Mencius, a native of Zou in the Warring States Period, was born in about 372 BC. Mencius, named Monk, was a famous thinker and educator in ancient times and an outstanding representative of Confucianism. In ancient times, he was elected as the second person after Confucius and was honored as "the sage of Asia". Mencius is the main work of Mencius and one of the classic works of Confucianism. There are seven existing works: Liang; "Gongsun Ugly" up and down; "Teng Wengong" up and down; "Li Lou" up and down; "Zhang Wan" up and down; "High posture" ups and downs; Up and down "dedication".

Mencius' classic famous sentence:

"Mencius Gaozi Shang"-"Fish, what I want, bear's paw, what I want; You can't have it both ways, and you can't have it both ways. "

Mencius told his son-"A gentleman's ambition is great, but his title cannot be great."

"Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang" "Yes, you know the weight; Degree, you know the length. "

"Mencius Gaozi" "The official of the heart thinks that if you think, you will get it. If he doesn't think, he can't. "

Mencius Li Lou-"People can do something before they can do something."

Mencius was single-minded-"a pianist can behave himself, but he can't make people smart."

Mencius on Zhang Wan-"Don't harm words with words, don't harm ambition with words."

Mencius on Teng Wengong-"Things are not uniform, but things also have feelings."

Mencius told his son-"Born in sorrow, died in happiness."

Mencius Li Lou-"You can't cultivate Chinese, you can't cultivate talents."

Mencius Hui Liang Wang Xia-"Who is happy, alone or with others?"

"Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang" "I am old and people are old; Young and frivolous, and young people. "

"Mencius. Gong Sunchou "-"The weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as human harmony. "

Mencius. Xia-"Anyone can think of Yao and Shun."

Educated Mencius

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The following are 45 commonly used words in written test of teaching resources compiled by teachers. Remember that there are points! Remember quickly!

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1, Confucius: He first advocated the inspiring teaching method of "if you don't get angry, you will be powerful, if you don't get angry, you will be sad, and if you don't send it, you will be yourself". He put forward the earliest idea of teaching process, that is, the integration of learning, thinking and doing.

2. Mencius: Mencius believes that the role of education is to maintain, cultivate, expand and develop the good side of human talent, or to find the lost good side, to inspire people to restore the good nature of talent and make it a moral "perfect person." Mencius believed that the purpose of running education was to "understand human relations".

3. Xunzi: Xunzi believes that human nature is evil and needs external education to change. Therefore, Xunzi is a representative figure of China's ancient diplomatic theory. He advocates the teaching method of "listening, watching, knowing and doing", but he unilaterally emphasizes that students obey teachers and advocates that "teachers are also floating clouds".

4. Mozi: Mozi put forward the theory of human nature. Is educational thought fraternity and inviolability? Pay attention to the mastery of literature and history knowledge and the cultivation of logical thinking ability, and also pay attention to the study of practical technology. It is believed that there are three main ways to acquire knowledge: "intimate knowledge", "listening knowledge" and "speaking knowledge".

5. Zhu: Zhu attaches importance to basic education, ideological education and educational methods.

6. Socrates: Socrates believes that the purpose of education is to cultivate talents for governing the country, and the primary task of education is to cultivate morality. His greatest contribution to educational theory is midwifery.

7. Plato: a famous thinker. The representative work of education is The Republic.

8. Aristotle: an educational thinker in ancient Greece. The theory of "education follows nature" was put forward for the first time in the history of human education.

9. quintilian: His On the Education of Speakers is the first educational monograph in the West.

10, bacon: pedagogy was first proposed as an independent discipline.

1 1, Comenius: His great teaching theory is regarded as a sign that pedagogy has embarked on the road of independent development. Comenius is also known as "the father of pedagogy". In the Great Teaching Theory, he first studied the classroom teaching and determined the basic outline of the classroom teaching system.

12, Rousseau: In Emile, he put forward the idea of nature and free education. He believes that human nature is good, and the greatest value of human beings is freedom. He advocates letting children let nature take its course and even get rid of social influence to develop.

13, Pestalozzi: Pestalozzi established pedagogy on the basis of psychology for the first time through the experiment of physical teaching method, and put forward the great theory of "educational psychology", which closely combined pedagogy with psychology and had a far-reaching impact on education and teaching in later generations. His masterpieces are Lenhard and Godud.

14, Locke: a representative figure of "the theory of westerners" and an advocate of formal education theory. Put forward "whiteboard theory" and "gentleman education". Emphasize that external forces determine human development. His thoughts are reflected in his masterpiece "Random Talk on Education".

15, Watson: a representative figure of "external Shuo theory" and a behavioral psychologist. He believes that human development is entirely determined by the environment.

16, Rogers: Starting from humanism, put forward the idea of "student-centered". In psychological counseling, visitor-centered therapy has been established.

17, Piaget: Put forward the theory of stages of moral development, and divide children's moral development into four stages. Genetic epistemology believes that individual cognitive development has experienced the development process of perceptual operation layer, pre-operation layer, concrete operation layer and formal operation layer in turn.

