Vocational and technical education is an important part of modern education and an important pillar of industrialization, production socialization and modernization. As a type of higher education in China, higher vocational education plays a very important role in promoting social development, scientific and technological innovation and improving the quality of labor force. Summarizing the development history of Chinese and western vocational education and studying the development trend of higher vocational education in China are of guiding significance for promoting the development model of vocational education with China characteristics.
First, China's previous vocational education problems and causes
The society lacks general understanding and fair treatment of vocational education.
With the needs of social development and economic transformation, the state has always emphasized the importance of vocational education, and the degree of attention and support has increased year by year. However, the history of vocational education in China's education development is short, and the society, including the education system, doesn't know much about it and pays insufficient attention to it. At present, although the scale of students in vocational education is very large, they are still in a vulnerable group as a whole. For a long time, vocational education students have been regarded as low-level students who can't get into high schools and universities, which will inevitably affect the employment rate, employment quality and employment confidence of vocational school students. The financial support for vocational education is far less than that for higher education, and vocational education urgently needs care and support.
(B) Vocational education investment mechanism is single, and the funding bottleneck is serious.
Although vocational education is a quasi-public product, it has long relied mainly on the investment of local governments and the independent financing of schools, with little support from the state and social organizations. Lack of funds in vocational colleges is an important factor that restricts and restricts the development of vocational education in China. Most vocational colleges have some problems, such as insufficient development funds, poor teaching equipment and high cost borne by students' families, which leads to the vicious situation of "poor school conditions, difficult improvement of teachers and students' quality and unsatisfactory school enrollment". On the other hand, it also hinders the promotion and development of vocational education.
(C) backward management mode, lack of teaching form and evaluation system to adapt to vocational education
The management mode of vocational education mainly follows the mode of enrollment plan issued by the administration under the planned economy system. The flexibility of education and training methods and specialty settings is far from meeting the needs of rapid economic development, and students' ability training and social practice are obviously insufficient. At the same time, the current assessment methods of teachers in vocational colleges are backward, which is no different from the evaluation system of ordinary colleges. The teacher evaluation mechanism that conforms to the transformation of talent training mode in vocational education is far from being formed, which does not conform to the school-running characteristics of vocational colleges and weakens the vitality and vitality of vocational education. It is imperative to reform the backward education management mode and establish a teaching form and evaluation system that adapts to vocational education.
(D) The vocational education and employment service system is not perfect.
The most direct purpose of vocational education is to deliver high-quality applied talents to the society in time, and good employment service is a "catalyst" to stimulate people's enthusiasm for vocational education. At present, the employment service is not in place, education is out of touch with employment, and the relationship between employment service has been simplified to the relationship of economic interests, or more attention has been paid to the education process, and the importance of employment service has not been recognized enough. There is no overall and coordinated employment network and management organization, and there is no follow-up service for students after employment. The imperfection of the employment service system of vocational education not only affects the employment development of students, but also restricts the expansion and construction of vocational education itself.
Second, the development trend of higher vocational education
(A) the talent training program will focus on students' future development and study, laying a theoretical foundation for lifelong learning.
The era of knowledge economy is an era of more frequent changes in occupations and posts. Many traditional occupations have disappeared in the society, and new occupations have emerged constantly, prompting a large number of workers to move from declining production fields to emerging production fields. Therefore, absorbing new knowledge and learning new technology have become the objective requirements of modern production teams for employees. Vocational and technical education is an integral part of the lifelong education system. With the development of technology, regardless of the development of countries, vocational and technical education and training should be lifelong. The idea of lifelong education has broken through the time and space limitation of vocational education and training in the narrow sense. In terms of time, it emphasizes that vocational and technical education runs through people's life and provides help for people's whole career; In space, it emphasizes the use of various places, the integration of various educational resources, and the development of education and training. Based on this, what should higher vocational colleges teach students? It is worthy of deep reflection in the field of education. How to arrange the ratio of skill education to basic theory education? Many higher vocational colleges ignore the basic theory and there is no clear distinction between them and secondary vocational education. In today's information age, new technologies emerge one after another, and the concept of broad foundation has been put forward in world vocational education. Therefore, higher vocational education should pay more attention to the cultivation of students' learning ability, professional quality and social ability, and lay a good foundation for students' lifelong learning.
(B) Higher vocational education should attach importance to the cultivation of students' key abilities
In recent years, the key ability training in vocational education has attracted worldwide attention. Britain, the United States, Germany, Canada and other countries put forward that cultivating key abilities should be an important goal of future vocational education. Internationally, core competence is also called core competence or general competence. In the field of vocational education, the key ability refers to the cross-vocational basic ability necessary for workers to engage in any occupation. If a person has key abilities, it is easy to adapt to career changes and labor changes and to the changing needs of the labor market. Looking at the development of Chinese and western vocational education, the key abilities of higher vocational students include: honesty, development potential, learning ability, team spirit, integration degree and innovation spirit. These key abilities, to a certain extent, are more important than professional skills, which can make workers adapt to the following three changes: First, adapt to the changes in work organization; Secondly, adapt to the change of professional structure; Finally, it is to adapt to the changes in market demand foreseen in the future.
(C) Pay attention to students' entrepreneurship education
With the increasing employment pressure, solving the employment problem of labor force, especially students, has become a top priority for all countries. With the development of science and technology, there are fewer and fewer jobs with fixed wages, so it is particularly important to cultivate students' entrepreneurial ability. When students have this ability, they can change from passive job seekers to active entrepreneurs, and from looking for jobs after graduation to creating employment opportunities themselves. In the talent training of higher vocational education in China, we should put entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship ability in the first place and make them an organic part of the talent training plan.
(D) School-enterprise cooperation has developed to a deeper level, and enterprises provide talents for schools.
The talent training mode of school-enterprise cooperation and combination of production and learning can not only give full play to the respective advantages of schools and enterprises, but also jointly cultivate talents needed by society and market, which is one of the win-win modes for higher vocational colleges and enterprises. Strengthening school-enterprise cooperation, combining production with education, mutual support, mutual penetration, two-way intervention, complementary advantages, mutual use of resources and benefit sharing are important ways to realize the modernization of higher vocational education and enterprise management, promote the development of productive forces, accelerate the academic education of talents in enterprises, and make education and production sustainable. School-enterprise cooperation is an important way to run higher vocational education well, enhance the vitality of cooperative enterprises, train front-line professionals in production, construction, management and service, and provide a new platform for the development of higher vocational education. School-enterprise cooperation can realize the two-way complementarity between schools and enterprises, realize the sharing of material and intellectual resources between schools and enterprises, integrate the concept of vocational education and cultivate high-quality applied talents that meet the needs of society. Building a new platform for vocational education has completed the good connection and mutual penetration between schools and enterprises in the relationship between talent supply and demand, and promoted the blending of campus culture and corporate culture. The close cooperation among education departments, industry departments and employment departments has become an important guarantee for the reform and development of vocational and technical education in various countries.
refer to
Wang Yafeng. Attach importance to college students' professional quality education [J] The masses, 2007( 10)
[2] Jiang Dayuan. On the Main Line of World Vocational Education Development [J] China Vocational and Technical Education, 200 1( 1 1)