Scholars, things are also. Also known as anything. By extension, anyone who does something about it is a teacher.

"Shi" was an official in charge of prisons in ancient times. Shang Dynasty, Western Zhou Dynasty and Spring and Autumn Period were all nobles, and most of them were ministers of the Qing doctors. After the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, it gradually became a general term for intellectuals by the ruling class. During the Warring States period, there were literati who wrote books and made statements, warriors who died for their confidants, alchemists who were familiar with the lunar calendar, and strategists who made suggestions for others. For example, Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin as Yan Taizi Dan, Meng Changjun as Feng Xuan, and Lian Heng as Su Qin. "Scholars, farmers and businessmen" are the so-called four people in ancient times, referring to college students, farmers, workers and businessmen.

The lowest aristocratic class in pre-Qin period. It is also one of the four ancient masters (scholar, agriculture, industry and commerce). In the Spring and Autumn Period, most scholars were servants of honest officials. Some people lived on salaries, while others lived on farms. After the Warring States period, it gradually became the collective name of intellectuals by the ruling class, and they were literati who were divorced from productive labor.

1. A class of the ancient ruling class, second only to the Qing doctor: ~ clan. ~ doctor.

2. In the old days, he was a scholar: ~ Zi. ~ people. study

3. Unmarried men generally refer to men: ~ women.

4. A good name for a person: Chi ~. Fierce ~ female ~.

5. Rank 1, below the commander; Also refers to soldiers; Go ~. ~ soldiers. ~ pawn. ~ gas.

6. Call some professionals: doctors. Protect.

7. Last name.

detailed description

Shi Shi

① People's good names: Lady | Warrior | Strong Man.

② refers to some professionals: nurses | midwives.

[Morale] The fighting will of the army generally refers to the enthusiasm and drive of the masses.

A team must have high morale to have the hope of winning.

Shi Shi

⒈ "ancient" refers to men, especially unmarried men: adopting daughters (valleys).

4. The lowest stratum of Shang and Zhou nobles in China is a stratum between Qing Dafu and Shu Ren.

3. refers to readers: learning ~. Shuo ~. ~ Agriculture, industry and commerce.

4. Rank and name. Below the rank of captain: go up. Medium. Also refers to soldiers: war. Stimulate ~ qi.

5. People with certain professional skills or qualities: nursing. Skills ~. Hospital. It is called ~ by (because of) smart users.

A good name for people: people. Strong ~ Fierce ~

Modern society reinterprets the scholar, an ancient lower aristocratic class. From the perspective of "Qi Jia":

(1) Corporal: self-reliant and self-reliant;

(2) Sergeant: support and take care of a family;

(3) Staff Sergeant: feed and take care of the next generation;

(4) loyalty: family.

China Chess Nouns

edit

Stone and Stone are China's chess pieces, and each side has two pieces. The red side is an official and the black side is an official. Their role and play are exactly the same, and their names are different only for distinguishing between bonus chess and black chess.

Officials and scholars can move forward or backward one square at a time along the diagonal in the "nine squares", but they can't walk out of the "nine squares" and can't translate. Officials or former officials are further called "officials" or "officials", and to take a step back, they are called "officials".

The attack power of "official" is very weak, mainly protecting generals (handsome), and sometimes it can be used as a "gun rack" for "guns".

Scholars:

(1) Because men can do anything. "Lingshu Forbidden Service": "A scholar's talent can be thick or thin."

② Generally refers to men. Ling Shu Wu Yin Wu Wei: "I was injured by Yin, so I can't afford it, but I have to go."

(3) especially soldiers. Ling Shu Yu Edition: "A foot soldier without a white blade is not taught in a day."

(4) a class in the ancient ruling class. Preface to a Thousand Gold Prescriptions: "I can't spread it to the gentry, so I forget my private door."

concept

In Confucianism, Confucianism was born from "scholars" and took it as its responsibility to educate and cultivate "scholars" ("gentlemen"). A scholar is also an official. Mencius said: "A scholar's official position is better than a farmer's accomplishment" (Mencius Teng Wengong), which means that a scholar comes out to be an official and serve the society, just as a farmer is engaged in farming, which is his profession. When talking about social division of labor, Xunzi also attributed "scholar" to a kind of "person who knows how to take kindness as an official position" (Xunzi's honor and disgrace). Therefore, from this perspective, primitive Confucianism can also be said to be the theory of training officials for the country and society, and it is the culture of "scholars". The main contents of primitive Confucianism are all about the moral norms of "scholars" in self-cultivation and the principles of governing the country in politics.

origin

Scholars, as the most basic aristocrats in feudal society, are also the most advanced people. There are knights in Europe, samurai in Japan and gentry represented by intellectuals in China.

