Planting techniques of early-maturing varieties of autumn Chinese cabbage are generally sown in early and middle August, and some are sown in late July.
Sow seeds. Late-maturing varieties should be sown in late August.
Continuous cropping of Chinese cabbage is prone to diseases, so it is necessary to implement crop rotation, especially to advocate grain-vegetable rotation and paddy-upland rotation. In the cultivation of perennial vegetables, continuous cropping with cruciferous vegetables should be avoided, and early beans, early peppers, early cucumbers and early tomatoes can be selected for cultivation. The field for planting Chinese cabbage should be deeply ploughed on the kang of 20 ~ 27 cm for 10 ~ 15 days, and then the field should be broken and leveled, and made into a border with a width of 1.3 ~ 1.7 m or a narrow border with a height of 0.8 m ..
In the middle and late July, it is mainly organic fertilizer. After the last harvest, the soil was deeply turned over. When preparing soil, lime100 ~150kg should be applied per mu. In the plot where clubroot occurs, appropriate amount of lime should be applied in the sowing ditch. It is required to re-apply base fertilizer and mix nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium evenly. In early July, 40 tons of pig manure, 40-50 tons of garbage, 75 kilograms of dried vegetables, and 40-50 kilograms of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were evenly mixed, and 30-40 tons of human manure and urine were added, wetted with appropriate amount of water, piled up and fermented, and covered with plastic film to make them fully decomposed. Ditch and apply it when making a boundary. At the same time, 10 ~ 15 kg of 45% compound fertilizer should be applied per mu.
sow seeds
Chinese cabbage is usually directly sown or transplanted. Live broadcast is mainly based on strip broadcasting, supplemented by on-demand broadcasting. When the previous land is temporarily unavailable, in order not to affect the farming season, seedlings can also be transplanted. Either way, the soil must be flat. The amount of seed used for direct seeding is about 200 grams per mu. The seedling transplanter needs about 5 ~ 6 cm seedbed per 1 mu, and adopts the method of multi-point sowing, and the sowing amount is 75 ~100g. After the live broadcast, 40 ~ 50 loads of decomposed human excrement and urine are used per mu, and the ground is covered.
After that, water 1 time every morning and evening to keep the soil moist, and seedlings can emerge in 3 ~ 4 days. The row spacing and plant spacing of Chinese cabbage should be determined according to different varieties. Generally, early-maturing varieties are 33 ~ 50 cm, with 2 100 ~ 2300 plants per mu, and late-maturing varieties are 50 ~ 67 cm, with less than 2000 plants per mu. The best choice for seedling raising and transplanting is cloudy or sunny in the evening. In order to improve the survival rate, it is best to transplant seedlings with soil and water them with fixed roots after planting.
1. Sowing: Deep-turning, leveling and ridging the soil, with hole sowing.
2. Management: after emergence, timely check and replenish seedlings, loosen soil and weed. Intercropping can be carried out in several times. Cross? When you choose to keep two well-growing cabbages, after a period of time, choose to keep the best one. Pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases. The main pest of cabbage is cabbage caterpillar, and the main diseases are soft rot and root rot.
3. Harvest: After reaching the use standard, you can harvest as needed.
Growth prevention of black spot disease
Winter is the golden season for eating. But people's love for Chinese cabbage has never weakened. When we plant Chinese cabbage, Chinese cabbage diseases and insect pests often appear, so how can we help Chinese cabbage to resist diseases? Here is a list of its common diseases called. Black spots? .
A nearly circular lesion with a diameter of 2 ~ 10 mm appears on the leaves of Chinese cabbage, which is brown or light brown, with halo and obvious concentric wheel marks on the outside. When the humidity is high, black mold (a kind of bacteria) grows on the diseased spots on the back of leaves, which can harm other Chinese cabbages with the help of airflow. When the disease is serious, the diseased spots on the leaves can be connected with each other, making the diseased leaves turn yellow from outside to inside and die, which often causes huge economic losses. The main preventive measures are as follows.
