/kloc-in the middle of 0/9th century, Russian chemist Mendeleev formulated the periodic table of chemical elements. /kloc-at the age of 0/4, Mendeleev's father died, and then the fire swallowed up all the property in his family. It never rains but it pours. 1850, Mendeleev, whose family was in difficulties, started his college life with a meager grant, and later became a professor at Petersburg University. Fortunately, Mendeleev lived in an outstanding period of exploring the laws of elements in the field of chemistry. At that time, chemists all over the world were exploring the internal relations of dozens of known elements. 1865, British chemist Newlands arranged the known elements in the order of atomic weight, and found that no matter what kind of elements are counted, every eighth element is similar to the first one. This is very similar to the octave period in music, so he simply called this periodicity of elements "octave" and drew an "octave" table to represent the relationship between elements. Obviously, Newlands had subconsciously touched the skirt of "Goddess of Truth" and almost revealed the periodic law of elements. However, conditions restricted him from further exploration, because the measured value of atomic weight was wrong at that time, and he did not consider that there were undiscovered elements, but only mechanically crushed the atoms at that time. Therefore, he failed to reveal the internal laws between elements. It can be seen that the discovery of any scientific truth will not be smooth sailing, and it will encounter resistance, some of which is even artificial. At that time, Newlands's "Eight Tones" was ridiculed at the British Chemical Society. The host asked sarcastically, "Why don't you arrange the elements in alphabetical order?" Mendeleev didn't care so much. He devoted himself to hard exploration with amazing insight. Until 1869, he wrote down the main properties and atomic weights of 63 elements known at that time on a small card and collated and compared them repeatedly. Finally, he discovered the periodic law of elements and made the periodic table of elements accordingly. This table reveals the secrets of the material world and unifies some seemingly unrelated elements. It constitutes a complete natural system. Its discovery is a pioneering work in the history of modern chemistry, which has greatly promoted the development of chemistry. When people see this watch, they will think of its earliest discoverer Mendeleev.
Through Mendeleev's introduction and his discovery of the periodic table of elements, students can easily have psychological resonance, understand the growth process of scientists, truly understand that success takes time and sweat, and also learn a lot of scientific research methods, which can be said to have benefited a lot.
2. When talking about Avon Gardello's law, we can combine the discovery history of Avon Gardello's law to teach, so that students can understand the discovery and development of Avon Gardello's law, which is helpful for students to understand and master Avon Gardello's law more deeply. At the same time, it can also let students know that a law is not achieved overnight, but is constantly supplemented or revised with the development of scientific practice, which can activate students' thinking and stimulate their scientific exploration spirit.
In 18 1 1, Avon Gadereau put forward a molecular hypothesis: "The same volume of gas contains the same number of molecules at the same temperature and pressure." Now this hypothesis is called Evan Gardlow's law. This assumption is based on Gai? Lussac developed the volume law of gas combination, which was published in 1809. Avon Gadereau wrote in the work of 18 1 1 year: "Gai? Lussac once said in his paper that when gases combine, their volumes are in simple proportion. If the products obtained are also gases, their volumes are also in a simple proportion. This shows that the number of molecules acting in these volumes is basically the same. It must be admitted that when gas substances are combined, their molecular numbers are basically the same. " Avo Gadereau also opposed the popular view that gas molecules were composed of single atoms, and thought that nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen were all composed of single atoms.
At that time, the electrochemical theory of the authoritative Swedish chemist Betzerius was very popular and dominated the chemical theory. Electrochemical theory holds that atoms of the same species cannot combine. Therefore, scientists in Britain, France and Germany do not accept Avon Gardlow's hypothesis. Until 1860, more than 100 European chemists held academic seminars in Karlsruhe, Germany. At the meeting, Conizaro sent a short article "A Course Summary of Chemical Philosophy" before he put forward the Avon Garderot Hypothesis again. This essay caught Meyer's attention. He published Modern Chemical Theory in 1864, from which many scientists learned and accepted Avon Gadereau hypothesis. Now, Avon Gadereau's law has been recognized by scientists all over the world. Avon Gadereau number is/kloc-0 per mole of molecules contained in a substance.