In ancient China, a certain social stratum with a certain status later evolved into a general term for intellectuals. At first, it may refer to the samurai who belonged to the same clan as clan and tribal leaders and dignitaries at the end of primitive society. After entering the class society, they became a part of the ruling class. Because learning was in the government in ancient times, only the aristocratic children above the scholar level had cultural knowledge, so the scholar became the name of people with certain knowledge and skills.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, countries fought endlessly, the role of infantry increased, the role of chariots and warriors decreased, and the status of scholars changed. In order to expand their influence and consolidate their position, some big officials tried their best to attract scholars to show off, and many scholars took refuge in them. There are also some scholars who go to funerals as gifts, or run businesses to solve economic difficulties; Others give private lectures and impart cultural knowledge. Since then, a number of taxis specializing in cultural activities have appeared in the history of China. They traveled around the world with active thoughts, and made great contributions to the emergence of a hundred schools of thought in China's ancient academic field and the development of cultural science.

During the Warring States period, the war of hegemony and merger became more intense, so the constantly turbulent lobbyists came into being. They travel between countries and act as lobbyists, and strategists are their representatives. At this time, the wind of cultivating scholars in various countries is also very popular.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the connotation of scholar changed further. Scholars, when called scholar-officials, can refer to soldiers in the army, often collectively referred to as officials serving in the central government and counties; Known as a scholar, it generally refers to intellectuals with high feudal cultural literacy and engaged in spiritual and cultural activities.

Before the Spring and Autumn Period, scholars, as a rank, had relative stability, and Jpua was the "scholar among scholars". By the Warring States period, although scholars still had the meaning of hierarchy, they gradually became a social class. This stratum becomes the intermediate zone of communication and transformation between the upper class (rulers, officials and exploiters) and the lower class (ruled, people and exploited).

Around the Western Zhou Dynasty, taxis appeared as a social stratum, and the taxi stratum should be the product of the patriarchal clan system in the Zhou Dynasty. Modern historians agree (theoretically ideal) that in the Zhou Dynasty, the eldest son inherited the father's position and the younger brother was a scholar; The eldest son of this scholar is still a scholar, and all other scholars are Shu Ren. At this point, scholars have become a group noun with distinctive class characteristics, but basically this is only a division of blood.

The evil of nobles is undoubtedly an important source of scholars. Zhang Yi, who is kind to others, was born in "Wei Jia Yu Zi". My son is a supporter. He is also a "Liang" person. Shang Yang was originally the son of Wei Zheng. Han Fei is from The Descendants of Han. Such examples abound. In short, the evil deeds and descendants of most nobles and officials belong to this class. Although it is impossible to make specific statistics at present, the number of such figures will not be small. For example, Tian Ying in Guo Jun, Qi Jing has more than forty sons, and it is conceivable how many sins there are. The first stop for these villains is a taxi.

Another source of scholars is from below. This situation appeared as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was more common in the Warring States Period. "On Mozi Shang Xian" said: "Although people work in agriculture, they can do it." The so-called "promotion" first refers to the selection of scholars. Some people who study, the first step is to become a scholar through learning. Ningyue is a typical example of taking learning as a scholar and taking scholars as public servants. "Xunzi Wang Zhi" said: "Although Shu Ren's descendants also accumulated literature and acted in righteousness, they belonged to the Qing Dynasty literati." "Guan Zi Xiao Kuang" contains: "Those who are not in a hurry must follow it." Park Ye refers to farmers.