1. seed treatment: black spot pathogen can attach to Chinese cabbage seeds and directly infect seedlings. Therefore, before sowing Chinese cabbage, seeds can be dressed with 50% thiram wettable powder accounting for 0.4% of seed weight or 50% chlorpheniramine wettable powder accounting for 0.2% ~ 0.3% of seed weight.
2. Control field humidity: In the disease-prone period, the field humidity is high and the disease is serious. (1) Sow in time. According to the characteristics of Chinese cabbage varieties, soil fertility and other factors, seedlings should be fixed at the right time (not later than early September in Taiyuan) with appropriate spacing to improve the ventilation conditions in the field. ② Reasonable watering. In the disease-prone period, it is necessary to look at the weather, the ground and the growth of Chinese cabbage, water the border in time, and avoid rainy days after watering. The accumulated water in the ground should be drained as soon as possible.
3. Spraying medicine as soon as possible: after the pathogen of black spot invades the leaves of Chinese cabbage, it will form a disease spot in 3-5 days, and black mold can be produced on the disease spot, and then invade Chinese cabbage. Therefore, when the lower leaves of Chinese cabbage have diseased spots, they can be sprayed, or 1 times of 50% chlorpheniramine wettable powder, 500 times of 50% thiram wettable powder, or 500 times of 64% antiviral alum wettable powder, for 3 ~ 0 times every 7 ~ 10 days.
4. Foliar fertilization: If the plant is weak, in addition to strengthening the management of water and fertilizer, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 1% red (white) sugar can be added to the sprayed liquid medicine to supplement nutrients for the foliage.
5. Precautions:
(1) susceptible plot. In the fields connected with and adjacent to cruciferous vegetables, seed treatment is not carried out when sowing, which leads to premature sowing, high field planting density, insufficient base fertilizer and topdressing, weak plant growth, flooded land and easy to get sick.
2 fragile vegetables. Besides Chinese cabbage, radish, Gan Lan, rape (Chinese cabbage or green vegetables) and cauliflower (cauliflower) are also susceptible to the disease.
grow
The growth cycle of Chinese cabbage is divided into vegetative growth period and reproductive growth period.
The vegetative growth period includes:
① Germination stage: from seed germination to cotyledon unfolding, exposing true leaves.
② Seedling stage: from the exposure of true leaves to the formation of a leaf sequence.
③ Rosette stage: The plant shows 1-2 leaf sequence, which is the main stage of yield formation per plant.
The reproductive growth period includes:
① bolting and budding stage: bolting and flowering. Cauline leaves grow on the main flower stems and lateral branches, and buds form at the top.
(2) Flowering and fruiting period: Buds grow, blossom and bear fruit one after another.
Chinese cabbage takes rosette leaves as its product. Autumn sowing Chinese cabbage usually differentiates into a new leaf in 1.5-2 days. For example, Hangyou Dong Er has 25-30 leaves per plant, of which the yield is mainly composed of the 9th-24th rosette leaves. The growth rate of leaf area at seedling stage is faster than that of leaf weight; During the rosette stage, the leaf weight increased rapidly. In the late growth stage, the increase of leaf weight is mainly the increase of petiole, which often accounts for 75-80% of the total leaf weight and is the storage organ of nutrients. The yield per unit area is composed of the number of plants and the weight per plant, and the weight per plant is restricted by the number and weight of leaves. Most varieties are heavy leaves, and the increase of leaf weight mainly depends on the increase of leaf area and petiole weight gain.
Cabbage likes cold climate, the average temperature is 18-20℃, and it grows best in sunny conditions. It can safely overwinter at -2~-3℃. The temperature above 25℃ is weak, and it is easy to suffer from virus disease. Only a few heat-resistant varieties can be cultivated in summer. Germinated seeds and green plants of Chinese cabbage complete vernalization within a certain number of days below 65438 05℃, with flower bud differentiation starting from seedling tip and leaf differentiation stopping. Bolting and flowering under long sunshine and high temperature. But the requirements of different varieties for long sunshine are obviously different.
Cultivation techniques of Chinese cabbage in autumn and winter (1) It is not suitable for continuous cropping of Chinese cabbage in land, and reasonable rotation is of great significance to reduce the spread of diseases. Generally, cucumbers, green beans and tomatoes are the predecessors of Chinese cabbage.