18, Freud: the founder of psychoanalysis. He believes that human sexual instinct is the most basic natural instinct and a potential, unconscious and fundamental driving force to promote human development.

19, gesell: a psychologist, who believes that the decisive factor of human development is the mature mechanism. The experiment of twins climbing stairs is a famous experiment in gesell.

20. Herbart: The publication of his representative work General Pedagogy marks the formation of standardized teaching and marks that pedagogy has become a standardized discipline. His educational thought is the representative of traditional pedagogy, and puts forward three centers of traditional education-teacher center, textbook center and classroom center. The representative of knowledge-centered curriculum theory. At the same time, Herbart clearly put forward that psychology is the theoretical basis of pedagogy for the first time.

2 1, Dewey: the founder of pragmatic pedagogy and the chief representative of modern educational theory. His job is people-oriented and education. The essence of education is "education is life", "education is growth" and "education is the transformation and reorganization of experience". This paper puts forward a new three-center theory of "children center", "activity center" and "experience center" which is opposite to the traditional three centers of education. He is the representative of empirical curriculum theory in learner-centered curriculum theory.

22. Man Mei: a representative of experimental pedagogy.

23. Marx believed that the only way to realize man's all-round development was to combine education with productive labor.

24.Krupskaya: Krupskaya's "National Education and Democratic System" is a book based on Marxism, which was written by zui in his early days to discuss education.

25. Kalinin: He attached importance to the role of moral education and labor education, and compiled educational papers and speeches into On Communist Education and On Communist Education and Teaching.

26. makarenko: The idea of "demanding as much as possible and respecting as much as possible" embodies the principle of moral education: respecting students and strictly demanding students.

27. Kailov published Pedagogy Guided by Marxist Theory. He was a Soviet educator who had a great influence on China's educational theory system in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China.

28. Yang Xianjiang: The New Education Outline, written under the pen name of Li Hao, is the first Marxist pedagogy work in China.

29. zankov: He wrote the book Teaching and Development. Based on general development, he put forward five teaching principles: difficult teaching, high-speed teaching, theoretical knowledge as the guide, understanding the learning process, and making all students, including poor students, develop. He is a representative figure of developing curriculum theory in the representative theory of knowledge-centered curriculum theory His research on "teaching and development" promoted the reform of Soviet educational system and curriculum.

30. Bloom believes that teaching should be guided by mastery learning, guided by educational goals and standardized by educational evaluation, and a complete theoretical system of mastery learning has been formed, the book Classification of Educational Goals.

3 1, Wagenshen: The book Principles of Example Teaching established the theory of example teaching. He is the representative of the paradigm curriculum theory in the representative theory of knowledge-centered curriculum theory.

32. Suhomlinski: His thoughts on comprehensive and harmonious education are systematically discussed in his works, such as Advice to Teachers, Giving All My Heart to Children, and Pavlis Middle School. It is called "living pedagogy".

33. Thorndike: Educational Psychology was published, and the discipline of educational psychology was founded, which separated educational psychology from pedagogy and child psychology and became an independent discipline. Therefore, Thorndike is called "the father of educational psychology". The basic viewpoint of his connectionism theory is: the theory of trial and error. Famous experiment: the cat's "lost box" experiment.

Schulz: The representative of the theory of human capital thinks that "human capital" is the knowledge, skills and other similar abilities that people have that can affect productive work. He believes that the contribution of education to national economic growth is: 33%.

35. Skinner: Inheriting Watson's view, he believes that human behavior and even complex human personality can be shaped, changed, controlled or corrected through external reinforcement or punishment. On the basis of predecessors such as Thorndike, this paper puts forward the theory of operating conditions, which has great influence on educational psychology. Put forward the theory of operant conditioned reflex, a famous experiment: mouse experiment.

36. Vygotsky: Vygotsky emphasizes the positive role of egocentrism and thinks it can help children solve problems. It holds that language is the core of cognitive development theory and puts forward the theory of "nearest development zone".

37.Yechris: The world's first monograph on lifelong education, Lifelong Education, was published.

38. Paul Lang Lang: The publication of the report on lifelong education puts forward the theory of lifelong education. Make lifelong education conceptual and systematic. Publication of Introduction to Lifelong Education.

39. Spencer: Spencer's core education concept mainly includes the following aspects: advocating science education and opposing classical education; Advocate independent education and oppose indoctrination education; Advocate happy interest education and oppose educational methods that ignore the laws of students' physical and mental development. Abbreviation: three mentions and three opposites.

40. Birkhurst: Dalton system was established. Dalton system has played an active role in making up for the shortage of class teaching system, developing students' personality and cultivating students' ability to work independently, and has had an impact on procedural teaching and individual guidance education. However, it pays attention to the study of subject knowledge, overemphasizes individual differences and ignores the collective role and moral education role of classes, which often leads to laissez-faire in teaching.

4 1, ushinski: published "Understanding the Object of Education", known as "the founder of Russian educational psychology".

42. Kapterev: Educational Psychology was published in 1877, which is the first Russian book officially named after educational psychology.

