Similarities and differences between Chinese and foreign civil servant systems
(a) public examination, merit-based recruitment
The recruitment of British civil servants adopts the principle of open and equal competition and merit-based admission. Junior civil servants are recruited by ministries and commissions according to regulations. The intermediate civil service examination is the responsibility of the Registration and Selection Bureau of the Civil Service Commission, which is divided into five steps: C 1) unified examination. Candidates choose topics and write papers as required. C2) Capability evaluation. Candidates discuss various problems raised by the assessment team, and then make the best choice for three or four solutions to a certain problem. Without stating reasons, the assessment team makes an estimate of the candidates' ability, quality and personality. C3 & gt； Reply. Respond on the basis of the book test, so that the assessment team can further understand the depth of the candidates' understanding of the problem and their writing ability. C4 & gt； Intelligence test. Candidates must solve this unfamiliar problem. (5) Those who pass the above-mentioned four-part examinations will be tried, usually by the Civil Service Commission or
Other representatives presided over. Finally, the bureau will comprehensively evaluate the candidates and determine the candidates.
China's 1993 promulgated the "Provisional Regulations on State Civil Servants", which clearly stipulates that the state administrative organs employ the chief clerk to hold non-leadership positions.
National civil servants should be selected according to T, J and quasi-qualifications with both ability and political integrity through public examination and strict examination. Employment procedures: C 1) announced. The personnel department of the government issues recruitment announcements to the public through the news media. C2) Registration and qualification examination: The government personnel department and the employing department organize registration examination, and conduct preliminary qualification examination on the candidates. C3) Examination. The methods of recruitment examination include written examination, intermediate examination and special examination. C4； Employment assessment, after the examination, the qualified candidates will be re-examined and comprehensively assessed. (5) Employment: The employing department "J" grasps the requirements of the position to be employed, comprehensively evaluates the examination, assessment and physical examination results of the candidates, and determines the names of the candidates.
(a) strict assessment, according to the performance of the rise and fall
Both Chinese and foreign civil service systems attach great importance to assessing the performance and talents of civil servants. Britain, the United States and other countries generally attach importance to political achievements and practical ability, and regard the size and quality of political achievements as the main basis for the rise and fall of civil servants. This is the so-called merit system. The assessment of British civil servants is conducted once a year, covering a wide range of topics, including knowledge and behavior, personality and temperament, responsibility and enthusiasm, judgment, creativity and reliability. The evaluation committee will evaluate everyone's usual performance records and materials, and report them to the Minister for approval and implementation. The assessment conclusion has a great influence on everyone's salary adjustment and promotion, so it is a great lever to urge civil servants to work hard and abide by the law. The assessment results are divided into five grades: A is excellent, B is excellent, C is satisfactory, D is average, and E is poor.
China conducts a comprehensive assessment of the national civil servants' morality, ability, diligence and achievements, focusing on their political achievements. The assessment of civil servants is divided into peacetime assessment and annual assessment, with peacetime assessment as the basis of annual assessment. The annual assessment is first summarized by the individual, and then written by the chief answer leader on the basis of listening to the opinions of the masses, and puts forward the opinions of the assessment grades. After being audited by the evaluation committee or evaluation team, the department head shall determine the evaluation level.
(three) strict discipline and legal punishment.
Disciplinary regulations for foreign civil servants: C1> I 1 prohibition: participation in political activities. Britain requires civil servants to remain politically neutral and not to participate in political activities without approval; The United States stipulates that business civil servants are not allowed to work! Political vocabulary movement. C2 & gt； I 1_ Corruption and bribery are prohibited. The unitary state stipulates that civil servants must refuse gifts and remuneration from the public or organizations with which they have business dealings, and may not take advantage of their disadvantages to embezzle or misappropriate public property. C3 & gt； I 1_ It is forbidden to seek personal gain by improper means. All countries prohibit i 1_ civil servants from using their powers, political skills, money or other acts for personal gain. C4 & gt； I 1: Other immoral behaviors are prohibited. CS> restricts civil servants from taking part-time jobs and their relatives from engaging in related jobs. Disciplinary actions against R civil servants abroad: in the United States, there are dismissal, suspension, unpaid leave, dismissal, redistribution and 7 f= dismissal; In France, there are punishments such as warning, admonition, expulsion from No.1 Middle School, salary reduction, demotion, compulsory retirement, dismissal and temporary dismissal.