In addition, there are other kinds of lower classes who enter the ranks of scholars through learning. "Xunzi Outline" contains: "Zi Gan (Zi Gong) and Lu Ji, so I also; Have culture, serve the etiquette, and serve the people below. " "Lu's Respect for Teachers in the Spring and Autumn Period" contains: "The person is the humble family of Lu; Yan Zhuoju, the thief of Liang's father, studied under Confucius. Duan Ganmu, a scholar at the University of Jin, studied under Xia Zi. " "Historical Records and Biography of Lao Fei" contains: "Shen Buhai is from Gyeonggi, so Zheng is a humble minister. Academically, Han Zhaohou and Zhao Hou are the ancestors. " Biography of Historical Records and Gan Mao: "Gan Mao went down to Cai Luyan." Zheng's counselor is "the son of Liang Jianmen". A historic event that has been active in politics for a period of time is "going to Cai Jian". From the late Spring and Autumn Period, especially after Confucius, the trend of running schools privately prevailed, and dozens, hundreds or even thousands of students were scholars' reserve troops or scholars. The above are the scribes. Samurai are mainly cultivated from the battlefield.

Scholars are the intersection of the upper and lower classes. The greater the traffic, the greater the taxi queue. During the Warring States period, the upward and downward mobility was relatively large, so the ranks of scholars developed rapidly. In addition, the development of scholars is directly proportional to the development of bureaucracy. Scholars are candidates for bureaucrats, and the expansion of bureaucratic ranks will inevitably lead to the expansion of scholars. The Warring States period was a period when bureaucracy was widely implemented, which was a powerful driving force to promote the development of scholars.

classify

1. Yi Shi: a hermit.

2. Shi Zhi: Shi Zhi. Refers to a resourceful person.

3. People with lofty aspirations: people with lofty aspirations.

4. Monk: A person of noble character.

5. Corporal: (1) Official name. Ancient emperors would have scholars, including staff sergeant, sergeant and corporal. It was still used after the Qin Dynasty. (2) the worst person. (3) verbs, treat the wise with an open mind.

6. Chivalry: A brave and upright person.

7. Staff Sergeant: (1) One of the ancient official positions. There were staff sergeant, sergeant and corporal in the Zhou Dynasty. (2) people with high morality. (3) Buddhist terminology. Bodhisattva is also called Staff Sergeant.

8. Master: A learned and knowledgeable person. Ouyang Xiu's History of the Five Dynasties: Biographies of Officials: "Although there are loyal ministers in the imperial court, the master thinks that they are alienated."

9. Poor scholar: (1) the lowest scholar. (2) poor scholars.

10. Bachelor: (1) Scholar; Scholars. (2) the official name. After the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the bachelor was an official who compiled for the company. Tang set up a bachelor's college, which was responsible for drafting letters. The Qing Cabinet and imperial academy both set up cadets.

1 1. painter: refers to a person who paints.

12. Shi Hao: the unrestrained Ren Xia. Li Bai's "Fufeng Shi Haoge": "Fufeng Shi Haoqi is unique in the world, and his emotions are moving."

13. military: soldiers in armor.

14. Warriors: Warriors.

15. Chu Shi: (1) A person who has both ability and political integrity and is unwilling to live in seclusion as an official. (2) Literati who are not officials.

16. Talents: people with both ability and political integrity, talented people.

17. Scholar: (1) Brave. (2) smart people.

18. Shi Xiu: A man of noble character. The Qing dynasty also called a scholar a scholar.

19. laity: refers to talented people who live in seclusion.

20. Honest people: people who are loyal and honest. It also refers to heroes who are brave enough to help the poor.

2 1. Hermit: (1) Hermit. (2) people who are good at saying argot.

22. Doctor: (1) A person who is familiar with ancient and modern times and is eloquent. (2) The names of ancient scholars began in the Warring States Period. (3) Persons suspected of engaging in certain service industries. For example, "Dr. Tea" is a tea artist.

Debater: It is a counselor, that is, a taxi that makes a living by arguing, persuading and making suggestions, so it is also called a lobbyist.

24. scribe: he is very literary and writes well.

25. Consultant: A lobbyist who travels between countries.

summary

According to rough statistics, there are more than 100 titles and special nouns centered on "scholar" in the Warring States literature. This not only shows the complexity of the gentry class, but also shows that their activities are all over the society. In order to distinguish different taxis, people at that time began to classify taxis.

Mozi's miscellaneous collection divides scholars into: counselors, warriors, skillful scholars and envoys.

