun and Chen. Zhang Shen, a Shandong scholar, recorded his friendship with Sun Tianfu: I was at sea and Sun Jun stayed at home. I am tired of talking about it all the time. You are more than seven feet long and generous. Your family has helped hundreds of people.
You take your time, listen to the rest of the discussion alone, and don't give up a meal. Chen Jun likes to collect ancient books and historical pictures. You can ask them one by one. ? Gu Ying, a businessman and scholar who was born in Kunshan, built a garden group in Kunshan with Yushan Cottage as the main body, with 36 pavilions. He enjoys company day and night, buys wine, writes poems and sings harmony, and literary celebrities such as Yang Weizhen, Ke, Ni Zan and Zhang Jian are frequent visitors there. Later, Gu Ying published more than 700 poems by more than 50 writers in their thatched cottage under the name of "An Elegant Collection of Cottage", and Yang Weizhen prefaced them.
(2) Fan Li Zigong was launched, and the southeast scholars competed for landlords.
When businessmen get rich, they turn elegant and scramble to make friends with scholars. So southerners who began to introspect moved out of Shangshu and Shiji in despair, invited Fan Li and Zi Gong to praise the wisdom of businessmen and help the world quickly, and began to praise businessmen and commerce. At one time, a group of scholars and businessmen were very close.
The epitaph written by Pujiang scholar Dai Liang for Xia brothers in Yinxian introduced Xia's respect for scholars and his close personal relationship with scholars. In his epitaph to Xia Rongfa, he wrote this passage:? Yu Yue: Dr. World always likes to praise the poor and despise the rich, alas! Can the rich be despised? The book says:? Richie valley. ? Say it again: Wealth can teach. ? Then the rich are solid, so it's good, but how can you despise it? Can Chu Shi be rich and have good ideas today? Can be remembered. ?
"book? Hong Fan:? Are upright people rich in the valley? Only when you are rich can you be kind; ? Can wealth teach? Only with a certain economic foundation and adequate food and clothing can discipline education be carried out. In order to find a theoretical basis for the rationality and justice of Xia's business career, Dai Liang moved out of Shangshu, which directly challenged the tradition of worshipping the poor and helping the rich in the late Middle Ages.
Xiuning scholar Huang Shu has a close relationship with Jin Rushan, a wealthy businessman in Wuxi, Huizhou. Uncle Huang is a tutor hired by Jin Rushan for his children. Because of Huang Shu's position in the local literati circle, the Jin family built a room for him next to his mansion and treated him with courtesy. Every time Jin Rushan goes out to do business, Huang Shu gives poems and writes "Hangzhou as a gift" for Jin's trip to Hangzhou:
Li Anyun rafts spread all over Wu Dong, so it was sunny and rainy at first. The yellow birds have dense dikes and dense willows, and the clear water is full of wind. If you boast about your country from Yue Nv, you will return to the ship for comfort. The sideburns (awning) [awning] are short and loose, so don't hesitate for me.
Xin 'anjiang is breezy, the willows are breezy, and the golden mountain is rolling down the east. Perhaps Huang Shu also yearns for the luxury of urban life in Hangzhou. It must be something he has longed for for for a long time to go boating on the West Lake accompanied by the idealized beauty of scholars in previous dynasties. But obviously he can't afford it financially, so he can only take the opportunity of farewell and make a small request in the poem.
In the preface to the poem "Send Jin Rushan to Five Continents", he put Jin and Li's adopted sons' skins (nickname, after helping the King of Yue destroy Wu, because they were human, they could only share their worries and could not share their happiness, so they became businessmen in the Jianghu until Qi changed his name to Li Yizi's skin, Tao called). Brother Rushan's admiration for Ziyi's skin style? This year, I heard that Jinhua, the eastern part of Zhejiang, has a great business trip, so I bought boats every day and made three bamboo songs to celebrate my popularity. ? Prior to this, Jin people had planned to trade in Jiangxi, and Huang Shu also presented poems, including? The breeze is far away from scorpions, laughing at my embarrassment as a fool? Sentence. These once self-righteous soldiers could not hide their shyness in the face of the wealth and generosity of businessmen, and began to wake up to the embarrassment and stupidity of their social roles after embarrassment.
Famous scholars in Shimen, Xinyu have close contacts with Xingan Yibin Businessmen Week. The preface to Zhou relates the Confucian behavior advocated by traditional literati with the behavior of this businessman named Zhou, and turns the far-reaching business behavior of this semi-literati, who once made a great contribution to the village, into a romantic story that can cultivate feelings and go down in history. The close relationship between Zhou businessman and culture and cultural people must have improved his position in the local society.
Yang Weizhen and Yuan Hua's disciples praised the shipping industry even more. Businessmen, with their extraordinary business wisdom, galloped the political stage of shopping malls and left their own names in history. After praising Fan Li and Zi Gong, Yuan Hua began to face up to the embarrassment and numbness of Confucian scholars who were familiar with Confucian classics more bravely, and reflected on their social roles without mercy. In Yang Weizhen's eyes, business is no longer a lazy skill, but a respected benevolence, wisdom, courage and determination? Four virtues? A noble cause of having both. Even Yu Ji, a master of Confucianism and a literary master in Yuan Dynasty, praised wealth and leisure when he wrote poems for Wang Dayuan and Cao Cao. It is this close relationship between literati and businessmen that makes the deeds of businessmen in the Yuan Dynasty spread for more than 600 years and are known to us today.