Cultivation method of Pleurotus ostreatus
Step 1: Prepare culture materials.
According to the proportion of cottonseed hull 72%, sawdust 15%, bran 10%, gypsum powder 1%, calcium superphosphate 1%, carbendazim 1%.
First, soak the cottonseed hull in 2% lime water 12~24 hours, take it out and drain it, and then mix it with other auxiliary materials evenly. Pay attention to the humidity of the culture material, and the water content of the ingredients is 60%~65%. When you hold the culture material in your hand, your fingers will ooze a little water, but it won't drip. It is best to adjust the ph value to 7~7.5. After mixing, the materials are piled for 3~5 days, during which the temperature is 70? Turn over the left and right sides to avoid overheating.
Step 2: sow.
First, spread a layer of agricultural film on the bottom of the bedstead, then spread the culture on the bedstead and compact it with wooden boards. The thickness of the culture medium is10 ~15cm. The thickness of the culture material is slightly thinner at high temperature and slightly thicker at low temperature, and the dry material per square meter of bed surface is about 15~20kg.
After paving, seeds can be sown, the hole distance is 5-8 cm, the hole depth is 3-5-8 cm, and 4-5 bottles of strains are used per square meter. Finally, sprinkle a layer of mushroom cover, spread a layer of newspaper on the bed surface after sowing, and then cover it with a layer of film.
Step 3: Fungal growth management
After sowing, the temperature of mushroom house should be controlled at 15~20? The relative humidity is about 70%. If the temperature is too high, after sowing 10, the film can be uncovered for 20min minutes every day.
Step 4: Mushroom production management
30~40 days after sowing, hyphae are full of culture materials, and at this time, the primordium of fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus appears grape-like, so the film covering the material surface can be peeled off, and the temperature of mushroom room should be controlled at 15? Probably, spray water to moisturize, adjust the humidity to about 90%, strengthen the ventilation of the mushroom house, and harvest it in about a week.
Types of Pleurotus ostreatus medium
1, main raw materials
The main raw material, also known as the main material, refers to a kind of nutrient with crude fiber as the main component, which can provide carbon nutrition and energy for the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium and accounts for a relatively large proportion in the culture department.
(1) Cottonseed hulls: Cottonseed hulls are the seed coats of delinted cottonseed, which are the leftovers of oil processing plants. The cottonseed hull accounts for 32-40% of the total weight of cottonseed. The annual output of cottonseed hulls in China is about 6.5438+0.2 million tons, most of which are used for edible fungi production. According to research, cottonseed hull is not only nutritious, but also loose in texture, strong in water absorption and good in physical properties. When soaked in water or pressurized, it does not harden, has good air permeability, can provide oxygen needed for mycelium growth, and is suitable for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation. There are many kinds of cottonseed hulls, including thick skins; There are coarse shells and fine shells, containing more wool and less wool, and how many cottonseed kernels are contained. Generally, velvet antler with thick shell and few shells and nuts with few shells are better than velvet antler with thin shell and many shells and nuts with many shells. However, the output of fine shell, multi-velvet and kernel shell is higher than that of coarse shell, low-velvet and kernel shell: users are advised to take into account and master flexibly when purchasing.
(2) Corn cob: Wang Mi cob with corn kernels removed, called corn cob or cob. China's corn planting area ranks third among grain crops, and the annual output of corn cob and corn stalk is about 90 million tons. The dry corn cob contains 8.7% water and 9 1.3% organic matter, including 2.0% protein, 0.7% crude fat, 28.2% crude fiber, O, 58.4% soluble carbohydrate, 2% crude ash, 0. 1% calcium and 0.
(3) Sawdust: The waste produced by a sawmill is called sawdust, and it can also be made by processing and crushing branches. Broad-leaved sawdust is most beneficial to the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus. The thickness of sawdust varies with processing tools and wood. Sawdust processed by band saw is finer than that processed by circular saw, and hardwood sawdust is better than cork sawdust. The sawdust used to cultivate Pleurotus ostreatus is thicker than fine, and hardwood sawdust is better than cork sawdust. The dry sawdust suitable for cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus tree species generally contains crude protein 1.5%, crude fat 1. 1%, crude fiber 7 1.2% and soluble carbohydrate 25.4%. Practice has proved that pine and fir sawdust can also be used in the production of Pleurotus ostreatus. Generally speaking, sawdust collected from sawmills usually contains pine and fir. Therefore, it should be placed for six months to one year before use, and the aromatic substances can be discharged through natural volatilization before normal use. The sawdust used for plastic bag cultivation should pass through a sieve with a pore size of 4 mm to remove impurities and spikes, so as not to puncture the material bag.
