efficiency
Charolais cattle are characterized by high growth rate and high lean meat rate. Under good feeding conditions, the LX of 6-month-old male calves can reach 250 kg and that of female calves can reach 2 10 kg. The daily gain can reach1400 g. In Canada, bulls can reach 5 1 1 kg under good feeding conditions. As a specialized large-scale beef cattle, this cattle has good meat production performance, with slaughter rate of 65%-70% and lean meat rate of 85%-92%. The carcass weight of 16 month-old fattening cattle is 4 18 kg, and the slaughter rate is 60.3%. Charolais cows have a high milk yield, with a milk yield of 2,000 kg in one lactation period and a milk fat rate of 4.0%-4.7%. However, the dystocia rate of this kind of cattle in pure breeding is high (13.7%). Luxi yellow cattle producing area
It is mainly produced in Heze and Jining in the southwest of Shandong Province, starting from the Yellow River in the north, reaching the middle reaches of the Yellow River in the south and reaching the triangle on both sides of the canal in the east. There were 400,000 heads in the early 1980s, and now it has grown to more than 1 10,000 heads.
Production performance
According to the results of slaughter measurement, the average slaughter rate of 18-month-old steer was 57.2%, the net meat rate was 49.0%, the meat-to-meat ratio was 1: 6.0, the fat-to-meat ratio was 1: 4.23, and the eye muscle area was 89. 1 cm2. The average slaughter rate of adult cattle is 58. 1%, the net meat rate is 50.7%, the meat-to-meat ratio 1: 6.9, the fat-to-meat ratio 1: 37, and the eye muscle area is 94.2 square centimeters. The muscle fiber is fine, the meat quality is good, the fat is evenly distributed, and the marble pattern is obvious. Rapid growth and development, the body size of one-year-old can grow to 79% of that of adults, and the weight is equivalent to 10. 1 times the birth weight. Bull height 146.3cm, body length 160.9cm, chest circumference 206.36cm, weight 685. 18kg, and maximum weight 1040kg. The cortex is good, and there are no sprouting eyes after processing. Mild temperament, strong and disease-resistant, easy to raise and manage.
reproductive capacity
Dairy cows mature sexually early, and some can get pregnant as early as 8 months old. Generally, estrus begins at the age of 10- 12 months, and the estrus cycle varies from 16-35 days, with an average of 22 days; Estrus lasts 2-3 days. The average gestation period is 285 days, ranging from 270 days to 3 10 days. The average first estrus after delivery is 35 days, ranging from 22 days to 79 days.
Jining Luxi Yellow Cattle has fresh and tender meat, and fat is evenly deposited between muscle fibers, forming obvious marble lines, which has unparalleled advantages of improved varieties. Premier Zhou gave two Luxi yellow cattle to Japanese friends when he was alive. The price of marbled beef in Japan is more than twice that of ordinary beef. Beef and cowhide (the leather is dense and tough, and the advanced machine can be divided into six layers) are mostly used for export, and are well received by customers at home and abroad. The coat color of Qinchuan cattle is mostly purplish red and red, accounting for about 80% of the total, with less yellow. The head is square, the nose mirror is red, the angle is short, and it is fleshy, and most of them bend slightly outward or backward; Big body, balanced development of all parts, strong bones, full muscles and strong physique; The shoulders are long and oblique, the forequarters are well developed, the chest is deep and wide, the ribs are long and open, the back and waist are straight and wide, the length is moderate, and the sacrum is slightly raised, usually in an oblique shape; The limbs are stout and firm, with wide spacing between forelimbs, close hocks in hind limbs, round hooves, tight and hard hooves, mostly red.
Adult bulls weigh 600-800 kg. Easy fattening, delicate meat quality, high lean meat rate and obvious marble lines. 18-month-old fattening cattle gain an average of 550g (female) or 700g (male) per day, with an average slaughter rate of 58.3% and a net meat rate of 50.5%. Jinnan cattle are produced in Jinnan basin in the lower reaches of Fenhe River in the southwest of Shanxi Province, and are one of the famous local excellent yellow cattle breeds in China. Jinnan cattle participated in the crossbreeding improvement of China Holstein cattle in the early stage.