3. When learning aluminum, you can introduce the use and smelting history of aluminum. Through the smelting and extensive use of aluminum, students can feel the hardships of scientific development. The wonderful life we have now is the result of the unremitting efforts of many scientists. It also makes students understand the preciousness of the knowledge left by predecessors, so as to cherish these precious knowledge heritages and study hard to improve themselves.
Aluminum was a precious metal more than 100 years ago and was called "silver gold". In order to show his wealth and dignity, French Emperor Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte ordered officials to make an "aluminum crown" which was more expensive than gold. This was sensational news at that time. Aluminum is also considered as the most valuable element in chemistry. In recognition of Mendeleev's outstanding contribution to chemistry, the Royal Society spared no expense to make an aluminum cup. Give it to Mendeleev. This will arouse students' curiosity. Why was the aluminum that we could see everywhere so valuable at that time? It turns out that aluminum is a very active metal with chemical properties, and it is difficult to reduce it with general reducing agents, so it is difficult to smelt aluminum. From the discovery of aluminum to the preparation of pure aluminum, it has gone through the efforts of 100 years. Thanks to the efforts of scientists, aluminum has become a widely used metal, and all our aluminum products can be bought now.
4. Let students understand the historical significance and wide application of chemistry. Chemistry has promoted social development and human progress. If this sentence alone is difficult to convince students, it can be verified by some concrete examples. For example, in the introduction of metals and their compounds in Chapter 3, the role of metals in the whole human history is described. Every time history changes, new metals must be used. This makes students realize the significance of smelting and using metals to social development, arouses students' goodwill towards metals, and produces a deeper curiosity about metals. At the same time, let students feel the practicality of chemistry, so as to cultivate their interest in learning chemistry. For example, in the study of silicate, the history of making and using ceramics can be introduced. About 654.38 million years ago, kilns for firing pottery began to appear in China, becoming the first country to produce pottery, so China was called "the hometown of pottery". The invention of pottery is a major breakthrough in manufacturing technology. The process of making pottery changes the properties of clay, and a series of chemical changes have taken place in clay components such as silica, alumina, calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide during firing, which makes pottery have excellent waterproof and durable properties. Therefore, pottery has not only new technical significance but also new economic significance. It enables people to add cooking methods when dealing with food. Tools such as ceramic spinning wheel, ceramic knife and ceramic file also play an important role in production. At the same time, pottery storage can make food and water easy to store. Therefore, pottery has quickly become a necessity for human life and production, especially for people who have settled down to engage in agricultural production. Although the times are progressing, pottery has not been eliminated but has been widely used in life. Pottery is also constantly being updated. Create functional pottery. For example, when studying the properties of ammonia, we can introduce the history and significance of ammonia synthesis. Because ammonia synthesis can realize artificial nitrogen fixation, nitrogen fertilizer can be synthesized to ensure grain output and solve the problem of food and clothing for people. All these can make students realize more deeply that life is full of chemistry, which has an important influence on the development of the whole human society.
5. Combined with the teaching content, timely penetrate some important problems faced by modern society that need to be solved urgently, such as the crisis of fresh water resources, the crisis of major energy sources (coal and oil), and environmental pollution (ozone layer destruction, greenhouse effect, acid rain, etc.). For example, in the teaching of nitrogen oxides, we can introduce their harm to the environment. After these nitrogen oxides are irradiated by sunlight and ultraviolet rays, a series of photochemical reactions occur, resulting in photochemical smog pollution events, such as 66.
When studying the properties of sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide, it can also explain the historical fact that sulfur oxides pollute the environment. For example, the "London Smog" incident that shocked the world in Britain in February 1952 is an example of sulfur oxide pollution. Another example is the "greenhouse effect" caused by carbon dioxide, the ozone layer destruction caused by chlorofluorocarbons, and the "white pollution" caused by plastics. The concept of preventing pollution and protecting a good ecological environment; The concepts of energy conservation and rational use of existing energy can increase students' sense of social responsibility.
To sum up, proper infiltration of chemical history education in chemistry teaching can not only make students deeply understand the whole process of scientists' scientific research, but also guide students to learn more independent learning methods, thus enhancing students' interest in learning, greatly improving their mastery of new knowledge, and playing a multiplier role in students' learning.