④ Others: Rice straw, bagasse, soybean straw and peanut shell are crushed into small particles as carbon source, and nitrogen source is added, which is also the cultivation material for cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus. However, the planting yield of these raw materials is not high, and the cultivation methods are not described in detail in this paper. If there are these raw materials, the author suggests that only a small amount of 5% can be added to the cultivation materials mainly composed of cottonseed hulls and corncobs.
2, auxiliary raw materials and chemicals
Auxiliary raw materials, also known as auxiliary materials, refer to nutrients that can supplement nitrogen sources, inorganic salts and growth factors in the culture medium and account for a small proportion in the culture medium. Accessories can not only supplement nutrition, but also improve the physical and chemical properties of the culture medium. Commonly used auxiliary materials can be divided into two categories: one is natural organic matter, such as bran and corn flour, which is mainly used to supplement the deficiency of nutrients such as organic nitrogen and water-soluble carbohydrates in the main materials. The other is chemical substances, which mainly supplement nutrition, such as urea and compound fertilizer.
1. Wheat bran: Wheat bran is a by-product of wheat grain processing flour; It contains 16 amino acids, especially cereal amino acids, accounting for 46%. Rich nutrition, loose texture and good air permeability. However, it is easy to breed mold, so it needs to be carefully selected as a culture medium and should not be spoiled and moldy.
2. Corn flour: Corn flour, also known as corn flour, is the crushed product of corn seeds. Generally, it contains 12.2% water and 87.8% organic matter. Because of its rich nutrition, the content of vitamin B2 is higher than other cereal crops. Adding 5- 10% to the edible fungus culture medium can enhance the vitality of mycelium and significantly improve the yield.
③ Urea: Urea is an organic nitrogen fertilizer with white crystals and a nitrogen content of 42? 46%, in the production of edible fungi, it is often used as supplementary nitrogen nutrition for mycelium culture, and its dosage is generally 0. 1-0.4%, and the addition amount should not be too large to avoid ammonia poisoning to mycelium.
(4) Lime: In the production of Pleurotus ostreatus, a proper amount of lime is added to the culture medium, which is mainly used to improve the pH value of the culture medium, kill or inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria and prevent the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria. Secondly, increasing calcium in the culture medium, improving the nutritional status of the culture medium and promoting the vigorous growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium have a certain effect on improving the yield. The general dosage is 1? 4%。
⑤. Compound fertilizer. Compound fertilizer refers to nitrogen and phosphorus; The compound fertilizer with high potassium content is gray and granular, which has great potential for increasing production. The nutrient content of imported compound fertilizer is higher than that of domestic compound fertilizer. For example, the imported compound fertilizer diammonium phosphate is used to prepare Pleurotus ostreatus culture material every 50kg 170 yuan, and the dosage is 0.2-0.4%. There are many kinds of domestic compound fertilizers, such as? Three yuan card? 、? Red card? Because of the low content, 50 kg is 160 yuan, and the amount used to prepare Pleurotus ostreatus culture material can be increased to 0.8- 1.2%. The compound fertilizer mentioned in this data formula refers to the domestic compound fertilizer.
⑥ Carbendazim: It is a broad-spectrum systemic sterilization with low toxicity to people and animals. Although carbendazim can not be directly sterilized, it has a strong antibacterial effect, and its sterilization mechanism is to interfere with the cell division of pathogenic substances. Carbendazim has stable chemical properties, is not easy to fail in acidic or alkaline environment, and can only be decomposed at 300-3 12℃. The dosage of carbendazim is too large. Although the success rate of cultivation is high, the residue of toxic substances in mushrooms will increase accordingly. Low toxicity does not mean non-toxic, so the dosage must be careful. The carbendazim in this data formula are all carbendazim with a content of 25% produced in pesticide plant, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu.
7. Kemeiling, also known as sodium dichloroisocyanurate. Due to the long-term use of a fungicide, miscellaneous bacteria are prone to drug resistance. Some users have reported that due to the use of carbendazim as an antibacterial agent for many years, no matter whether it is fermentation raw materials or clinker culture, miscellaneous bacteria are always out of control. Therefore, in this case, it is suggested to replace it with Comelin as much as possible. As an antifungal drug, Kemeiling has similar effective components and mechanism of action. When mixed into the culture medium at a dosage of 0. 1%, it has a strong control effect on Chlorella, Aspergillus flavus and Alternaria. The disadvantage is that it is easy to decompose when it encounters high temperature above 70℃.