Variety show
Jinnan cattle have good meat production performance. Jinnan cattle is an ancient local breed of cattle, which is tall and stout, muscular, with well-developed forequarters and hindquarters, heat-resistant, bitter-resistant, and roughage-resistant, and has good performance. When fattening in the later stage of growth and development, the feed utilization rate and slaughter performance are good, which is one of the local meat and livestock varieties with great development prospects, but there are still some shortcomings such as poor breast development, low lactation and inclined tip. Yanbian cattle, also known as Korean cattle, is one of the excellent local cattle breeds in Northeast China and one of the five major beef cattle breeds in China. It is distributed in Yanji, Helong, Wangqing, Hunchun and neighboring counties in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of Jilin Province. Ning 'an, Hailin, Dongning, Linkou, Tangyuan, Huanan, Huachuan, Yilan, Boli, Wuchang, Shangzhi, Yanshou, Tonghe in Heilongjiang Province, Kuandian County in Liaoning Province and along the Yajiang River.
The bull weighs 480 kilograms and the cow weighs 380 kilograms. Good meat production performance, easy fattening, tender meat quality and marble-like muscle cross section. The slaughter rate is generally 40% ~ 48%, and the net meat rate is 35%. After short-term fattening, the slaughter rate can reach 54% and the net meat rate is 42%. Starting from the reality of aquaculture and people's life, this paper analyzes the reasons for the high price of beef and mutton: First, the adjustment of citizens' diet structure. With the improvement of living standards, people pay more and more attention to physical maintenance. Many people are afraid to eat pork because of some diseases. Cattle and sheep are herbivores, so they are green food, which is more conducive to people's health. Second, demand exceeds supply. From our city and even the whole country, the consumption of pork is decreasing year by year, and the consumption of beef and mutton is increasing year by year. Judging from the actual situation in rural areas, farmers raise more pigs and fewer cattle and sheep. Most of the young farmers are working outside the home, and only a few old people are farming, which is still free-range, but there are still not many large-scale farming. Therefore, the demand for beef and mutton will further intensify, and it is expected that the price will run at a high level in the future, and may even climb.
Beef cattle have been in short supply. Globally, beef accounts for more than half of meat in developed regions of the world, while China only accounts for about 10%. The average amount of beef in developed countries in the world is more than 50 kg, while that in China is less than 5 kg, especially in some southern areas is less than 2 kg. China has entered a well-off society in an all-round way, and beef is an integral part of the well-off index. People pay more attention to improving the quality and structure of good food, and the demand for beef, especially high-quality beef, will increase day by day.
Cattle are herbivores, with high feed utilization rate, the highest conversion rate among domestic animals, low cost and high return rate. Because it is a herbivore, it does not compete with humans for food, and its safety and health indicators are relatively high, close to natural green food. Cattle industry is an ancient and long-term stable industry. Numerous examples and practices have proved that some discerning businessmen and project contractors, after completing the accumulation of basic funds, put extra funds into animal husbandry and cattle raising.
Beef is nutritious, high in protein and low in fat. Its nutritional value is higher than pork and other meat products, and it is valued by modern family life that pays attention to nutrition and health care. Its meat is delicious, tender and not greasy, and easy to digest. Cowhide is the main raw material of leather industry. With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, more and more attention has been paid to the development and utilization of beef. The demand for beef cattle in food industry and leather industry is increasing, and the market demand for beef and cowhide is also increasing. Therefore, raising beef cattle is a good industry that benefits the country and the people! I hope that people with lofty ideals will seize the good opportunity and do their part. Management and benefit analysis of beef cattle
During the calf period, each cow needs to store 5-8 Jin of corn stalks and a small amount of distiller's grains or other weeds every day. Need 3-5 kg concentrate, including corn flour 60%, wheat bran 30% (bean cake or cottonseed cake, rapeseed cake), 10% optional. 30 cows need a catty of salt every day, and the cowshed is disinfected every two weeks for regular prevention. After the cattle enter the pen, they begin to deworm at intervals of one week, the first time and the second time are four days apart, and the two times can be cleaned with deworming nets.
Fattening period: each cow needs 8- 12 kg of grass, 5-8 kg of concentrate, grass 12- 15 kg of topdressing in the later period, 8- 10 kg of concentrate and 30% of grass.
