For example, education regulations
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Sun Yat-sen immediately emphasized the implementation of free and compulsory education in China. The Ministry of Education of the Republic of China 19 12 clearly stipulated: "Primary schools, normal schools and higher normal schools are free of tuition." Free normal education has become the only way for many poor students to receive education. Mao Zedong graduated from Hunan Normal School.
From 65438 to 0946, the National Government formulated the education constitution with accurate positioning and detailed requirements. Here are a few words: "Education and culture should develop national spirit, autonomous spirit, national morality, sound physique, science and life intelligence." "The state should attach importance to the balanced development of education in various regions and promote social education to improve the cultural level of ordinary people." Wait a minute.
For example, the education fund
Provisions: "Educational and cultural funds in remote and poor areas shall be subsidized by the state treasury. Its important educational and cultural undertakings can be handled or subsidized by the central government. " "The funds for education, science and culture shall not be less than 0.5% of the total budget of the central government, 25% of the total budget of provinces and 35% of the total budget of cities and counties. Educational and cultural funds and industries established according to law are guaranteed. " People in the industry can calculate today's accounts according to this standard 60 years ago to see if there is any gap.
For example, the treatment of teachers
According to the education charter published by 1927, the monthly salary of university staff is 600 yuan 400 yuan, associate professor 400 yuan 260 yuan, lecturer 260 yuan 160 yuan and assistant professor 160 yuan. Professor 600 yuan has the highest monthly salary, which is basically the same as that of the Minister of the National Government.
In the early 1930s, the average monthly salaries of primary school, middle school and primary school teachers were in 220 yuan, 120 yuan and 30 yuan respectively. In the same period, the average monthly salary of Shanghai employees was about 15 yuan. In the 1940s, the Regulations on Qualifications of University Teachers stipulated: "The state should guarantee the lives of educators, scientists and artists and improve their treatment at any time according to the progress of the national economy."
According to the data, at that time, the ordinary police paid 2 silver dollars a month, the county magistrate paid 20 silver dollars a month and the primary school teacher paid 40 silver dollars a month. During the Republic of China, the status and treatment of primary school teachers far exceeded the county order. During the Republic of China, it was shameful to pay attention to and invest in the treatment of teachers.
For example, educational ideas.
Since the Republic of China, Zhang Boling, president of Nankai Middle School, has been a representative of secondary education. Zhang Boling is a great practitioner of saving the country through education. He formulated the school motto of "fair and capable, changing with each passing day" for Nankai: "Fair and upright, you can be far-sighted and ask for help."
Zhang Boling once said that students should not only learn from books, but also have extracurricular activities. The knowledge they get from here is much better than that from books. Under his advocacy, the associations in Nankai Middle School have mushroomed, forming the carriers of "educating people" such as Zunye Society, Art Research Society, Photography Research Society, Literature Society, Beijing Opera Society, New Theatre Company, School Spirit Publishing House and Wushu Society.
It is worth mentioning that Nankai Troupe is particularly famous, so it has the reputation of "the cradle of drama". Cao Yu, Huang Zongjiang and others all embarked on the road of drama from Nankai.
1934 course
Such as textbooks.
The compilation of textbooks in the Republic of China has two characteristics. First, the people have greater autonomy in compiling teaching materials, and only need to report to the Ministry of Education for approval; Second, its compilers are all first-class educators with modern ideas, such as Hu Shi, Shu Xincheng, Guo Bingwen, Zhu Jingnong, Li Jinhui and Liao Shicheng. Moreover, they agreed to compile textbooks for primary school students, which naturally reflected the basic concept of education in the Republic of China.
For example, a diversified education model.
At that time, public schools and private schools coexisted.
Before the Anti-Japanese War, China had a population of 400 million, while at that time the population in the West was only1.800 million. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, there were 50 million people in the rear area. At that time, the gross national product of the western region was less than 30% of the whole country, and the people's livelihood industry only accounted for 5%, but it had to feed more than 50% of the population.
At the most difficult time of the Anti-Japanese War, the national government at that time actually realized free compulsory education! According to He Zhaowu, a famous scholar, when studying at National Southwest Associated University, college students are not only exempt from tuition and miscellaneous fees, but also have free lunch every day. If students still have difficulties in going to school, they can also apply for grants, which cannot be refunded after graduation.
At the same time, the Anti-Japanese War objectively brought opportunities for the development of education in the western region, and the basic education in the western provinces has made great progress.
Since the end of 1937, the Ministry of Education has opened 22 ethnic middle schools and 3 ethnic overseas Chinese middle schools in Sichuan, Henan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Hunan, Gansu, Jiangxi, Anhui and other places, and trained and educated 65,438+million "students in exile in war zones".
Many outstanding talents in China are trained by these ethnic middle schools, such as former Premier the State Council, Deng Jiaxian, the "father of the two bombs" in China, He Jingzhi, a famous contemporary economist and poet, and Ding, director of the Science, Technology and Industry Committee for National Defense.
After the end of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, these ethnic middle schools were gradually restored at 1946, completing their historical mission and writing the legend of China's education during the brutal war.
As we all know, so far, eight China people have won the Nobel Prize, including five. ) Born in the 1920s and 1930s, he was educated in the Republic of China.
But since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Gao Xingjian is the only student trained in New China. He won a literary prize, but not a natural science prize. Should contemporary education reflect?
Is it a "left" mistake to learn the education of the Republic of China? Steal, no!
Dare to admit all outstanding spiritual heritage, not only represents "political correctness", but also represents a big mind and tolerance, which is a manifestation of maturity and self-confidence.
At that time, the education in the Republic of China was a very large pattern, which depended not only on the elegance and simplicity in the early years of the Republic of China and the magnificent May 4th Movement, but also on the demeanor, temperament, mind, knowledge and interest of a large number of literati in the Republic of China. It can't be achieved in a day's work or hard work. Contemporary education still has a long way to go.