On April 8, Wang Ruofei, a representative of the Communist Party of China attending the Political Consultative Conference, and Bo Gu, a representative of the Communist Party of China attending the Political Consultative Conference, braved the bad weather and flew back to Yan 'an to report to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Kuomintang-Communist negotiations and the Political Consultative Conference. Ye Ting, former commander of the New Fourth Army, Deng Fa, secretary of the Working Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and Huang Jisheng, an old educator who participated in the Revolution of 1911, also flew back to Yan 'an. Ye Ting just got out of prison in the CPPCC; Deng Fa returned home after attending the World Workers' Congress in Paris. Due to bad weather, the plane was killed in Heichashan, Xing County, Shanxi Province.
Zhou Enlai held a memorial service in Chongqing for Wang Ruofei, Bo Gu Kailai, Ye Ting, Deng Fa, Huang Ji and other martyrs. Zhou Enlai said sadly, "If there is no conspiracy of reactionaries to undermine the CPPCC resolution, there is no need for you to fly back to Yan 'an in this bad weather. ..... Martyr! Comrades! Your responsibility has been fulfilled. I can assure you that, together with the people of China and all democratic parties and forces in China, we will never let the reactionaries succeed in their plot to sabotage the CPPCC, the armistice and the whole army. The policy you adhere to is the policy of all the people of China. Peace and democracy will eventually be realized throughout China. "
In order to be ready to smash the military attack of the Kuomintang at any time, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Instructions on Training" on May 1:
(1) In addition to expanding the civil war in the northeast, the Kuomintang reactionaries are now preparing to launch a full-scale civil war. In this case, our party must be fully prepared to resolutely and thoroughly crush the Kuomintang when it launches a civil war.
(2) In the preparatory work, in addition to streamlining the old and weak (demobilization), enriching troops, reducing rents and interest rates, developing production, and rectifying finances, all localities must pay close attention to training. (3) In the past three months, the training work in various places has been very lax, and there has been no upsurge. Some have practiced, and some have not. This situation should be reviewed and corrected immediately.
(4) After receiving the instructions, immediately order the whole army to train, and the superiors and subordinates should supervise and inspect, which is regarded as one of the keys to success or failure.
(5) Training content: Militarily, three major tactics are adopted: siege, guarding city and fighting at night, so as to improve the determination and confidence to defeat stubborn troops and defend the liberated areas politically.
(6) Quick report on implementation.
The liberated areas set off a climax of military training, and launched a mass training movement of officials teaching soldiers, instructors and soldiers teaching soldiers. We improved the methods of political work in the army and overcame dogmatism and formalism in the army. It not only improved the PLA's military technology, unified its strategic and tactical thinking, but also enhanced the unity between officers and men and between the military and the government, strengthened organizational discipline, and improved the military and political quality of the troops.
On May 4, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Instructions on Clearing up Rent Reduction and Land Issues", stipulating that:
(1) Protect the interests of middle peasants and never infringe on their land. Anyone whose land has been violated should try to return it or make compensation.
(2) Generally, the land of the rich peasants should not be moved. If you can't infringe, don't hit too hard. We should distinguish between rich peasants and landlords, reduce land rent, and keep the part of yeoman peasants.
(3) During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, in the liberated areas and Kuomintang areas, the families of anti-Japanese soldiers and anti-Japanese cadres belonging to the landlords, as well as the enlightened gentry and other people who cooperated with us, should be treated with caution and taken proper care of. (4) Small and medium-sized landlords should be distinguished from big landlords, gentry and bullies, and landlords should keep land necessary for their lives.
(5) Protect the industrialists and businessmen and keep all the shops, workshops, factories and mines run by rich peasants and landlords. Don't oppose the industrial and commercial bourgeoisie by solving the land problem and opposing the rural feudal class, so as not to affect the development of industry and commerce.
(6) The fruits of the movement must be distributed fairly and reasonably to the survivors of poor martyrs, anti-Japanese cadres and their families, and farmers who have little land. After the land problem is solved, all those who become rich through diligence and thrift and are good at management should ensure that their property is not infringed.