China's "Provisional Regulations on State Civil Servants" stipulates that state civil servants are not allowed to engage in the following acts: (1) spreading remarks that damage the reputation of the government, organizing or participating in illegal organizations, organizing or participating in meetings, processions and demonstrations aimed at opposing the government, organizing or participating in: (2) neglecting their duties and delaying their work; C3) Oppose the resolutions and orders of superiors; C4) Suppress criticism and take revenge; (5) Deliberately deceiving leaders and the masses; C6) Corruption, theft, bribery or taking advantage of authority to seek personal gain for oneself and others; C7) Spending public funds and wasting national resources; C8> abuses his power, infringes upon the interests of the masses and damages the relationship between the government and the masses; C9> divulges state secrets and commits crimes; C 10) is detrimental to the national honor and interests in foreign affairs; C 1 1) Participate in or support pornography, drug abuse, superstition and gambling.
(D) Juice training to improve cable quality
Singapore's civil servants can go to civil service training colleges, domestic departments and various foreign schools for training. For the further training of civil servants, Xiaoxian should put forward a training plan, and explain the training time, number of trainees, training reasons, training level, students' level, education and experience, the purpose after training, the country and school where BU is going, and the scheduled departure date. Secondly, students are required to always engage in the research of training courses; Participate in various examinations held during the training period; Meet the public service Committee through attendance, behavior and progress; Abide by the provisions listed in the guarantee, etc. Third, submit a report. Students should submit a training report to the Permanent Secretary and the Civil Service Commission within one month after completing their studies. In the report, they should effectively evaluate the training they have received and the benefits they have gained from it. Participants must make suggestions on improving the efficiency of public services.
China government also attaches great importance to the training of civil servants. The "Regulations" stipulate that state administrative organs should pay attention to the needs of economic and social development and train state civil servants in a planned way according to the requirements of their posts. The training of civil servants should integrate theory with practice, be consistent in learning and application, and be applied as needed.
The principle of teaching and paying attention to practical results. The training of civil servants is divided into: the training of newly hired personnel; Job training for promotion to leadership positions; Do a good job in special business training and in-service civil servants' knowledge updating training under special projects. The academic performance and assessment of civil servants during training is one of the keys to their job promotion.
Second, the main differences between Chinese and foreign civil service systems
(A) the classification of civil servants is different
Civil servants in unitary countries are usually divided into two categories: government civil servants and commercial civil servants. Government civil servants usually refer to government members who are elected or appointed to advance and retreat with the administrative staff of the corresponding political parties and other political positions; Commercial civil servants usually pass competitive examinations and remain politically neutral without major mistakes, that is, they have served in the government for a long time and are less regulated by the General Civil Servants Ordinance.
China does not implement the multi-party system in which political parties take turns to govern, so there is no distinction between politics and business. China's national civil servants are divided into civil servants who are members of people's governments at all levels and general civil servants. The organic laws of the members of the people's governments at all levels are elected or decided by the organs of state power at all levels, and their term of office is the same as that of the governments at the corresponding levels. After the change of government, members of the previous government can stay in the first government or be ordinary civil servants. Ordinary civil servants are produced by means of examination, adjustment and entrustment, and their positions are not affected by the change of government. Ordinary civil servants can also form government members through legal procedures.
(a) Different political demands
The unitary state stipulates that civil servants are not allowed to participate in party struggles, participate in intra-party elections and influence decision-making with partisan prejudice. This kind of political neutrality requires professional civil servants to take a fair and detached attitude towards party politics in the process of performing official duties, so as to faithfully implement government policies and serve the government. At the same time, it also ensures the stability and continuity of the civil service.