The book Shang Jun Calculates Land divides scholars into those who speak, Chu Shi, warriors, craftsmen and businessmen.

"Zhuangzi Xu Wugui" divides scholars into: intellectuals, debaters, judges, people who recruit the world, people who are from China, people who are strong and brave, soldiers who are revolutionary, withered, legal, moral and benevolent, and so on.

According to the characteristics and social status of scholars, they can be roughly divided into warriors, scribes, junior officials and others.

knight

Among them, there are different categories. The first category is the armed forces of the country. Due to different skills, positions, arms and countries, there are various titles: Selector, Trainer, Sharp, Elite, Good Scholar, halberd bearer, Archer, Talented Geisha, Samurai, Swordsman, Dead, Sergeant, Slave, Priest, Civilian and Official. The second kind is chivalrous. In the classics, they are called: Xia,, Rangers. These people are brave and die for their bosom friends. The third category is "Lux", which refers to strong and brave people.

scholar

people with high ideals

"Biography of Han Poetry" Volume 7 says: "A gentleman avoids three ends: the pen end of a scholar, the front end of a warrior and the tongue end of a debater." Here, the author is called a scribe. In fact, intellectuals, including debaters, can all be called scribes. As early as the early Warring States period, Mozi had distinguished the characteristics and different types of scribes. He said that people with virtue are "virtuous, eloquent and knowledgeable". Morality, speech and Taoism should be said to be the classification of scholars. There were more than thirty or forty titles about scholars in Historical Records of the Warring States Period. These dozens of appellations can be roughly divided into the following categories.

The first category can be called moral type. This kind of taxi aims at moral cultivation. So at that time, many people defined or summarized the characteristics and essence of scholars in the sense of moral quality. For example, Confucius said, "Scholars aim at Tao." "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" recorded a conversation with the King of Qi: "Yue:' Today there are people who are filial, loyal to the monarch, the letter of making friends, and the concern of living in the hometown. Are you a scholar with these four walkers? "The King of Qi said,' This is really a so-called scholar.' "

The names of moral people include: scholars, male scholars, Shi Zhi, Shi Zhi, monks, good people, believers, lowlifes, strong men and honest people.

The second category can be described as intelligence. These people focus on applying what they have learned, and have the following titles: scribe, wanderer, warlock, wise man, wise man, legal person, eloquent speaker, lobbyist, tourist official, judge, skillful hand, doctor, wise man, capable person, strategist, appointer and dangerous person.

Hermits can be said to be attached to or combined with the above two categories, and such scholars are not officials for various reasons. Not being an official does not mean that everyone does not care about the national economy and people's livelihood, social and political events; On the contrary, some hermits have made many comments on the gains and losses of current politics, and even put forward a systematic theory, which has become a unified statement. Some hermits have a high reputation in society. The monarch sent envoys to extend their employment again and again, but they refused to be ordered. Some hermits are temporary, and seclusion is just a wait-and-see technique.

Same as or similar to "hermit", there are also the following names: lay man, Chu Shi, valley man, river man, cave man, man of noble birth, man of noble life, idle man, etc.

The third category can be described as skill type. These people can be divided into three parts: technicians, businessmen and alchemists. Skilled talents refer to people with one skill and special skills.

Junior officials

Some junior officials call them "scholars". Specifically, there are the following situations: one is that the subordinate officials of judicial personnel are called "scholars", and "Mencius Liang Wang Hui Xia" contains: "If judges can't rule scholars, then what?" A "judge" is a senior judicial official, and a "judge" is a junior official with a paper rank. The second kind refers to officials at the grass-roots level. Such scholars have their own places of governance, such as the saying in "No Attack": "Scholars can't govern their own affairs." Guan Zi Ba Guan called likui jy a scholar. The third type generally refers to various officials. Sacrificial ceremony: "Scholars, there are no temples in Shu Ren." Note: "Ordinary people belong to government officials."

other

Some of them are difficult to classify. Such as Warriors, Shiguo, Shi Xiu, Shi Jun, Martyrs, Shi Hao, Che, Du and so on. Through the above classification, we can see the complexity of scholars and their wide distribution in society, indicating that scholars are the most active class in society.

condition

Because the composition of scholars is very complicated, their social status can not be the same. Therefore, the social status of scholars can only be investigated from different levels.