Since then, the land reform movement has been widely carried out in the liberated areas, and every liberated area has realized "land to the tiller" Farmers have land, which set off an upsurge of joining the army first and then supporting the army.
Chiang Kai-shek and his wife Song Meiling flew from Chongqing to Nanjing on May 3rd. Two days later, Chiang Kai-shek announced that the National Government would bypass Nanjing from Chongqing. On May 23rd, the Kuomintang troops occupied Changchun, and Chiang Kai-shek and Song Meiling visited Changchun.
It turned out that the 52nd Army of the Kuomintang invaded Shenyang on March 12, and then cooperated with the New First Army and the New Sixth Army to attack Shenyang in the south, east and north, and successively occupied Liaoyang, Fushun and Tieling.
Lin Biao led the Northeast Democratic Allied Forces in the battles to the west of Sambo Fushun and Benxi. Although they attacked the enemy and wiped out 6,000 Kuomintang troops, they still could not contain the attack of the Kuomintang troops. Chiang Kai-shek also transferred the 60th and 93rd armies of Yunnan to the northeast, increasing the number of troops attacking the northeast to seven. The Kuomintang attacked Haicheng, Yingkou and Benxi with five divisions on Anshen Road in the south section of Zhongchang Road. Five other divisions attacked Siping. Siping is located at the intersection of Jing-Ha-Ping-Qi-Si-Mei Railway, which is a strategic place in Northeast China. The five divisions and soldiers of the Kuomintang advanced to Siping in parallel in two ways, which was resisted by the democratic Coalition forces and made slow progress. According to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's instructions, Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan concentrated their forces as much as possible in Siping area to prevent the Kuomintang troops from advancing northward. Siping War was earth-shattering. The Democratic Allied Forces concentrated 12 regiment and annihilated the 38th Division of the New Army in Xinglong Spring. Later, he concentrated the forces of 14 regiment, lured the 87th Division of 7 1 Army to the pocket-like positions in Dawa and Bamiancheng, and suddenly attacked, annihilated most of them, and defeated the reinforcements of 9 1 division, killing 5,600 people in total.
Democratic Coalition forces defended Benxi in downtown areas and fought fiercely with Kuomintang troops.
Defeated the attacks of the New Sixth Army 14 Division, the 25th Division of the 54th Army, and the 60th Army 182 Division successively, and wounded Zheng Mingxin, deputy commander of the 54th Army, and Liu Shimao, commander of the 25th Division, etc. , killing and injuring 4000 prisoners. With the cooperation of local armed forces in East Manchuria, North Manchuria and West Manchuria, the main force of the Democratic Allied Forces liberated Changchun, Harbin and Qiqihar successively from April 18 to April 28, 2008, and wiped out 27,000 armed forces recruited by the Kuomintang and the enemy in the north.
15 in may, the Kuomintang army assembled 10 division and launched an all-out attack on Siping in three regiments. May 18 broke through the allied defense line. After repeated struggles, the allies were forced to give up their positions because of heavy casualties and withdrew from Siping at midnight that day. The battle of Siping lasted 1 month. Although the allied forces delayed Chiang Kai-shek's attack and killed more than 1000 Chiang Kai-shek, they also paid the price of 8,000 casualties.
After the Kuomintang troops captured Siping, they captured Gongzhuling on 2 1 day and Changchun at dawn on the 23rd. Chiang Kai-shek was proud of him, that is, 2 1 day, followed up Shen, made offensive arrangements for the Northeast Liberated Area, and visited the Qing Taizong Mausoleum accompanied by Du and other senior generals. Chiang Kai-shek proudly said:
"From 19 14, I was ordered by Premier Sun to investigate the revolutionary situation in the northeast. In fact, 32 years later, I revisited the old place. "
Unexpectedly, news came from South Manchuria that the Communist Army had adopted Mao Zedong's strategy of "luring the enemy into the depths, fighting on interior lines, giving up some cities, concentrating superior forces and annihilating each other". On May 25th, Anshan was conquered, and the 60th Kuomintang Army 1 84th Division1Regiment was annihilated, which gained the upper hand in Nanhai City and forced Pan Shuoduan, the commander of184th Division, to lead his troops. Allied forces then captured Dashiqiao and Yingkou, and annihilated 1 84th Division1Regiment, threatening Shenyang. Chiang Kai-shek hurried to Changchun on June 3, and called local gentry and rich households in Changchun to express their condolences in the airport lobby. And call the new sixth army commander Liao Yaoxiang and other instructions, ordered to seize the combat readiness as soon as possible. Then Chiang Kai-shek flew back to Nanjing on June 4.