1. Soil preparation: First, choose a good plot to grow Chinese cabbage. Because the root system of Chinese cabbage is shallow, it requires high soil moisture and nutrients, so it is advisable to choose soil with strong water and fertilizer conservation and good structure. Chinese cabbage seeds are small, which requires flat terrain and fine soil particles to ensure the emergence rate and uniformity. In order to enhance the soil's water and fertilizer conservation ability, make the soil soft, develop the root system well, and expand the scope of absorbing water and nutrients, deep ploughing is needed. In order to reduce the harm of pests and diseases in the hidden soil, kang soil or short-term kang soil should be applied after the land is ploughed (called sun-cured fort in the north).
Deep ploughing and soil leveling are the general requirements of soil preparation, but they should also be implemented according to different situations. In areas with less rainfall, deep ploughing should be carried out; Before harvest
No matter deep ploughing or shallow ploughing, shallow ploughing and harrowing should be done before sowing, so that the soil is loose and the ground is flat.
Generally, the depth of deep tillage is 30? 35 cm, shallow tillage depth 15 cm, cultivated land depth 3? 5 centimeters.
Step 2 Apply base fertilizer
Chinese cabbage has a long growth period and a large amount of growth, which requires more nutrition and a long-term fertilizer to lay the foundation. Therefore, it is necessary to re-apply base fertilizer, mainly organic fertilizer, because organic fertilizer can promote root development and improve the resistance of Chinese cabbage. It can also be properly matched with chemical fertilizers. According to the experiment, to produce 5000 kilograms of products, it needs 4000 yuan of compost and manure. 5000 kilograms. Only when the organic fertilizer is decomposed by retting and crushed evenly can its fertilizer efficiency be fully exerted. Calcium superphosphate should also be mixed with compost and manure, or at least mixed with compost and manure after crushing.
The amount of base fertilizer can be determined according to the types of previous crops, soil fertility and fertilizer quality. General available quality per mu? Okay, the amount of manure is 3000? 40 kilograms or 5000 compost? 6000 kg, plant ash 100 kg, calcium superphosphate 15? 25 kg, if conditions permit, potassium chloride 10- 15 kg. If you want to strive for higher yield, you can apply 25 kilograms of compound fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium 1: 1: 1 per mu. Can you make up for it? Three elements? The defects in coordination not only provide conditions for the early growth of plants, but also maintain a strong stamina after the rosette stage.
If the soil is acidic and the terrain is low, the PH value should be adjusted to 6? 6.5. Generally, lime 150-200 kg is applied per mu.
make the bed
Although Chinese cabbage requires high soil moisture, too much soil moisture will affect the development of root system, especially in poorly drained soil, which often leads to brown or black root system, thus affecting the normal growth of Chinese cabbage. Therefore, we must pay attention to the drainage problem when making the border. Soft rot and downy mildew are prone to occur on wet ground. Therefore, the Yangtze River basin should be dominated by high ridges, while flat ridges and narrow ridges are widely used in the north. Adopt high ridge cultivation, mainly including double ridge cultivation and single ridge cultivation.
(2) Selection of improved varieties
When introducing and selecting varieties of Chinese cabbage, all localities should pay attention to the following points: First, we should consider local eating habits and choose varieties suitable for local cultivation. Second, pay attention to the local climatic conditions, cultivation season and stubble replacement, and choose varieties with similar growth periods, disease resistance, high yield and storability. Generally speaking, in order to achieve stable and high yield of Chinese cabbage, it is best to choose 80? 90-day varieties, properly sown late, are easy to succeed and easy to store in winter. Planting late-maturing varieties, early sowing is easy to infect; The temperature in the Mid-Autumn Festival is low when sowing late, so it is difficult to form a compact leaf ball. Although planted varieties with short growth period can be sown late and the diseases are mild, many early-maturing varieties are not suitable for long-term preservation. Third, to avoid too single variety, it is best to plant 2? 3 varieties, do a good job of variety combination. Climate conditions always change every year, and there are always differences between varieties. When the main varieties and L-2 varieties are arranged to be planted together, the passive situation of serious yield reduction due to climate discomfort or sudden diseases can be avoided. Especially when choosing the hybrid generation, we should pay special attention to this point.