The Relationship between Scholars and Ranks

In the Spring and Autumn Period, scholars were basically the first level in the hierarchy. By the Warring States period, the hierarchy had undergone major changes. On the basis of the old hierarchy, the Qin Dynasty formulated twenty ranks, which made the hierarchy more complicated and thorough. The situation of the six countries in Shandong is not clear, but in general, it is also developing in the direction of complexity and carefulness. Another feature of the hierarchy in the Warring States period was that people were included in it, and people's titles appeared. In the hierarchical system of the Warring States, scholars are not all hierarchical concepts, but they are all related to hierarchy.

In the imperial decrees, except for the male scholar and the 20th Qin Gong, there is no explicit stipulation that Shandong should regard the scholar as a rank. But in many writings at that time, scholars were often regarded as a specific level.

The order of Shu Ren-scholar-doctor-vassal-Sangong-Tian Zi described in many articles of Mozi can be regarded as both an administrative system and a hierarchical system.

When discussing etiquette and customs such as marriage, funeral, dress and diet, more works regard scholars as a specific rank between doctors and Shu Ren. Mencius burying his mother is different from burying his father. His mother's funeral used three pots and his father's funeral used five pots. The reason is that "the former is a scholar and the latter is a doctor". This example shows that there is a clear line between doctors and doctors.

In social life habits, people also regard scholars as a specific class. Xunzi Wang Zhi: "Agriculture, scholars, industry and commerce." "Mencius Li Lou": "If you kill a scholar without guilt, then the doctor can go; If you are innocent and slaughter people, then you can move. "

In addition, in the works of various philosophers, there are also records of reclassification among scholars. "Mozi Festival Funeral" contains: "The funeral of the staff sergeant." The so-called "staff sergeant" and corporal are obviously different. In Xunzi Zheng Lun, scholars are divided into Yuan scholars and ordinary scholars. Before the Spring and Autumn Period, scholars were graded; I'm afraid the records of grades in the Warring States period are only historical relics.

Judging from the historical development of the Warring States period, scholars are in a period of transition from rank to social stratum. Grade is stipulated by the government expressly or customary law. Social stratum is different from hierarchy, which is formed by many factors, the most important of which is the way of social activities. However, in a hierarchical society, the stratum cannot but be influenced and restricted by the hierarchical system. Therefore, in habit, people still regard scholars as a higher rank than the people, which is a phenomenon in the transition period.

Scholar-bureaucrat (in feudal China)

"Scholar-bureaucrat" is a new concept in the Warring States Period. Before that, doctors ranked behind doctors. "Doctor" is still used to indicate the rank sequence in the ancient books of the Warring States period. "Xunzi's Theory of Rites" said: "The doctor has a constant Sect." "Lu Chunqiu Shang Nong" contains: "Therefore, the son of heaven personally led the vassal States to cultivate the land of the son of heaven, and all doctors and scholars made achievements." On the surface, scholar-officials and scholar-officials are just reversed, which actually reflects a major change: scholar-officials emphasize hierarchy; Scholar-bureaucrat refers to the stratum, which is characterized by a mixture of intellectuals and bureaucrats. In short, no matter before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a doctor refers to a person with a certain official position and title, and his social status is higher than that of a scholar. Why are scholars often crowned before doctors since the Warring States Period? This is the result of the rise of bureaucracy and the talent of scholars. Some people who came from a scholar rose to the top with their own talents, and a group of well-dressed figures appeared. On the other hand, doctors in the Warring States period are different from those in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period, doctors were mostly enfeoffed by clansmen and hereditary. Doctors in the Warring States period are evolving into a position and title in the bureaucratic system. Most doctors are no longer enfeoffed by clans, nor are they generally hereditary. Most of them are driven by scholars. "Scholar-bureaucrat" is the conceptual reflection of the above situation. From the perspective of the times, this concept became popular only after the mid-Warring States period. Look from the connotation, the scholar-officials mainly include the following two aspects:

One refers to officials and people with positions. "Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji" says: "Sitting and talking about Tao is called a maharaja. Do what you do and call a scholar-bureaucrat. " In modern terms, a scholar-bureaucrat is a functional official. "Three Editions of Mozi" criticized that "the scholar-officials were tired of listening and ruled". This refers to all officials. "The Warring States Policy Qin Ce II" contains: "Congratulations from all the scholars." The scholar-officials here refer to the ministers and kings of the Chu court. "Xunzi Wang Ba" says: "Farmers divide the fields and plough, Jia divides the goods and sells them, and all the workers divide the work and persuade them, and the literati listen to it." Scholar-officials here refer to all the people on the job. "Jundao" also said: "People can do their own things and do their own things by acting according to virtue and according to their abilities. The upper saint made it three, the second saint made it a vassal, and the lower saint made it a scholar-bureaucrat, so it is obvious. " Scholar-officials refer to officials below the governor. Civil servants are called scholar-officials, and military officers are also called scholar-officials. Xun's Zi Yibing contains: Dying drums, resisting death, officials dying and scholars dying. The poem said, "So (Wei) the marquis of Wu built a temple with three rows for literati. "

As for which level of officials are called literati, there is no explicit provision. Judging from some materials, they are generally middle and upper-level bureaucrats. "Xunzi Gentleman" said: "The holy king is above, and the righteousness is below, then the literati will not commit adultery, the officials will not be lazy, and the common people will not commit adultery." Here, "scholar-officials" are placed above officials. "Jundao" ranks scholar-officials before "officials and teachers". The teacher of one official is the head of a hundred officials. The article "Powerful Country" said: "If you have made great contributions, you will enjoy their achievements, and ministers will enjoy their achievements. Scholar-bureaucrats will benefit from grades, and Shu Ren will benefit from grades. " "The Theory of Tao" said: "Jue Liezun, Gong Luhou, the situation wins, the emperor at the top, and the scholar-officials at the bottom of the Qing Dynasty." All the above materials show that scholar-officials have a higher position in the bureaucracy. Because scholar-officials are relatively senior officials, the fields they enjoy are different from those in cities. "Xunzi Honor and Disgrace" said: "The reason why the scholar-officials chose Yi Tian is that they are determined to practice and govern the country by officials, so that they can go up and down." According to the Book of Rites, the number of fields and towns occupied by literati is different, that is, "those who have five times as much land" and "those who have three times as much land". Some scholars seem to have private soldiers. The Warring States Policy Qi Ce Wu: "The armor of soldiers, the private parts of officials, and the hiding place of literati ..."

Secondly, it refers to literati with certain social status.

After Meng Qi County fell from power, his public guests left in succession. These officials were called "scholars" in Historical Records and Biography of Meng Changjun, and "scholar-bureaucrats" when describing the same event in Warring States Policy and Qi Ce Si. "Everything is done by Han Feizi" says: "Today's scholars are not ashamed of mud ugliness." It means that a scholar-bureaucrat is an immoral official. Here, a scholar-bureaucrat and an official have two meanings, and a scholar-bureaucrat refers to a literate person. It can be seen that a scholar-bureaucrat can refer to an on-the-job bureaucrat, an off-the-job intellectual, or both. Since then, scholar-officials have formed a special group in the history of China. They are the product of the combination of intellectuals and bureaucrats, and they are the adhesive between them.

Scholar and scholar Shu Ren.

"Qi Yu of Guoyu" records that Guan Zhong governs Qi and implements the separation of scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce. There are four kinds of people in Gu Liangzhuan: "There were four kinds of people in ancient times: scholars, businessmen, farmers and workers." But in short, scholars and people are different and belong to different grades. There are many examples of the division between scholars and civilians in the annals of the Warring States. For example, "Xunzi Chen Dao" said: "People should be close to it, and scholars should believe it." Guan Fu Shuo: "Those who are good at governing the country ... are brave and humble, and Shu Ren loves agriculture and hates food, so he makes good use of his wealth." Here, scholars and Shu Ren are divided into two factions. The former refers to brave soldiers; The latter takes cultivation as their profession.