As soon as Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Nanjing, he received a telegram from Pan Shuoduan, the division commander, and Zheng Zuzhi, the deputy division commander, who held an uprising on the line of fire in Haicheng:
Chairman Jiang, Chairman Mao, Commander-in-Chief Zhu De, Chairman Xiong, Commander Du, Commander Lin and elders from all walks of life in China:
Shuoduan and other ethnic groups were transferred to Yunnan and joined the army for many years. Every time, it is their duty to defend mulberry and save the country and the people. Therefore, during my stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, I also experienced hardships in order to do my duty as a national. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he was ordered to move to Vietnam to enlist the Japanese aggressors. Although I left my hometown and went to a foreign country, I won the honor of the country, and my personal gains and losses can be ignored.
Only after the task is completed should the government be able to understand the hardships of all the soldiers and civilians who fought bloody battles for eight years and give the people a chance to recuperate and build a strong country. It is time! All the comrades in the division have infinite hopes for this, and none of them want to spend the rest of their lives on the battlefield and do their best for the great cause of founding the country. Instead, I ordered my division to sail north from Annan, claiming to receive sovereignty, in fact, in order to attack the armed forces of the Communist Party of China in the northeast. As China people, they fought a civil war with American weapons and killed their compatriots. Every time they think about it, they are full of grief and indignation. Recently, the government forces concentrated in various places, seized Siping and captured Changchun, and ordered our division to destroy the Chinese Communist forces and all Democrats in Nanman area. In the year of the fall of Northeast China 14, the people had exhausted their flesh and blood. Why do they put up with fighting and killing people everywhere? Today, the front line still stretches for thousands of miles, and the war touches. Lushe is in ruins and the people are displaced. But the national army is still in a hurry, and heartless people can't bear to see this scene. Therefore, Shuo Duan and others repeatedly thought that they would launch an anti-civil war uprising on the line of fire in Haicheng, determined to cooperate with the democratic Coalition forces to the end, and no longer lead a disorderly life of self-harm by brothers.
Chiang Kai-shek was furious when he saw it. He sent a reprimand telegram to the northeast, demanding that it be too late to mend fences with Du. Judging from the detailed report, Xiong and Du had to report that they didn't know everything except that others were dissatisfied with the status quo and expressed their indignation many times at the meeting. Now that you have defected, you should prevent such incidents from happening again and make up for them. Chiang Kai-shek had no choice but to order them to strictly discipline their subordinates and never allow similar incidents to happen again.
At that time, with the help of American imperialism, Chiang Kai-shek transferred nearly 6.5438+0.6 million troops to the front line, and the long-planned preparations for launching a counter-revolutionary civil war were ready. At the beginning of June, the Kuomintang held a military meeting in Nanking, at which Bai Chongxi and Chen Cheng publicly declared "communist suppression". 17 On June 6, Chiang Kai-shek put forward five requirements for the PLA to withdraw from the Great Liberated Areas:
(1) All areas south of Longhai Road.
(2) Ji Jiao across the board.
(3) Chengde and its south area.
(4) Most parts of Northeast China.
(5) All areas recovered by the Communist Party of China (CPC) army from Japanese puppet troops in Shandong and Shanxi provinces after June 7th 1945.
