I. Background
1. Internal troubles and foreign invasion of the Qing government:1In the middle of the 9th century, the Qing Dynasty faced a ruling crisis of internal troubles and foreign invasion. At home, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising and the Nian Army Uprising and other civil resistance movements continued, threatening the rule of the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, the invasion of foreign powers has deepened day by day, making the rule of the Qing Dynasty more turbulent.
2. Sharp social contradictions: class contradictions and ethnic contradictions in the Qing Dynasty were very sharp, and political, economic, cultural and other aspects were facing serious crises.
Second, the content
1. Military aspect: The Westernization School has carried out a lot of reforms and constructions in the military aspect. They founded a number of new military schools and trained a large number of military talents. At the same time, they also established three modern navies, Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian, and purchased a large number of advanced western weapons.
2. Economically, the Westernization School has also carried out a series of economic reforms. They founded many modern enterprises and banks and introduced many western technologies and equipment. At the same time, they also implemented a series of commercial and financial policies to promote economic development.
3. Cultural education: The Westernization School also carried out cultural education reform. They have established many new schools and colleges and promoted modern education. At the same time, they also sent a large number of international students to train more modern talents.
Third, the impact
1, which promoted the modernization process of China: the Westernization Movement introduced a large number of western technologies and equipment, and promoted the development of China's modernization process. The fighting capacity of China's army was improved: The Westernization Movement established a modern military system and army, which improved the fighting capacity of China's army.
2. Promoted the start of modern education in China: Westernization Movement popularized modern education and laid the foundation for the start of modern education in China. It had an impact on the later Revolution of 1911 and other revolutionary movements: the result of the Westernization Movement stimulated the later Revolution of 1911 and other revolutionary movements.
Fourth, the reasons for the failure
1 did not fundamentally solve the fundamental problem of the Qing Dynasty: the Westernization Movement only carried out some reforms on the superficial problems of the Qing Dynasty, but did not fundamentally solve the fundamental problems of the Qing Dynasty.
2. Lack of unified leadership and effective management: The Westernization Movement lacked unified leadership and effective management, and various departments held back and shirked each other, resulting in the lack of unified coordination of the whole movement.