Since 1840 Opium War, China has gradually become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. With the deepening of capitalist imperialist aggression and the intensification of feudal oppression, ethnic contradictions and class contradictions in China have intensified day by day, and the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal national democratic revolutionary movement of the people in China has been on the rise. For national independence, democracy and prosperity, the people of China have waged a heroic and unyielding struggle for a whole century. In the revolutionary struggle, one stage after another, each stage is full of victories and defeats, advances and temporary retreats. The development of modern China from the old democratic revolution to the new democratic revolution was a complete process. The former stage is the preparation of the latter stage, and the latter stage is the continuation and development of the former stage. All the martyrs who fought and died for China's independence, democracy and prosperity are immortal, and all those who contributed to the China Revolution are revered and missed by the people.
The history of modern China revolution is rich and colorful. Before the Revolution of 1911, the peasant class in China waged an indomitable struggle against the cruel rule of feudal autocracy and the aggression of capital imperialism in the Qing Dynasty. The peak of these struggles was the peasant war and the Boxer Rebellion in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. 65438+In the 1980s and 1990s of 2009, the young bourgeoisie in China, faced with the deep national crisis, had to rush to the historical stage and bravely led the national salvation movement-launched the Reform Movement of 1898. But these struggles did not avoid the end of failure. The historical development of China fully shows that under the strong oppression of capital-imperialism and feudalism, neither the old peasant war in China nor the bourgeois reform movement can save the national crisis in China. Only revolution can break the shackles imposed by imperialism on the people of China, and only breaking the shackles of feudalism can open up the road of social development. Democratic revolution, only democratic revolution, is the only way for China to get rid of imperialist slavery, feudal autocracy and national poverty and backwardness, and make the Chinese nation move towards independence, democracy and prosperity.
China's democratic revolution can be divided into two stages: the old democratic revolution and the new democratic revolution. The Revolution of 1911 is the continuation and development of China's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle since the Opium War, but it is different from any revolution in the history of China. It happened under the historical conditions that a new social economy-capitalist economy and a new social class-national bourgeoisie appeared in China. Therefore, the bourgeoisie became the dominant force in society at that time. The Revolution of 1911, led by the lower class of the national bourgeoisie, not only proposed to replace the old mode of production with a new mode of production, but also proposed to replace the feudal autocracy with a new social system-democratic republic system, so it is of great significance to update the social, economic and political systems.
Mao Zedong said: "Officially, China's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois democratic revolution began with Sun Yat-sen", and the Sun Yat-sen revolution was marked by the establishment of the Congress in the 1990s from 65438 to 2009. The establishment of the Zhong Xing Society was the beginning of the formal bourgeois-democratic revolution in China. From the establishment of 1894 to the end of 19 13, the Revolution of 1911 failed. This revolutionary movement has gone through nearly 20 years, which can be roughly divided into two periods and six stages.
The two main periods are:
19 12 years ago, Zhong Xing Hui and the League launched and led the revolutionary period;
After 19 12, the central government was established and the Kuomintang launched the "second revolution".
These six stages are:
From 1894, 1 1, the Huizhou Uprising led by Sun Yat-sen in Honolulu to 1900,1/failure was the initial brewing stage of the Xinhai Revolution.
From the failure of 190 1 Boxer Rebellion to the establishment of 1905 in August, it was the rising stage of the Revolution of 1911.
The development stage of the Revolution of 1911 was from 19 1 1 August, when the China League was founded, to the eve of Wuchang's first righteousness in1June.
From 19 1 1 Wuchang Shouyi in June to 1 1 the end of June, the revolutionary storm swept across the country, and various provinces and regions declared uprisings or independence in succession, which was the climax stage of the Revolution of 1911.
From 19 111representatives of the provincial governors of Guangfu held a meeting in Hankou to form an interim government, which was the period from the victory of the Revolution of 1911 to the dissolution of the Nanjing interim government in April 2002191,
From the dissolution of Nanjing Provisional Government in April 19 12 to the failure of the "Second Revolution" in September13, the Revolution of 1911 was a stage from victory to failure.
Judging from the whole process of the revolutionary movement, this struggle is extremely complicated and tortuous. Bourgeois revolutionaries had the excitement and joy of victory, but also the sorrow and pain of failure. Both victory and defeat came quickly, which showed that the struggle between China's revolution and counter-revolution, progress and reaction, patriotism and treason, two roads and two futures was extremely sharp and fierce. However, due to the immaturity of the bourgeoisie, the strength of the revolutionaries was very weak, and they could not defeat the enemy under extremely complicated and difficult circumstances, nor could they consolidate the political power after overthrowing the feudal monarchy. The fruits of the revolution were usurped by Yuan Shikai, the representative of the big landlord comprador bourgeoisie, and the revolution ended in failure. However, the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the decadent Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China and established the Republic, which was an epoch-making event in the modern history of China. As a bourgeois democratic revolution, the Revolution of 1911 finally failed, but its historical achievements will last forever.