China asked civil servants to adhere to the Party's basic line and not engage in political neutrality in a unitary state. China's civil servants can not only participate in political party activities, but also actively participate in national politics. In official activities, we should conscientiously implement the party's line, principles and policies and keep in line with the CPC Central Committee politically and ideologically.
Different employment standards
The standards for hiring civil servants in developed countries are different, and the main difference is generalists and professionals. The general standard, represented by Britain, refers to the emphasis on the education level and the test of basic theory and consciousness in talent selection. The most versatile civil servants are responsible for decision-making and answering questions, which are suitable for traditional administrative tasks. Expert standards, represented by the United States, emphasize specialized skills and professional skills, and pay attention to the professionalism of examinations. Both the generalist standard and the specialist standard have the limitations of H4V, especially the development of modern science is different, natural science and social science permeate each other, and modern administration has changed from a simple discipline to a comprehensive discipline. In line with this, the government's work is also moving towards specialization and integration. Britain and the United States also mean that T, J and Quasi complement each other.
China's civil service system adheres to the employment standard of having both ability and political integrity, with less emphasis on morality. China's civil service examination and employment system insists on selecting and appointing civil servants according to the two criteria of having both ability and political integrity, paying little attention to firm political stance and correct political direction, emphasizing not only political thought and moral quality, but also the ability and performance of the next job, that is, adhering to the principle of having both ability and political integrity.
(D) different purposes of service
The unitary state is based on private ownership, the government represents the interests of large groups, and civil servants are actually employees of the government. Therefore, civil servants have formed a closed and independent interest group, which can be organized to negotiate and bargain with the government and strive for their own interests, including capital contribution. There is a contradiction between the interests of civil servants and national interests, which leads civil servants to perform official duties on behalf of the government and safeguard national interests; On the other hand, it exerts influence on the government for the benefit of the civil servants themselves.
China municipal government is the representative and defender of the interests of the broad masses of the people, and it does not represent the interests of a certain group or class. It has few hands and no special interests. China's civil servants must adhere to the purpose of serving the people, keep close contact with the masses, listen to their opinions, accept their supervision and strive to serve the people. At the same time, China's civil service system is not a closed system, and it can communicate with other employees in other systems through prescribed procedures and conditions, without forming special interest groups.
(e) Different benefits for employees.
The civil servant welfare system is the internal motive force and basic guarantee of the national civil servant system. In order to stabilize the civil servants, encourage them to work better and attract elite talents to enter the civil servants, more generous employee welfare policies are generally implemented throughout the country. Civil servants can be on an equal footing with similar personnel in enterprises, and the overall level is higher than that of enterprises. With the rapid development of social economy and the continuous improvement of labor productivity, the welfare of rich society will increase, and the welfare of civil servants will be greatly improved. However, in large developing countries, their strength is limited, most of them are autocratic, and their civil servants are huge. The salary of civil servants is not only lower than that of enterprises, but also lower than that of ordinary enterprises.
China has long implemented the distribution policy of low capital and high welfare. In recent years, after wage adjustment, the income of civil servants has been greatly improved, but the overall income level of civil servants in China is still lower than that of middle-income people in society. For example, in 2000, the average annual investment of state organs was 10024 yuan, which was much lower than that of joint-stock enterprises, private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises (manufacturing was10/92 yuan, electricity, gas and water production and supply were 15486 yuan, and geological exploration and water conservancy were 65438 yuan. Transportation, storage, post and telecommunications 16 173 yuan, financial insurance 2 1538 yuan, real estate 15485 yuan, social services 14544 yuan, health, sports and social welfare17544 yuan. Even if it is 200 1, after two salary increases, it is estimated that this ranking can only be promoted to fifth or sixth, which is far from the so-called high salary in Singapore and Hong Kong.