43. Ausubel: Classify learning in the cognitive field from two dimensions. The conditions of meaningful learning are systematically expounded. Put forward a meaningful theory of receptive learning. And classify declarative knowledge learning. Explain the academic behavior of all students from three aspects.

44. Ebbinghaus: Described the law that the human brain forgets new things. According to his own experimental results, he drew a curve describing the forgetting process, which is the famous Ebbinghaus memory forgetting curve.

45.Jaecks and dodson believe that a moderate level of motivation, namely zui, is conducive to the improvement of learning efficiency. Yerkes-dodson law was discovered together.

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Mencius advocated it during the Warring States Period.

Mencius thought

First, the people-oriented theory

Mencius pointed out: "The people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light." He believes that the government should protect the interests of the people, and the monarch should take care of the people as the premise. Therefore, the destiny lies in the heart, not in the monarch. If the monarch has no choice, the people can overthrow him; But if you have a way, the people should stick to their posts.

Second, the first king of France

Mencius advocated benevolent governance, and only by imitating the kingly politics of kings can benevolent governance be implemented in the world.

Three. Benevolence and king

Mencius advocated that benevolent policies should be implemented after benevolence. Mencius believed that "people have a heart of forbearance" is a "policy of forbearance", and benevolent governance is a necessary condition for unifying the world. The concrete manifestation of benevolent government is kingliness, which makes people happy, and it is necessary to implement kingliness and "respect the sages and enable them".

Fourth, the concept of rule by virtue.

Confucius' theory of "benevolence" is a conscious morality; Mencius' "benevolence" has both educational functions. The monarch mainly focuses on Xiu De, and virtue is the condition for implementing benevolent policies, so he advocates "the rule of virtue".

Verb (abbreviation of verb) opposes hegemonism.

Mencius advocated the benevolent policy of serving people with virtue and opposed the hegemonic policy of serving people with force, aiming at alleviating the pain of people's livelihood and easing social contradictions. Therefore, Mencius advocated "kingly politics" and opposed hegemony to serve the people.

Six, restore the system of mine field

Mencius believed that the ideal economic system was the "mining field system". The "farmland system" means that the land belongs to the state, and the state grants farmland to the people for cultivation, but the people also have to help cultivate public farmland as a tax. Therefore, farmers will have "continuous production" and the country will be stable.

Source: Composition Weekly Senior One Reading and Writing Edition

What is the Mencius family?

Mencius is a famous philosopher, thinker, politician and educator in China.

Mencius, Minke, Zi Yuzi, Zou Guoren. Mencius is the representative figure of Confucian school after Confucius and before Xunzi, and he is also called "Confucius and Mencius" with Confucius.

Mencius advocated "benevolent government" and first put forward the idea that "the people are more important than the monarch", which was listed by Han Yu as a figure who inherited Confucius' "orthodoxy" in pre-Qin Confucianism and was named "Ya Sheng" in Yuan Dynasty.

Philosophical thinking

The highest category of Mencius' philosophical thought is heaven. Mencius inherited Confucius' thought of destiny, removed the residual meaning of personality god, and imagined heaven as a spiritual entity with moral attributes. He said: "Honest people, heaven is also." Mencius defined the moral concept of honesty as the essential attribute of heaven, and believed that heaven was the origin of the inherent moral concept of human nature. Mencius' ideological system, including his political thoughts and ethical thoughts, takes heaven as the category.

Brief introduction of Mozi

Mozi, whose real name is Zhai, was a Song poet in the late Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the early Warring States Period. Mozi, a descendant of Mu Yi, an aristocrat in the Song Dynasty, worked as a doctor in the Song Dynasty. He was the founder of Mohism and a famous thinker, educator, scientist and strategist in the Warring States Period.

Mozi is the only philosopher born as a farmer in the history of China. Mozi founded Mohism, which had a great influence in the pre-Qin period, and was called "one of the best" with Confucianism. He put forward the viewpoints of "universal love", "non-aggression", "Shang Xian", "Shang Tong", "ambition", "ghost", "death", "unhappiness" and "frugality".

Take universal love as the core, frugality and sage as the fulcrum. Mozi founded a set of scientific theories with outstanding achievements in geometry, physics and optics during the Warring States Period. At that time, a hundred schools of thought contended and were called "non-Confucian Jimo".

Extended data

Mozi's story

1, Mozi accepts disciples

There was a man in Lu who told his son to learn from Mozi and died on the battlefield without thinking. It is natural for a father to blame Mozi, but Mozi said that you asked your son to learn skills, and he also learned skills. His father was very angry when he was killed in the war. It's like preparing to sell grain, but when it's sold out, you get angry. Isn't that ridiculous?

2, Mozi tears

When Mozi saw people dye silk, he sighed, "Dye cyan silk into cyan, and yellow silk into yellow. When the dye changes, the color of the silk also changes; Add five dyes and silk will appear five colors. Therefore, dyeing silk must be cautious! " Not only dyeing silk, but also governing the country is like dyeing silk. Human nature, such as silk, is bound to choose to be dyed.

Baidu encyclopedia-Mozi