This outrageous and unreasonable request was resolutely rejected by China. Zhou Enlai said angrily: "After the Kuomintang authorities occupied Changchun, they thought that the situation was favorable to them, so they put forward various harsh demands in an attempt to oppress * * * to yield, or cause a rupture, and put the responsibility for the rupture on * * *. Chiang Kai-shek pushed too hard, and we can't accept this plan. "
Zhou Enlai put forward four suggestions to Chiang Kai-shek: a long-term truce, the resumption of traffic, the demobilization of the whole army and the reopening of the CPPCC. Chiang Kai-shek ignored it. Chiang Kai-shek also put forward a new demand: "Before August, 65438 +0, the Chinese Communist troops on the Ji Jiao railway line retreated to areas 30 kilometers away from both sides of the railway, and the Chinese Communist Party handed over Harbin, Jiamusi, Mudanjiang, Baichengzi, Jehol, Chahar and Ahava." Zhou Enlai flatly refused.
The spearhead of the Kuomintang attack first pointed to the Central Plains Liberated Area. On June 22nd, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Herry Liu, director of Zhengzhou appeasement office, to lead 300,000 Kuomintang troops to attack more than 60,000 people in the Central Plains Military Region where Li Xiannian was located. The Central Plains Military Region was formed after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. One is the fifth division of the New Fourth Army led by Li Xiannian and Zheng Weisan in the Hubei-Henan border region; One is the South Detachment of the 359 Brigade of the Eighth Route Army in Wang Zhen and Wang Shoudao who returned from northern Guangdong; One is the Wang Shusheng Song Yue Military Region in central and southern Henan. After joining forces in the Tongbai Mountain area in western Henan, these three units were organized into the Central Plains Military Region, with Li Xiannian as the commander and Zheng Weisan as the political commissar. Chiang Kai-shek assembled a large number of troops to advance on Tongbai Mountain. The Central Plains Military Region voluntarily evacuated and moved eastward from Pinghan Road to a narrow area with Xuanhua as the center, less than100km and less than 25km from north to south. Chiang Kai-shek is determined to destroy this army surrounded by Kuomintang troops on all sides. During the armistice, he mobilized the regular troops of 26 divisions 1 1, closely surrounded the area, and built more than 6,000 bunkers, cutting the Central Plains Military Region and its three military divisions into "goods" and cutting off the supply of food and medicine in this area. Chiang Kai-shek made a determined effort and said, "Even if we can't destroy them in one fell swoop, we will starve them to death!"
Zhou Enlai advised Li Xiannian: "Don't rely on negotiation. Never imagine that the Kuomintang will be kind. They will not be kind. You must rely on your own strength and find ways to break through with guns! "
On June 22, the Central Plains Military Region broke through in three ways, with the main force moving to the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia area under the guidance of Wang Zhen, successfully entering the Jiangsu-Anhui liberated area, and the main force establishing guerrilla base areas in southern Shaanxi and western Hubei. 300,000 Kuomintang troops fan the air.
On June 26, Chiang Kai-shek took off his mask and ordered the Kuomintang troops to attack the Central Plains Liberated Area on a large scale. When the full-scale civil war officially broke out, Marshall also declared that his "mediation" failed, allowing Chiang Kai-shek to attack freely and show his true imperialism.
When the all-out civil war broke out, the strength of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was very different. The Kuomintang has a total strength of 4.3 million and a population of more than 300 million. It controlled all the big cities in China, most of the public railway lines and rich resources, and accepted all the equipment of the Japanese army of 6,543,800+0,900 people, especially with great assistance from the United States. The deployment of Chiang Kai-shek's civil war was completed during Marshall's "mediation". The United States trained 6.5438+0.5 million troops and special agents for Chiang Kai-shek, equipped 45 American mechanics and gave Chiang Kai-shek $4 billion in weapons, materials and loans. On the second day after the outbreak of the civil war, the State Council decided to establish the 833 Air Force for Chiang Kai-shek. U.S. President Truman also approved the 1 secret military agreement between the United States and Chiang Kai-shek, supplying Kuomintang planes 1 1,000, more than 7,000 cannons, and a large number of other military materials. 16 In July, the US Congress authorized US President Truman to "present" ships with a total quantity not exceeding 27 1 to Chiang Kai-shek's government. On August 30th, US Air Force officer Chennault signed an agreement with the Kuomintang government under the instruction of the US government to set up Chennault Air Transport Company to airlift troops and munitions for Chiang Kai-shek in the civil war. On August 3 1 day, the United States sold its surplus war materials in the western Pacific to Chiang Kai-shek at a low price of $825 million, with a price of $654.38+75 million. The United States also used it to invade 90,000 marines in Shanghai, Tianjin, Qinhuangdao and other places, and directly cooperated with Kuomintang troops to attack the liberated areas.
