The purpose of calibrating the map is to make the orientation of the off-road map consistent with the direction of the current location. This is the most important prerequisite for using off-road maps.

1. Rough calibration

The directions on the off-road map are: up north, down south, left west and right east. When we correctly identify the direction in the field, the map will be calibrated as long as the top of the off-road map faces the north of the site. This method is simple and quick, and it is the most commonly used method in orienteering.

2. Calibration of magnetic north line (magnetic north line)

First, make the directional arrow "↑" in the circular frame of the transparent compass face the top of the map, and make the parallel lines on both sides of the arrow coincide (or parallel) with the magnetic north line on the off-road map. Then, turn the map so that the northern end of the magnetic needle is aligned with the magnetic north direction, and the map is calibrated.

3. Use linear features to calibrate maps (such as roads, earth walls, ditches, high-voltage lines, etc.). ), first of all, we should find this straight line feature on the map, compare the terrain on both sides to make the relationship between the map and the points in the field roughly consistent, and then rotate the map to make the straight line feature on the map consistent with the straight line feature in the field, and the map will be calibrated.

4. Calibrate the map with obvious topographic points.

When you are at an obvious terrain point and have found the location of the terrain point (that is, your own standing point) from the map, you can use the obvious terrain point to calibrate the map. The method is as follows: firstly, select an obvious terrain point (target) which is far away from the current location on the map, and then rotate the map so that the straight line from the standing point to the target on the map coincides with the straight line from the standing point to the target at the current location, and then calibrate the map.

Two. Contrast topography

Comparing topography means that through careful observation, all kinds of features and landforms on the map and in situ are "seated in the right place" one by one, that is, corresponding to each other. There are two main functions of comparing terrain in directional movement: first, when the standing point has not been determined-only by correctly comparing terrain can the correct standing point position be found on the map; Second, when the station point has been determined and it is necessary to change the direction of travel-only by comparing the terrain can the best route be found in the field. Generally, the map should be calibrated before comparing the terrain, and then different comparison methods should be adopted according to different needs:

1. Before determining the standing point: sketch the map first, then quickly observe the surroundings, remember the approximate orientation and distance of the largest or most distinctive features and landforms, find out from the map, and then roughly determine the position of the standing point. If you want to be more accurate, you need to follow the description in the next section.

2. After determining the standing point, you should also roughly calibrate the map first, then find out the near and front features of your selected movement route from the map, and remember their approximate directions and distances, and then move forward after in-situ identification. If the terrain is too complex, such as overlapping hills with similar shapes, it is difficult to compare. First, you can use a more accurate method to calibrate the map, and then use a scale to cut the standing point and the ground object with the long side of the compass, and aim forward along this straight side, then the ground object must be on this direction line. This method can't solve the problem, so we need to change the control position or climb up to observe the control. What needs to be emphasized here is that no matter what the situation is, special attention should be paid to the order and steps of observing and comparing the terrain. Generally speaking, the order of terrain in-situ comparison is: first compare the large and obvious terrain, and then compare the general terrain; From near to far, from left to right; From point to line, from line to surface; Regular comparison piece by piece. In terms of steps, the first and most essential thing is to keep the map orientation consistent with the current position, and then carry out the following steps according to different needs.

Step 3: Determine the standing point.

Learning to use maps and mastering various methods to determine the standing points on the map is the key. For these methods, in addition to remembering their own steps and essentials, it is particularly important to learn to use them selectively according to different situations.

Direct determination

When your position is on an obvious terrain point, you can determine the standing point as long as you find the terrain point on the map. This is the most commonly used method in travel, especially in running. The difficulty of using direct determination method is: how to quickly find the obvious terrain points that can be used in the tense process? When the same obvious topographic points are close to each other, can we correctly distinguish them and prevent "arrogance"? The obvious topographical features mainly include:

-A single feature;

-Turning points, intersections (crosses), intersections (D-shapes) and endpoints of the current feature;

—The center or feature edge of a planar feature. The landforms that can be called obvious topographic points mainly include:

-Mountains, saddles and depressions;

Special terrain: steep cliffs, gullies, etc.

-Bending, crossing and valley crossing;

-Turning points and slope change points on ridges and hills.