Brief introduction of Xinhai revolution
19 1 1 year (the third year of Qing Xuantong), the bourgeois democratic revolution broke out in China. It was named because that year was 19 1 1 year. It happened on the basis of the increasingly decadent Qing Dynasty, the further deepening of imperialist aggression and the initial growth of Chinese national capitalism. Its purpose is to overthrow the autocratic rule of the Qing Dynasty, save the nation from peril and strive for national independence, democracy and prosperity. This revolution was led by China bourgeois political party alliance and its leader Sun Yat-sen, which ended China's autocratic monarchy for more than two thousand years and was a great revolutionary movement.
Preparation for revolution
1894165438+10 (October of the 20th year of Guangxu), Sun Yat-sen established the Zhong Xing Society in Honolulu. 1In February, 895, Sun Yat-sen set up the headquarters of the Zhong Xing Society in Hong Kong, stipulated the oath of expelling the Tatars, restoring China and establishing a coalition government, and clearly put forward the first program of China's bourgeois-democratic revolution. The establishment of Zhong Xing Association marks the beginning of the bourgeois-democratic revolutionary movement in China.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the word "full platoon" appeared for the first time in the publications founded by students studying in Japan, and some publications clearly advocated subverting the Qing government. 1903, the trend of studying abroad in Tokyo became more and more active, and publications promoting nationalism and civil rights theory came out one after another. Shanghai intellectuals also have a new atmosphere, openly advocating revolution. Organizing revolutionary groups is an important symbol of the revolutionization of bourgeois and petty-bourgeois intellectuals. 1903, 165438+ 10, Huang Xing established Huaxinghui. Later, Shanghai established the Guangfu Association with Cai Yuanpei as its president, and Jiangsu, Sichuan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui and other provinces also established revolutionary groups.
1905 In July, more than 70 people, including Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and Chen Tianhua, gathered in Tokyo and decided to set up the China League as the national revolutionary leading center. Members of small groups such as Zhong Xing Club, Huaxing Club and Guangfu Club joined in succession. In mid-August, Sun Yat-sen delivered a speech entitled "China Should Establish a Republic" at the welcome meeting for overseas students. On the 20th of the same month, the League held its inaugural meeting, and elected Sun Yat-sen as the Prime Minister and Huang Xing as the general affairs of the Executive Department. The meeting decided on a 16 program, expelling the Tatars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and sharing land rights. In June+10, the People's Daily, the organ newspaper of the NLD, published Ban's article. Sun Yat-sen put forward the Three People's Principles with nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood as the core content for the first time in his publications. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao went into exile, still calling for royalism. After the publication of People's Daily, there was a debate with Xinmin Cong Bao edited by Liang Qichao. As a result of the debate, the revolutionaries gained the upper hand and the political influence of the reformists decreased greatly.
Revolutionaries actively launched many armed uprisings. Although all the uprisings failed, which caused great losses to the nature of the League, they strongly impacted the rule of the Qing Dynasty and expanded the influence of the revolution. At the same time, spontaneous mass struggles flourished, as many as 1000 times. A part of the national bourgeoisie, because of the conflict between their vital interests and imperialism, participated in and led the movement to recover the rights of railways and mines and the movement to boycott American goods.
In order to destroy the revolution and fight for the bourgeoisie, the Qing government was forced to make some enlightened gestures. 1In July, 905, Zaize and other five ministers were sent abroad to inspect politics. 1September, 906, prepare for the publication of the Articles of Association. 1September 907 and 10/October, the imperial edict set up an advisory board and an advisory board, allowing the bourgeoisie to obtain some rights such as making suggestions to the Qing government through elections. The upper bourgeoisie saw hope from it and set up various constitutional groups in succession to engage in constitutional monarchy activities and prepare to participate in political power. However, Manchu relatives are not keen on constitutionalism. 1In August, 908, the Qing government promulgated the Outline of the King James Constitution, which stipulated that the Qing Empire was a ministry for all generations, and announced that it was going to be a constitutional government for nine years. Soon, Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi passed away. At the age of 3, Puyi inherited the throne and changed to Xuan Tong. Regent Zai Feng took centralized measures and actively pursued the policy of monopolizing state power by the royal family. The contradiction between Manchu pro-nobility and Han bureaucrats deepened. 19 10, the Congress Petition Comrades Association launched a Congress Petition Movement in Beijing, demanding that the Qing government set up the Congress as soon as possible. 19 1 1 May (April, three years), the Qing government promulgated the cabinet official system and established a royal cabinet with Qing Taizi as prime minister. The hope of constitutionalists to share political power was completely shattered, and a few people abandoned the illusion of constitutionalism and began to express sympathy for revolutionary activities. The revolutionary situation is becoming more and more mature.