(3) sowing
1. Seed treatment
Before sowing Chinese cabbage, carefully select seeds, eliminate broken, bruised and fine seeds, and choose seeds with full, neat and consistent seeds and strong vitality for sowing.
Seeds can be disinfected by soaking in warm soup at a water temperature of about 54℃; Seed dressing with chemicals, such as 40% dimethoate with concentration of 1%, or mixed powder of 50% thiram and 90% fosfomycin with concentration of 1: 1, 15 minutes.
2. Live broadcast
Advantages and disadvantages of (1) live broadcast.
Chinese cabbage is usually broadcast live. Direct seeding has the following advantages: plants grow fast, seed sets early at seedling stage, and seedlings are not extended after transplanting; Without destroying roots and leaves, the chance of disease infection can be reduced. 3. It is labor-saving and convenient for sowing in time. Therefore, the yield of direct seeding is often higher than that of transplanting. Direct seeding also has some disadvantages, such as the difficulty in controlling the germination conditions of seeds; It is difficult to protect buds and seedlings, and it is vulnerable to the scorching sun and heavy rain; The labor intensity of seedling management is high; Use more seeds.
(2) Sowing technology
The general live broadcast mode is hole broadcast. A, according to the specified row spacing, hoes as 1? 1.5cm shallow holes, 8- 10 capsules per hole. After sowing, fill the pit with fine soil, and then slightly suppress it to make the seeds closely connected with the soil. If the soil is dry when sowing, you can water the hole first, and then sow and cover the soil after the water penetrates into the soil. In rainy areas, you can also plant seeds in the border according to the prescribed row spacing without drilling holes in advance. This is the way to sow seeds in Chengdu. After sowing, step on it with your feet, and then pour people shit (locally called stepping sowing).
You can also use drill sowing, make a ditch in the border according to the row spacing, and then sow according to the specified spacing, such as hole sowing.
Seed consumption per mu for direct seeding 100? 150g.
(3) Post-sowing management
Water is an important condition for seed germination, and the soil must have enough water after sowing. In addition to watering immediately before and after sowing, small water can be temporarily opened on both sides of the sowing hole (sowing belt) or soaked in the border before and just after the bud is unearthed. It is not allowed to water seeds or buds directly to avoid washing away or causing soil hardening. The direct seeding seedlings are exposed to the scorching sun, and the soil surface temperature is too high. In order to solve this problem, we can arrange sowing at night according to the situation that Chinese cabbage seeds are unearthed about 48 hours after sowing in August, so that the seedlings can exercise for one night and then bask in the sun on the third night. The way to reduce soil temperature is proper irrigation; In some places, intermittent sprinkler irrigation at noon with high temperature also has certain effects.
It is necessary to separate and fix seedlings in time to ensure the healthy growth of seedlings.
3. Seedling raising and transplanting
Chinese cabbage can also be transplanted, usually to ensure the normal season cultivation when the harvest is late in the previous season.
(1) Seedbed setting: Select the land with fertile soil, convenient irrigation and drainage and close to the farming site as the seedbed. The seedbed in the border should be fully fertilized, and 100 manure should be applied to the seedbed every 66 square meters. 150kg, ammonium sulfate 2? 3 kg, calcium superphosphate L-2 kg. 7% of these fertilizers are sown on the border, ploughed 15- 18 cm, evenly buried in the soil, and then harrowed. The seedbed is generally 1- 1.5 meters wide and 8- 10 meters long. In order to prevent the harm of scorching sun and heavy rain, a shade shed can be built on the seedbed. Generally, it takes 20 beds to plough an acre of land. 25 square meters.