2. Use positional relationships to determine

When the standing point is near the obvious terrain point, the position relation method can be used. Determining the standing point by using the position relation method is mainly based on two factors, one is the direction of the standing point and the other is the distance from the standing point to the obvious point. Where the terrain is obviously undulating, it can also be judged by combining the height difference.

3. When there is no obvious topographic point near the standing point, it can be determined by intersection method. Figure 3- 17 determines the standing point of 90. According to different situations, it can be divided into 90 method, wire cutting method, rear intersection method and magnetic azimuth intersection method. The advantage of these methods is that you can determine the more accurate position of the standing point without judging or measuring the distance, which is very meaningful for beginners to learn and consolidate the training of using off-road maps. However, some of them can only be used under certain conditions, or the steps are cumbersome and time-consuming, so they are generally less used in orienteering.

Method When the measured point is located on linear terrain (including roads, ditches, mountain back lines, valley bottom lines, slope change lines, etc.). ), if an obvious terrain point can be found in the direction perpendicular to the direction of motion, it is much easier to determine the standing point: the intersection of linear terrain symbols and vertical lines is the standing point.

This method can be used when the point to be measured is located on linear terrain, but there is no obvious terrain point in the direction perpendicular to the direction of motion. The steps are as follows:

Calibration map;

Choose an obvious terrain point on the edge of linear terrain, both on the map and in the field;

Use a ruler (or a triangular ruler, pencil, etc.) of a compass. ) cut at the anchor point of the obvious terrain point on the map (you can insert a thin needle for easy operation), and then turn the compass to align its straight edge with the terrain point;

Draw the direction of money backwards along the straight long side of the compass. The intersection of the direction line and the linear terrain symbol is the position of the standing point on the map.

Connection method When the measured point is located on a linear terrain and the measured position is just on the connecting line of two obvious terrain points, this method can be used to determine the standing point.

The rear intersection method and magnetic azimuth intersection method can only be used in the following situations, that is, wireless terrain can be used at the point to be measured, and there are more than two obvious terrain points in the map and local area.

The rear intersection method usually requires open terrain and good visibility. Its working steps are as follows: after finding the selected directional object on the map, calibrate the map; Then, for each azimuth object, draw a direction line according to the steps of line cutting method, and the intersection point of the direction line on the map is the standing point. As shown in figure 3-20. Figure 3-20 Determination of Standing Point by Rear Intersection Method

Magnetic azimuth intersection method can be used in open terrain and jungle. But in the jungle, you need to climb trees or other objects that are convenient for long-distance observation. The steps are as follows:

-Select two obvious topographic points on the map and the site, and measure the magnetic azimuth of these two topographic points with a compass;

Calibrate the map The measured magnetic azimuth is displayed on the map. When illustrating the magnetic orientation, we should first rotate the dial of the compass so that the pointer is aligned with the measured orientation value, and then cut the straight edge of the compass to the two aligned topographic point symbols on the map to rotate the compass. After the magnetic needle coincides with the directional arrow (see Figure 3-29), draw directional money along the straight long side respectively. The intersection of two directional lines is the position of the standing point on the map.

Map marching is the basic way of orienteering, which depends on the athletes' comprehensive application of the above-mentioned special skills. In other words, learning to identify directions, identify cross-country maps, calibrate maps, and determine standing points against terrain are all for being able to skillfully use maps to travel. Therefore, in actual operation, according to the terrain and personal characteristics, we should choose one or two methods that are most suitable for us, practice them repeatedly, and achieve mastery through a comprehensive study. Only in this way can we always follow our chosen route correctly during the competition and reach our destination smoothly without slowing down the movement speed.

Memory method should generally remember the direction, distance, passing terrain points and auxiliary (reference) objects on both sides of the route in the order of travel. To acquire this ability through memory, the scene in the field can be constantly "superimposed" and confirmed with the content of memory, that is, "people are running in the field and their hearts are moving in the picture."

Thumb-assisted walking method first defines your standing point and the route to move to reach the target, then rotates the map (the body rotates with it) to make the map consistent with the direction of the current location, presses the thumb on one side of the standing point, and then starts to move. Keep moving your thumb, and turn the map according to the position you arrive, so as to keep the inertia and correctness of the position and direction.