However, in the Warring States period, "scholar" and "scholar Shu Ren" became two popular concepts. In some old notes, scholar and scholar Shu Ren are often divided into scholar and people, scholar and Shu Ren. This division is not unreasonable, but from a large number of records, scholars and scholars Shu Ren has become a fixed phrase. There are some people in society who are both scholars and people. "Mencius Li Lou" said: "The son of heaven is ruthless and does not protect the four seas; The princes are heartless and do not protect the country; Doctor Qing is ruthless and does not protect the ancestral temple; The stone is ruthless and does not protect the four bodies. " "Guan Zi Da Kuang" contains: "You have a doctor who doesn't remonstrate, but Shu Ren is kind. If the doctor doesn't go in, he can be punished." As can be seen from these records, Shu Ren has been regarded as the same level.

The main occupations of literati are farming and fighting. "Lu's Filial Piety in the Spring and Autumn Period" contains: "If a scholar is filial, he will plow and fight." Han Feizi First Meeting Qin recorded the battle of Zhao Changping, and Qin "learned that his men were under Changping". "Mozi Ci" says: "Soldiers are not tired, and scholars are not tired, which is enough to be dissatisfied." In this paper, the literati and the people are actually a finger, both engaged in farming wars. Scholars are the majority of the residents in this country, so Xunzi Shi Zhi concluded: "People in this country live in it ... if the country loses its government, scholars will go."

The popularity of scholars and scholars' concept of Shu Ren reflects the blending of scholars and people. In social changes, a considerable number of literati have fallen into the same situation as the people, that is, the so-called "people in clothes" and "people in ordinary life." Qian Ming Qian Yi's "Yuan Keli's father Huai Jia presented Shao Qing to the Castle Temple": The Record says:' Some people in ordinary society are kind and thank their parents. The child succeeded, and so did the relatives. " "

Generally speaking, scholars are distributed in every corner of society, from top to bottom, and they can be scholars or cloth clothes. The social status and occupation of scholars are very different, and there is unity in the differences, that is, knowledge, morality and courage. These things are intangible, but they are ubiquitous and indispensable in social activities. It is with these intangible things that scholars can wander around every corner of society.

The role of literati in politics and official career

As we all know, the Warring States period is an era of constant war. There are many contradictions in the internal affairs, diplomacy and military affairs of all countries. Of course, strength plays a decisive role in dealing with complex contradictions and struggles, but strength must rely on human wisdom. So pay special attention to people's intelligence. "Guanzi Eight Words" said: "The husband always saves the country from suffering, and those who benefit each other are holy; Those who are in danger of the country, those who can live long, are wise and sage. It is the teacher of the late king and sacred; His prize is Ming Sheng. If a husband says a word, he will live long, but if he doesn't listen, he will die. If this is the case, the words of the Great Sage will be heard. " Here, "holiness", "wise man" and "great sage" are the highest terms for wisdom, which belong to the category of cognition and have nothing to do with mysticism. In my opinion, the key to the rise and fall of a country lies in whether the strategy is appropriate. When talking about war, the article also said: "People from all over the world cannot be attacked and taken. They must make plans first, and then use the terrain to weigh their rights. " "If a husband is strong, he must fight for it first." "Guanzi Zhifen" said: "Being strong may not win, but you must know the reason to win." The author points out that strength may not win, but only by knowing the principle of winning can we win. "The Warring States Policy, Qin Ce I" said that when Su Qin used the strategy of uniting Lian Heng, he didn't spend a single soldier, which made Qin afraid to go east. So the author said, "The wise man is in the world, and one person is in the world." What we are talking about here is not the power of individuals, but the wisdom of these people will be transformed into great power. "The Warring States Policy and Qin Ce III" also said: "People from all over the world gather in Zhao and want to attack Qin", which worried the king of Qin. This shows the power of ingenuity. Jing Chun once commented on the role of figures like Su Qin and Zhang Yi: "Aren't Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi all men?" ? When you are angry, all the princes are afraid, but when you are at peace, the world will be destroyed. "What is discussed here is not the power and material strength of scholars, but the wisdom of these scholars is enough to make powerful monarchs tremble with fear.

(of a ruler or senior official) treat people with courtesy.