(2) Sowing technology and management: The sowing date of seedling transplanting is 3-5 days earlier than that of direct seeding. Water the seedbed before sowing, and sow after the water permeates. Drill-sowing watering ditch, ditch depth 0.8- 1 cm, ditch spacing 10 cm. When sowing in small holes, sow 4 seeds per hole? Five seeds. The dosage of seeds is 200-250g per 66m2 seedbed. After sowing, cover with fine soil for 0.8? 1 cm thick.
Generally, there is no need to water at seedling stage, such as high temperature and drought, and sprinkler irrigation is feasible. After emergence, it is divided into two sections. The first thinning is carried out 3 days after emergence; Use 3? The second thinning of 4 true leaves. The last thinning of drill sowing makes the plant spacing 10- 12 cm, and l plants are left in each hole of small hole sowing. During the seedling growth period, reasonable watering, forced fertilization and pest control should be carried out to promote the robust growth of seedlings.
(3) Planting: the seedling age is about 20 days. The best planting time is sunny afternoon and cloudy day, which can reduce the wilting degree of seedlings: fully water the seedbed before transplanting, raise seedlings when the soil in the seedbed is quite wet but not muddy, and bring as much soil as possible to the roots to survive early after planting.
4. Line spacing
The specific row spacing of each variety should be determined according to climate, soil conditions and variety characteristics. Should we plant 2 100 per mu of land in the Yangtze River Basin? 2,400 strains.
(4) management
1. Combination of intertillage weeding and thinning seedlings. Generally, after thinning, clear water manure should be poured to raise seedlings, and intertillage should be done in time after watering or raining to prevent the floor from hardening, promote soil ventilation and remove weeds. At this time, the intertillage should be shallow, generally taking the hoe to break the topsoil as the degree, and the depth is about 3 cm, so as not to hurt the roots. After planting seedlings, the depth of intertillage weeding is about 5 cm, so it is necessary to master the principle of deep in the distance and watering beside seedlings. The cultivator with deep furrow and high border should level the bottom of the furrow and both sides of the border surface, and plough the ploughed soil on the border surface or the border surface, so as to facilitate the smooth flow of the furrow road, irrigation and drainage.
Not too deep. Too deep intertillage will damage the root system, and the root regeneration ability of Chinese cabbage is very weak, so it is not easy to restore growth after injury, which is easy to cause diseases. Don't damage the leaves when cultivating in the rosette stage. It is best to farm in sunny days.
2. Water and fertilizer management
Water and Fertilizer Management of Chinese Cabbage at Different Growth Stages
The total growth of plants at seedling stage is small, which is about 0.4 1% of the final weight, so the demand for water and fertilizer is relatively small.
After the two films of Chinese cabbage are opened, you can live independently. At this time, although there are not many requirements for nutrients, young roots can not be used in time because of shallow root distribution, weak absorption and deep application of base fertilizer. Relatively speaking, the requirement for nutrients is still urgent at this time. After planting Chinese cabbage in the south, furrow was used to apply concentrated manure combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to prevent excessive growth. If topdressing is not enough, rosette leaves will grow poorly even at heading stage, so it is also called? Key fertilizer? Or? Critical fertilizer? .
According to the dynamics of root system development and leaf growth of Chinese cabbage at the stage of cluster, it is necessary to strengthen fertilizer and water management at this stage. Only sufficient fertilizer and water supply can promote the vigorous growth of plants and enhance their disease resistance; Increase the amount of nitrogen application, cooperate with appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and combine irrigation at the stage of tree cluster. It can not only promote the growth of leaves, but also control overgrowth and improve resistance. This kind of management is reasonable.
Heading date is the formation period of Chinese cabbage products. During this period, the root system development reached the maximum and the leaf growth increased sharply. If the fertilizer is removed at this time, the heading is often not tight, which affects the yield and quality.
The management of fertilizer and water in nodulation period focuses on the early and middle stages of nodulation. So-called? Suck fat? And then what? Fill your heart with fat? Use quick-acting fertilizer twice and apply it in advance. Generally, topdressing should be applied immediately at the beginning of wrapping, and manure 1500kg or ammonium sulfate 5- 10 kg or 5? 7.5kg. After the plant is pulled out, it should be topdressing again, which should be combined with irrigation.
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