Compared with the Kuomintang, the * * * army is at an absolute disadvantage in military strength and economic strength. At that time, the People's Liberation Army had only1.20 thousand people, which was not as good as the Kuomintang army's 1A3, and it was poorly equipped. It was called millet plus rifles and was forced to be divided into more than a dozen base areas. The liberated areas have a population of only/kloc-0.3 billion, and the feudal forces in most areas have not been eliminated, the political power is not consolidated enough, the transportation is inconvenient, modern industries are few, and there is no economic foreign aid. Everything depends on self-reliance.
However, the atrocities of murder, arson, rape and looting by the Kuomintang army aroused public anger, and the Kuomintang army was at a disadvantage politically.
Relying on military superiority, Chiang Kai-shek adopted the strategic policy of "all-round attack and quick decision" and deployed more than 6.5438+0.6 million regular troops on the front line of the civil war. The specific deployment is as follows: 265.438+0.000 people belonging to Cheng Qian of Wuhan Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, plus a dozen peace preservation corps, invaded the Central Plains Liberated Area; Xue Yue and Wu Qiwei of Xuzhou appeasement office belong to 460 thousand people, who invaded Jiangsu, Anhui and Shandong liberated areas; Another one, Liu Zhi in Zhengzhou Sui Shu and Sui Shu in Xuzhou, with a total of 240,000 people, invaded the liberated areas in Hebei, Shandong and Henan. Hebei Chairman Sun Lianzhong and Fu, 6.5438+0.6 million people, invaded the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Liberated Area; Taiyuan Yen Hsi-shan, a 90,000-strong man, invaded the Shansi-Suiyuan Liberated Area. Xi' an Sui Shu Hu Zongnan belonged to 6.5438+0.5 million people and invaded the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region; Du 6.5438+0.8 million people invaded the Northeast Liberated Area; Another 70,000 people invaded the liberated areas of Guangdong and Hainan Island.
Chiang Kai-shek declared: "Destroy the Central Plains Communist Army within 48 hours, occupy northern Jiangsu within two weeks, open up Jinpu Road and Ji Jiao Road within three weeks, and completely destroy the Communist Army within three to six months."
Faced with the situation that the enemy is strong and we are weak, some people overestimate Chiang Kai-shek's strength and underestimate the people's strength, and have doubts and worries about the future of the war; Among international friends, some people worry that the United States will send a large number of troops, interfere in China's internal affairs, and even use atomic bombs, leading to World War III. They think they can only cooperate with Chiang Kai-shek, not fight him.
At this critical juncture, Mao Zedong scientifically analyzed the situation at home and abroad, and thought that Chiang Kai-shek was bound to be defeated and could be defeated. On July 20th, in the name of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Mao Zedong drafted and issued the instruction of "Crushing Chiang Kai-shek's Attack with Self-Defense War". He pointed out: "The civil war launched by Chiang Kai-shek is a counter-revolutionary war directed by the United States against China's national independence and China's people's liberation. If we show weakness and give in, and dare not resolutely oppose the counter-revolutionary war with revolutionary war, China will become a dark world and the future of the nation will be ruined. Only when Chiang Kai-shek's attack is completely crushed in the war of self-defense, can the whole country have the hope of peace and democracy, safeguard the people's survival and interests, and have national independence. Although Chiang Kai-shek had American aid, his heart was not smooth, his morale was not high and his economy was in trouble. Although we have no foreign aid, people's hearts are in place, morale is high, and the economy has a way. "
Mao Zedong's winning policies and strategies are:
Militarily, the combat method to defeat the Kuomintang is generally mobile warfare. In order to change War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's fighting method, which is mainly guerrilla warfare with scattered forces and mobile warfare with concentrated forces, the central requirement is to annihilate the enemy's effective forces as the main goal, not to preserve or seize places. It is inevitable and necessary to temporarily abandon some places and cities.