An improved beef bull with a weight of about 300 kg needs to invest about 3,000 yuan, and the average monthly grass consumption is about 300 kg, which is equivalent to cash 30 yuan. Concentrate is about 240 kg per month, and cash is about 150 yuan. For example, the prevention of various diseases, salt for cattle, 30 yuan every month. Raising 200 cows requires two breeders and two forage preparation and management. The per capita salary is calculated according to the monthly 600 yuan, and the total salary of breeding for half a year is 14400 yuan. The salary per cow is not as high as that in 80 yuan. If the average monthly growth rate is 1.20 kg, it can be increased by 720 kg in half a year, and the original purchase of 300 kg can reach more than 1 0,000 kg. We can calculate the feeding cost of each cow as follows: (1) Each cow needs to invest about 3000 yuan; (2) The transportation and quarantine expenses are estimated to be about 100 yuan; (3) Feeding management salary is about 100 yuan; (4) Grass and concentrate are about 1 100 yuan; (5) Prevention of diseases and salt.
Feeding for six months, plus the weight when buying cattle, according to 1.200 kg, each cow can sell for about 8400 yuan. Excluding the total cost of 5000-5700 yuan per cow, the net profit of a cow is 3400-2700 yuan, which is not less than 2700 yuan in the case of poor management. In order to implement the spirit of the central document 1 and organize the implementation of the national animal husbandry subsidy project in 2009, on September 3-5, 2009, the Animal Husbandry Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Dairy Management Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and the National Animal Husbandry Station jointly held a national animal husbandry subsidy project management and technical training course in Changchun City, Jilin Province.
The subsidy project of 20 12 is different from previous years. Subsidized livestock breeds are expanded to include cows and pigs, involving more livestock breeds, and the scale of subsidies is further expanded, which indicates that the popularization and application of excellent livestock breeds in China has entered a new stage. The success of this training course will further promote the implementation of the livestock improved seed subsidy project in 2009, further fully implement the policy of benefiting farmers, and make due contributions to ensuring growth, people's livelihood, stability and effective supply of livestock products.
It is reported that the livestock seed subsidy project has been implemented for several years and has become an important starting point for promoting the development of modern animal husbandry in China. Further increase, almost the sum of the previous two years, in which the subsidy funds for improved pig varieties have increased substantially. The varieties of livestock that have been included in the improved seed subsidy have been expanded from cows and pigs to beef cattle and sheep, with two more varieties, and the number of counties that have subsidized improved seed pigs has increased from 200 to 400.
By the beginning of 1 1, there were 4 1833 heads (only) in the military farm of the Sixth Agricultural Division, respectively achieving a total social output value of 39 million yuan and a net income of1020,000 yuan, an increase of 201over the same period/kloc-0. Animal husbandry has become an important way to increase employees' income.
Farms actively promote farming techniques in rural areas, expand the scale of farming, support private brokers, promote the development of animal husbandry in group farms from traditional farming to modern animal husbandry industrialization with good reproduction, processing and sales, and fully implement the animal husbandry development plan of "100 million heads, 10,000 households and 10,000 heads". The farm has built 16 breeding communities, 793 pens, 59 new greenhouses and new pits1kloc-0/39 cubic meters, providing loans of 2.9 million yuan to 246 employees.
The farm has formulated the measures of "leading the farm to connect with the community, leading the company's cadres to connect with large households and covering the technician area", and implemented the "one-help-one-pair" assistance project to provide breeding management information for the clients, help farmers guarantee loans and solve the difficulties in farmers' production. The farm implements the three-level responsibility system of farmers, veterinary epidemic prevention personnel and company cadres for the prevention and control of livestock and poultry epidemic situation, and implements the reporting system for livestock and poultry entry and exit management. The farm actively guides workers to apply the top ten technologies of animal husbandry, improves the breeding system of cattle and sheep, and improves the popularization rate of improved varieties. In 2006, the farm improved 250 yellow cattle and 20 18 sheep.
Junken Farm actively supports large-scale breeding households, subsidizes 1 10,000 yuan for each household entering the breeding community, subsidizes 3 yuan for each cubic meter of farmers, builds a new "three-storage integrated" pool, and provides strains free of charge; Give priority to the purchase of animal husbandry machinery with 50% loan guarantee. The preferential policies of the farm have stimulated the enthusiasm of workers to develop animal husbandry, and nearly 20 large-scale farmers have emerged on the farm.