Wei Wenhou is a model of Corporal Li Xian. "Lu Chunqiu Qi Xian" contains: a poet after a dead wood, and his servant said,' Is Jun Hu a poet?' You said: Isn't this a piece of dry wood? Duan Ganmu built a saint. Am I embarrassed? And I heard that Duan Ganmu never wants to treat others with his own advantages. How dare I be arrogant? Duan gan mu guangde, I am bare; Duan Ganmu is rich in righteousness, and I am rich in wealth. "His servant said,' Then why don't you talk to him? So, you invited me to meet, and Duan Gan refused to accept it. "Wei Wenhou put forward here how to deal with the relationship between power, wealth, morality and knowledge. Not only do you look down on a poor intellectual who relies on power and wealth, but you should help him and pay attention to him when he passes by Duan Ganmu's house. This move caused strong repercussions throughout Wei. There are also some monarchs who, in order to gain wisdom, exempt scholars from the ceremony of monarch and minister and salute the host and guest. For example, the king of Qin "respected" Fan Sui. Zou Yan's "beam, benefit Wang Xiaoying, cross-strait ceremony". The sons of Wei, Xin Baihou, Mao Gong, are corporal. Although only a few prestigious scholars were exempted from the courtesy of the monarch and ministers at that time, this line of movable property had a wide social impact.

Treat each other like teachers.

Some monarchs worship celebrities as teachers and perform the ceremony of disciples. Such as Wei Wenhou, Cross Gorge and Tianzifang. Qi Xuanwang takes Yan Yan as his teacher. Mencius said: "a great and promising monarch must have a minister who is not summoned;" If you want to have a plan, do it. "In the face of strategy and morality, the relationship between the monarch and the minister has fallen to a secondary position, and the monarch should consult the door of the detained person.

Mencius under Zhang Wan recorded a story of Lu Miaogong and Zi Si. Miao Gong, anxious to see Zi Si, said, "How can you make friends with a country that has traveled thousands of miles in ancient times?" Zi Si was unhappy and said, "The ancients said, what is a cloud, a cloud of friends?" Zi Si's displeasure is not the same as saying, "Be a son and a gentleman if you have status." Minister, minister also; How dare you be friends with Jun? With virtue, then my son is my friend. Can Xi be my friend? "It is also said here that according to the power theory, scholars and monarchs are the relationship between monarch and subjects; As far as virtue is concerned, a monarch should learn from scholars. In Mencius' view, making friends with scholars by Lu Miaogong is a sign of disrespect for scholars. "Lu Chunqiu: Persuading Learning" says: "There are saints, and the world is justified. On the right, heavy on the right, heavy on the left, heavy on the left. It is the ancient holy king, and everyone respects the teacher. " The monarch's behavior of respecting scholars as teachers and the theory of taking scholars as teachers reflect that some scholars have high social status.

equal treatment

Meng Qi county is a typical figure. "Historical Records and Biography of Meng Changjun" said: "There are thousands of diners, no distinction between noble and low." On one occasion, "Meng Changjun used to entertain guests at night and build a fire by himself. The guests were so angry that they stopped eating and resigned. Meng Changjun is not as good as he is. Being a guest is awkward. With these, many scholars returned to Meng Changjun. The guests in Meng Changjun have no choice but to meet them. Everyone thinks that Meng Changjun is very close to himself. " . "The Warring States Policy Qi Ce IV" contains: Meng Changjun and Shi Hao, "Eat and Wear Together".

Due to the wind of respecting teachers and attaching importance to Taoism in society, some scholars are often arrogant and even don't pay attention to the monarch. When discussing this issue, Hong Yan's central argument is that the change of dynasties and the rise and fall of a country depend on the gains and losses of policies and strategies, and these gains and losses mainly come from scholars. It is concluded that a scholar is more valuable than a gentleman. This argument persuaded Qi Xuanwang. In this atmosphere, some celebrities dare to despise the monarch by virtue of their knowledge and morality. Mencius publicly criticized: "It is heartless, Liang Ye." Mencius also publicized: "The wise king of ancient times is easy to forget the situation. Why are ancient sages exclusive? Enjoy the trend of forgetting people. " When Wang Shi saw it, he publicly declared: "Those who use soldiers regard the king as a good situation, and those who use soldiers regard the king as a good man." In order to get the name of a good scholar, Xuan Wang "welcomes him with the door and takes advantage of it."

The famous "scholar" incident

Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin for Yan Taizi Dan, Meng Changjun from, and Lian Heng from Su Qin, volunteered and retired from Qin Division by candlelight.