Politically, in order to crush the Kuomintang attack, we must work closely with the people, win over all possible people and establish a broad people's democratic United front. In rural areas, we should firmly rely on farm labourers, poor peasants and United middle peasants to resolutely solve the land problem; At the same time, treat ordinary rich peasants, small and medium-sized landlords, traitors, Hao Kun and bullies differently, so as to reduce hostile elements and consolidate the liberated areas. In cities, in addition to uniting the working class, petty bourgeoisie and all progressives, attention should also be paid to uniting all intermediate elements and isolating reactionaries. In the Kuomintang army, we should win over all those who may oppose the civil war and isolate the militants.
On the economic front, we must make a lasting plan, rely on ourselves, work hard, work hard to produce, advocate economy, practice economy, and oppose corruption. In terms of financial supply, we should give consideration to the military and civilians to meet the material needs of the self-defense war and reduce the burden on the people.
In the conversation with American journalist anna louise strong in Yan 'an, Mao Zedong put forward the famous conclusion that "imperialism and all reactionaries are paper tigers". He said: "All reactionaries are paper tigers. It seems that the reactionaries look terrible, but in fact they have no great power. In the long run, the truly powerful force belongs not to reactionaries, but to the people. "
Mao Zedong drafted the instructions of "Concentrate Superior Forces to Destroy the Enemy" and "Three-month Summary", demanding that the principle of "Concentrate Superior Forces to Destroy the Enemy" must be implemented in both campaign and tactical deployment, and that the forces with absolute superiority must be concentrated, that is, six, five or four times the enemy's forces, at least three times the enemy's forces, and the enemy's weak roads or enemy positions must be surrounded and destroyed first. Therefore, it is difficult to divide troops evenly, attack everywhere, be ineffective everywhere, delay time and be effective.
Mao Zedong demanded that the war of annihilation and decisive battle must be carried out in battle. Only by destroying the enemy can we strike the enemy most effectively, so that the enemy can be wiped out one regiment and one brigade; Only by adowa can we replenish the enemy's weapons and men to the maximum extent; Adolescence, in the enemy, is demoralized, demoralized, but in my case, morale is high and morale is high. A quick decision will make it possible for our army to annihilate or avoid enemy reinforcements one by one. Quick decisions in tactics and campaigns are necessary conditions for a lasting strategy.
Mao Zedong's strategic policy is of decisive significance for the People's Liberation Army to seize the enemy, turn our disadvantages into advantages, and turn the enemy's advantages into disadvantages, thus turning the war around.
Chiang Kai-shek launched a civil war to turn the Yellow River back to its original road, not only flooding the liberated areas, but also separating the liberated areas in Shandong, eastern Henan, northern Jiangsu and northern China.
On June 9, 8 years ago, Chiang Kai-shek blew up the Yellow River levee at Huayuankou, and the Yellow River diverted south. The old course of the Yellow River has become fertile land. If the Yellow River is turned back to the old road, the original dikes will not be repaired, and the river will flood everywhere, causing great disasters to the liberated areas.
In late June, Chiang Kai-shek ordered that "it is better to stop the military transport than to stop the stone transport", and sent Bai Chongxi and Chen Cheng to the scene to supervise and command, in an attempt to get to Huayuankou before the flood season, so as to make the Yellow River return to its original road and flood the liberated areas.
After hearing the news, Zhou Enlai fought day and night, calling on all walks of life to stop this criminal act of the Kuomintang. At the same time, the military and civilians in the liberated areas were urged to step up dike construction and flood control, and the actions of harassing the Kuomintang and obstructing the recovery of Huayuankou were cracked down. Chiang Kai-shek's plot failed.