The origin of the education system is a long story, but it is basically certain that with the establishment of class rules, the division of labor between manual labor and mental labor has become more and more obvious, and people who impart skills and knowledge have emerged. When aristocrats were in the dominant position, educational institutions centered on educating aristocratic children appeared slightly.
According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions and ancient literature, there have been different schools since Shang Dynasty. Royal schools are divided into universities and primary schools. Nobles also have schools.
Xia Jiao, Gu and Zhou Yueku are all reasons why people are smart.
School, preface and itch were the names of schools at that time, which were all established for the education of aristocratic children. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the system of traditional studies and rural studies in China was established. Schools in Wang Du and other vassal countries are called "Guo Xue". Guo Xue is divided into universities and primary schools. Guo Xue is a school that trains aristocratic children. It is stipulated that princes and princes should go to primary school at the age of 8 and go to college at the age of 15. Children of doctors or priests 13 years old go to primary school and 20 years old go to college. Xiangxuehai, located in towns all over the country, is an ordinary aristocratic school.
The main content of education is to teach religious sacrifice ceremonies and combat skills to meet the requirements of "national affairs, only sacrifice and military service". He also taught some cultural knowledge, "Rites are the joy of spring and autumn, and poems are the books of winter and summer". The compulsory subjects are "Six Arts", namely etiquette, music, archery, imperial examination, calligraphy and mathematics.
Teachers in Shang Dynasty were "Zhuzong, Sect, divination and teacher". Although these people were mainly engaged in religious activities, they became "scholars" because they were literate at that time, had certain professional knowledge, could observe astronomical phenology, master characters, draw up calendars, were familiar with etiquette, were proficient in music and dance, and had official positions to educate aristocratic children.
In addition to these full-time teachers, in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, some old retired aristocrats were hired as teachers to pass on their ruling experience to their children. Oracle Bone Inscriptions says "how old" or "thousands". There is also a saying in ancient literature that "Xia Houshi raised old people in the East and ordinary people in the West". Yin people are right, left, Zhou people are east, and Lao Tzu is itchy. " According to the different grades of these nobles, they were assigned to different grades of schools to engage in educational work.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the royal family declined and the social, political and economic situation changed greatly. In this case, the schools originally monopolized by the government gradually declined. Because of the war, books and records kept by the government also spread to the people, and the atmosphere of gathering believers to give lectures gradually prevailed among the people, resulting in many "private schools"
It is a historic progress to let more people receive education from the government to private schools. As we all know, Confucius has 3,000 disciples, 72 of whom are proficient in the Six Arts.
During the Warring States period, in order to spread cultural knowledge and political views, all famous scholars gathered to give lectures. The main purpose of admission at that time was to obtain the qualification of an official. The principle of "being an official is to learn from a good official, and learning from a good official is to be an official" is the leading thought. Learning from outstanding officials was the way out for scholars at that time. At that time, there were representatives of Confucianism, Legalism, Taoism, Masters, Strategists, Strategists and Yin and Yang. All the schools are gathered here, with thousands of students.
The development of folk research has attracted the attention of the government, and it has also caused the situation that government research and folk research complement each other. So at the end of the Warring States period, most countries set up "doctors" and so on.
During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, official education was mainly focused on the education of aristocratic children, which showed the narrowness and closeness of official education. The rise of private schools in the Spring and Autumn Period is closely related to the country's eagerness to find talents and improve the employment system. Of course, the government will pay attention to education with the main purpose of being an official. Every effort will be made to strengthen the management of private schools and improve the education level of alternate officials.
Qin unified the whole country, banned private schools, implemented the system of "taking officials as teachers" and strengthened ideological control. Public schools have become the only way of education. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed hundreds of schools and respected Confucianism alone. He set up a business school in the central government to educate his doctoral students with the five classics doctors.
Imperial academy's research object is the so-called Five Classics, such as Poetry, Calligraphy, Ceremony, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn Period. Doctors teach regularly, and disciples learn by themselves after listening to classics. Those with good grades can be appointed as officials. Since then, they have set up schools in counties, counties, villages and schools at all levels. They set up local schools at all levels, formed a formal system from central to local, and set up corresponding institutions to manage them. Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties basically followed the official system of Han Dynasty.
The imperial examination system implemented after Sui and Tang Dynasties greatly promoted the development of school education system. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, the Central Committee set up the National Basketball Team, which was responsible for the management of subjects, with Cai Jiu and Ye Si as the principal and deputy directors, and set up six schools of National Basketball Team, Business, Four Subjects, Law, Calligraphy and Mathematics, with the student grade of 14 10. Each school has a doctor and a teaching assistant in charge of teaching.