Line borrowing method This method can be used when the checkpoint is located in or near linear terrain. When marching, we should first make clear the standing point, and then make use of the easily recognizable linear terrain, such as roads, fences, high-voltage lines, mountain back lines, slope changing lines, etc. As a "guide" to March, make yourself more confident in sports. Because walking along linear terrain is like walking on the railing of stairs, this method is called "handrail method" abroad.

When there are tall and obvious topographic points near the checkpoint, the borrowing point method can be used. Before marching, clearly identify the target (which can also be supported by other objects), and then go to the checkpoint as quickly as possible.

When the station is far away from the detection point and the terrain on the way is very complicated, the traverse method can be used. In the process of marching, it is necessary to use various obvious terrain points many times to ensure the correctness of the direction and route. However, it should be noted that similar topographic points should not be used wrongly.

How to get lost with verbs (short for verb)

When driving along the road:

Calibrate the map, compare the terrain, find out where the error started and how big the deviation is, and then choose another roundabout road to move forward according to the situation. If there are not many mistakes, you can go back and move on.

When driving off-road:

Stop traveling as soon as possible, choose the most suitable method to determine the standing point after calibrating the map, then try to take a shortcut to the original correct route, and then go back the same way if necessary.

When traveling in the forest:

According to the missed basic direction and approximate distance, find out the nearest place to deviate from the start, and then determine the approximate position of the standing point. If you make a mistake too far, you can't determine the standing point and you can't go back to the original road. You should have a look on the map to see if there is a large area or prominent obvious terrain (preferably linear) near the lost area. If there is, we must resolutely give up the original direction and move closer to it, and use it to determine the standing point. If you don't have this condition, then continue to move in the original direction, and after meeting the opportunity to determine the standing point on the way, quickly cut corners to reach your destination. Walking in the mountains, the most taboo is to take a "shortcut" in a hurry and easily without knowing the degree of error and the correct direction of travel, which is likely to lead to beating around the bush.

Basic orientation techniques of intransitive verbs;

1. How to set the map and thumb: First, put the map in the correct position and put the thumb in its own position on the map. In this way, the direction you want to go is in front of the map, so that you can clearly observe the surrounding environment and geographical features. When moving forward, the thumb moves with it, and when changing the direction, the map moves with it, that is, keeping the map north. Then you can immediately point out your position in the picture at any time, saving a lot of time and spirit.

First, go back to the main road.

Two. Turn over the map, walk along the main road, turn right at the second crossing, and notice two huts on both sides of the road.

Three. Set the map, walk along the main road, cross two paths and turn right on the main road.

Pay attention to the hut on the left and turn left at the intersection of the path behind the slope.

Seven. Follow the path to the control point of the road bend.

2. Use the compass bearing to find out the direction of the target accurately. Before going to the target, you can observe the terrain around the target to deepen your impression, so as to reach the destination quickly and accurately.

3. Handrail method uses obvious regional or cultural characteristics as a guide to make people more confident when moving forward. Such as paths, fences, streams, shankou, etc. , are useful handrails.

4. Collect the features encountered on the way, identify the geographical features encountered on the way to the control point, and ensure the correct direction and route. Never mistake similar features.

5. Attack point: first find out the particularly obvious features near the control point, and then use the compass to reach the control point accurately and quickly from the attack point. The attack points must be easy to identify, such as electric towers and path intersections.

6. Pacing first measures the distance between two points on the map, and then uses our stride to accurately measure the distance to be walked. Methods: First, calculate the number of steps we need to take 100 meters (set 120 steps). When we find on the map that the distance from point A to point B is150m, we can work out the steps we should take180th. In order to reduce the number of steps, we use the "double steps" to count that the right foot only takes one step, and then we can halve the number of steps. The number of two steps in the above example is 90.

7. aiming off: use the compass to move forward and transfer the target. When it reaches the top or bottom of the target, it will enter the target along the handrail.

In addition to often using the above basic skills in the competition, review after the game to find out the common mistakes and reasons, and improve their orienteering skills. Beginners should work hard on basic skills and don't rush into it.