The outbreak of revolution
19 1 1 in may, the Qing government, on the orders of imperialism, handed over the rights it had won from the people of China to imperialism, which aroused the anger of the people all over the country. People in Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan and other provinces directly related to state-owned railways strongly opposed the sale of road rights and set off a vigorous movement to protect roads. Sichuan road protection movement is particularly magnificent. In September, the trend of protecting roads expanded to the province's resistance to grain and donations, and mass riots occurred one after another. Zhao Erfeng, governor of Sichuan Province, arrested the leaders of Lu Bao Comrades' Association and Luchuan Shareholders' Meeting in Chengdu, and shot dozens of petitioners, causing a bloody tragedy. Long Mingjian, a member of the League, and the Society for the Aged formed Comrade Lu Bao's army, which marched around the capital, attacked the city and plundered the land, and violently attacked the Qing government's rule in Sichuan. Sichuan Road Protection Movement became the fuse of the Revolution of 1911.
When the Qing government fully responded to the Sichuan Road Protection Movement, revolutionary groups such as China Literature Society and Progressive Association, Hubei New Army, took the opportunity to launch Wuchang Uprising, which opened the magnificent scene of the Revolution of 1911. In late September, revolutionaries felt that the situation was urgent and decided to launch an uprising on the Mid-Autumn Festival on June 6 10. Later, due to the rapid changes in the situation, the uprising was postponed. 65438+1October 9 (August 18), on the day of the scheduled uprising, Sun Wu, the head of the Gong Jin community, accidentally exploded while assembling a bomb in Hankou. Governor Huguang ordered the city to be closed and searched, and the command organs of Hankou and Wuchang Uprising were destroyed. Some uprisings were arrested, killed or hidden. In this case, the revolutionary soldiers in the standard battalion of the new army began to take the initiative to attack. 10 at 7: 00 p.m., the trench camp in Tangjiao outside Wuchang and the eighth camp of the urban project started almost at the same time. After a night of hard fighting, the revolutionary army occupied the Governor's Mansion on 1 1 morning, and the whole city was recovered, winning the first victory. Hanyang and Hankou were also occupied by the revolutionary army. 1 1 day, the soldiers of the uprising gathered in Hubei consultative bureau, and with the participation of Tang Hualong, the speaker of the consultative bureau, announced the establishment of the Hubei military government of the Republic of China. The leaders of the revolutionary party did not personally participate in the uprising, and the uprising soldiers who lacked political experience had no confidence in mastering the political power. Li was the regimental training leader of Hubei New Army in Qing Dynasty, and was forced by revolutionary soldiers to be the commander-in-chief of Hubei military government. The military government issued a message calling on all provinces to fight for overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and establishing the Republic of China. 165438+ 10, the Hubei military government promulgated the Constitution of Ezhou of the Republic of China. This is the first local constitution drafted in China according to the principle of bourgeois democracy.
The victory of Wuchang Uprising had a chain reaction all over the country, and revolutionaries in various provinces took action in succession. By the end of 1 1, 14 provinces had declared their independence and left the Qing government. The northern provinces were not independent, and some places were ruled by the Qing Dynasty, such as Zhili, Shandong and Henan. Some are far from the border and the revolutionary party is weak, such as Xinjiang and Fengtian. These provinces are not calm, and the Revolutionary Party still organized a series of armed uprisings. After Wuchang Uprising, the Constitutionalists expressed their support for the revolution, which also accelerated the collapse of the Qing government. In the uprisings in various provinces, the broad masses of the people showed great enthusiasm. Soldiers of the New Army, Communist party member, intellectuals, workers, peasants, urban poor, overseas Chinese, patriotic gentry and ethnic minorities all made contributions. China's political life has seen an unprecedented boiling situation.
Victory and failure of the revolution
The successful development of the revolution shocked the Qing government. 10 year 10 On October 27th, the Qing court appointed Yuan Shikai as an imperial envoy and granted Hubei full military power. 1 65438+1October1,the Qing army captured Hankou. On the same day, Regent Zai Feng announced the dissolution of the royal cabinet and handed over all military and political power. With Yuan Shikai as the prime minister, Hong, Huang Xing and Song overestimated Yuan Shikai's strength and his own difficulties, and attempted to use the contradiction between Yuan Shikai and the nobles of the Qing Dynasty to mobilize him to defect as a great president, pinning their hopes on Yuan Shikai to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. 165438+1On October 27th, Hanyang fell into the hands of the Qing army. 65438+February 1, both sides agreed to cease fire for 3 days. After that, it is proposed that both sides send representatives to discuss the overall situation. Armistice is an important turning point of the Revolution of 1911 from armed struggle to political compromise.