There are no classics, doctors and teaching assistants in the local county. They are responsible for the education of students in this county. In this way, an educational management network has been formed from the central government to the local government. At that time, the clan power was very strong, the student status was very strict, the entrance qualification was insurmountable, and non-official children could not enter school, which fully reflected the narrowness and class nature of official studies.
In the Song Dynasty, the central government only set up four branches of state and county research offices. At that time, due to the decline of aristocratic family politics, the privileges of aristocratic landlords were relatively reduced, and the restrictions on student status were relatively relaxed. Imperial academy, originally set up for the children of senior officials, can also accept the children of ordinary people. During the Northern Song Dynasty, official education was paid more attention. There are three large-scale learning and promotion.
The first is the fourth anniversary of Song Renzong. When Wang Anshi was prime minister, he created the "three-year" imperial academy Law, which divided imperial academy into three classes: external, internal and upper. The initial students are all international students, and those who pass the monthly exam can gradually become top students. Students with excellent high school graduation results can get official positions directly without examination. Students who take the court examination in middle schools can also obtain official positions after passing the junior high school examination and the court examination. Official education is related to career development.
The third time was during the Chongning period in Song Huizong. When Cai Jing was in power, he followed Wang Anshi's new law, increased business students, and implemented graduation and official awards, resulting in a situation of "taking the best talents in the world and paying tribute to the school". With the improvement of the tribute system, in the Southern Song Dynasty, Guo Zi's research was incorporated into imperial academy, and the children of high officials and nobles also participated in the competition.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, official research changed. Imperial academy of the central government is more than just an educational administration.
Although official education is the main form of ancient education, private education is also very common. Private schools were founded in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It was banned in the Qin Dynasty and developed in the Han Dynasty. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, imperial examinations were used to give literati a chance to become famous. Due to the limited number of official positions and the relaxation of the imperial examination conditions, many students from self-taught and private schools were able to pass the imperial examination and become candidates for official careers, which provided conditions for the development of private schools.
Private schools were even banned in the Ming Dynasty. However, after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the official school was abolished and the academy gradually developed. Some colleges once became the centers of higher education and public opinion. The official reputation and influence of the school are far less than those of these famous schools. Generally speaking, although private schools are not directly controlled by the state, what they learn is mostly limited to preparing for the imperial examination, which is not much different from official schools. In addition, private schools and teachers are mostly retired bureaucrats and scholars. They have no essential conflict with the government, so they can coexist with public schools for a long time.
1860, British and French forces invaded Beijing, forcing the Qing government to sign the Beijing Treaty. In the name of "self-improvement", they successively established new schools such as Wentong School, Guangzhou Dialect School, Fujian Ship Administration School, Beiyang Navy School, and Ordnance School, which trained urgently needed translators, manufacturers and sea and land talents at that time, and sent overseas students after 1868.
Since then, some governors have imitated the western public school system and established some new schools in 1898. With the establishment of Ishii University, new local schools have mushroomed. This new school has absorbed the western educational system and curriculum. Studying science, engineering, agriculture, medicine and other practical disciplines, we began to get rid of the old mode of combining the employment system and cultivate talents in various fields that were urgently needed at that time. In the face of this new thing, all parties have different reactions. Some people even call it "the period of unsystematic education".
190 1 year, the Qing government announced the abolition of eight-part essay, and changed it to "Four Books", "Five Classics" and articles about China's history, politics, western politics and academics as the selection criteria. At the same time, school graduates and international students enjoy the same treatment as imperial examination candidates and Jinshi, which promotes the rapid development of new schools.
1902 The Qing government promulgated the imperial academy Regulations, and 1904 promulgated the imperial academy Regulations, which solved the contradiction of chaotic learning in various places. New school education began to develop. 1905, the Qing government also announced the abolition of the imperial examination system. Graduates became famous directly, and schools became the mainstream of education at that time.
abstract:
Persuading them to study and inducing them to make profits can be regarded as the guiding ideology of ancient school education. Most ancient people went to school in combination with their own political and economic interests. Combining academic qualifications with official career, studying as an official is the core concept of ancient education and an important means of authoritarian rule. But it is undeniable that with the birth of this idea, education has made great progress.
On the other hand, there is no need to talk about comparison. Needless to say, how excellent our modern education is. The quality may be good or not, but the "nine-year compulsory education" at least qualifies most people to stand on the same starting line. After chatting with his brother, the prince of history was glad that he was born a few years ago. If I follow their learning methods, I may not be able to go to college.
Finally, I want to share with you a poem that inspires you to study:
Wealthy families don't have to buy fertile land; There are thousands of Qian Qian millet in the book. You don't need to build tall buildings to settle down. This book has its own golden room. There is no need to hate going out without a car. There are many horses in this book. There is no need to hate your wife without a matchmaker. There is a woman Yan Ruyu in the book. In order to realize his ambition, one often reads six Buddhist scriptures at the window.