Tang, the representative of Yuan Shikai, and Wu, the representative of the revolutionary military government, started peace talks in Shanghai. 165438+1In late October, representatives of various provinces decided to recognize Wuchang as the Central Military Government of the Republic of China and Hubei as the governor to carry out central government affairs. Subsequently, a meeting of 14 provincial representatives was held in Hankou British Concession to prepare for the establishment of the central interim government. On February 2, 65438, Jiangsu and Zhejiang allied forces conquered Nanjing, and the representative meeting decided to take Nanjing as the seat of the central interim government. Representatives from all provinces immediately gathered in Nanjing from Wuhan. On the 25th, Sun Yat-sen, Prime Minister of the League, returned from overseas. On the 29th, 17 Provincial Congress elected Sun Yat-sen as interim president with an absolute majority of 16 votes. 19 12 On New Year's Day, Dr. Sun Yat-sen took office in Nanjing, and issued documents such as "Provisional Presidential Declaration" and "Letter to Compatriots All over the Country", officially announcing the birth of the Republic of China. 1.2, switch to the solar calendar. On the 3rd, Li was elected as the vice president, and the composition of the provisional government was determined, and the provisional government of the Republic of China was established. On the 28th, Nanjing Provisional Senate was established. The Nanjing Provisional Government headed by Sun Yat-sen included three political forces: revolutionaries, constitutionalists and old bureaucrats. Most of the military governments in independent provinces were manipulated by constitutionalists and old bureaucrats, and the Nanjing Provisional Government and Sun Yat-sen, as interim president, could not actually exercise the power of the central government over them. The weaknesses of the revolutionaries themselves have also been exposed more, and many of Sun Yat-sen's correct ideas have been opposed.
When the Nanjing Provisional Government was established, Yuan Shikai felt that the position of the president was hard-won, and immediately withdrew the representatives of the peace talks, which led to the breakdown of the negotiations and forced the revolutionary forces to compromise. The imperialist powers refused to recognize the Nanjing Provisional Government, creating an atmosphere of foreign interference. In the case of internal troubles and foreign invasion, Sun Yat-sen was forced to give in. 65438+1On October 22nd, Sun Yat-sen declared that Yuan Shikai was in favor of republicanism as long as the Qing emperor abdicated, that is, he recommended Yuan Shikai to the provisional Senate as the provisional president. After Yuan Shikai got the guarantee from Sun Yat-sen, he stepped up his efforts to force the Qing emperor to abdicate. /kloc-in February, the Qing emperor finally accepted the preferential treatment of the Republic of China for the royal family and officially abdicated. In this way, the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China for more than 260 years, collapsed, and the autocratic monarchy that lasted for more than 2,000 years ended. 13 In February, Yuan Shikai officially declared his support for the Republic to the provisional government, and Sun Yat-sen resigned from the provisional Senate. In June, 5438+05, the Provisional Senate elected Yuan Shikai as the Provisional President. Yuan Shikai refused to take office in the south because of his powerful influence in the north. Sun Yat-sen sent Cai Yuanpei as a special envoy to meet him in the north. Yuan Shikai secretly instructed his cronies to create mutinies in Beijing, Tianjin and Baoding. Imperialism also took the opportunity to send troops to Beijing, creating a tense atmosphere of support for Yuan Shikai. The Nanjing Provisional Government gave in again. On March 6th, 38+00, Yuan Shikai was sworn in as interim president in Beijing. The next day, Sun Yat-sen promulgated the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China. This covenant has the nature of the constitution of the bourgeois republic and is a pioneering work in the history of China. On the 25th, he went to Nanjing to meet the interim government and organize a new cabinet. The ministries of internal affairs, army, navy, finance and foreign affairs in the cabinet are all held by Yuan Shikai's cronies or supporters, and the alliance is only allocated to a few decorative seats such as education, agriculture, forestry and industry. /kloc-in April, Sun Yat-sen officially dismissed the post of interim president. On the 5th, the provisional Senate decided that the provisional government and research institute should move to Beijing. At this point, the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were usurped by Yuan Shikai. The Revolution of 1911 failed.
The Revolution of 1911 was a bourgeois democratic revolution in modern China. Politically and ideologically, it has brought immeasurable liberation to the people of China. The revolution has made the idea of democracy and republicanism deeply rooted in people's hearts. China people's long-term anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle, taking the Revolution of 1911 as a new starting point, was launched at a deeper level and in a wider scope.