Fire is almost the most common and likely disaster around us, so it is very necessary for us to master some knowledge of fire escape and self-help. Because people in a fire may suffer from burns, suffocation, poisoning, explosion danger, falling objects and other accidental injuries, the basic principle of avoiding danger in a fire is to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, and escape first.
1, calm down first. First of all, calm down. If the fire is not big, we can take measures to put it out as soon as possible. If the fire is fierce, call the police at the first time and evacuate quickly.
2. Pay attention to the wind direction. The evacuation direction should be determined according to the wind direction when the fire occurs, and the wind should leave the fire area quickly before the fire spreads. Generally speaking, when the fire floor is above your own floor, you should run downstairs quickly. When you escape, you should pay attention to closing the doors and windows on the passage to prevent and delay the flow of smoke to the escape passage.
3, towel nose. Fire smoke has the characteristics of high temperature and high toxicity, and it is easy to cause respiratory system burns or poisoning after inhalation. So cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel when you escape, and try to avoid shouting loudly to prevent smoke from entering your mouth. You can also find water to wet your clothes and a cloth to cover your nose and mouth. When passing through the dense smoke area, you should move forward in the lowest position or prone position as much as possible. Be careful. Breathe small and shallow.
4. Tie a rope and run away. The passage of the building was blocked by fire. When there is no way to escape, you can tear sheets, quilts or curtains into strips to form a rope, fasten the windowsill and slide down along the rope. If you have a rope at home, you can tie one end directly to the door, window cabinet or heavy object and climb down along the other end. In this process, we should pay attention to the use of hands and feet (the feet twist and clamp the rope, and the hands climb down alternately), and also pay attention to protecting the handle to prevent it from being detached or worn when slipping.
5. Take temporary refuge. In the case of nowhere to escape, we should actively look for temporary shelters. If you are in a comprehensive multi-functional large-scale building, you can use the refuge room located at the end of the elevator, corridor and near the bathroom to avoid the harm of fireworks. If you are temporarily trapped indoors, close all doors and windows leading to the fire area, block the cracks between doors and windows with soaked bedding and clothes, and pour water to cool down to prevent external flames and smoke from invading. When trapped, you should take the initiative to contact the outside world in order to be rescued as soon as possible.
6. Avoid leaning against the wall. Firefighters grope along the wall when they enter the burning house, so when they are suffocated by smoke and lose their ability to save themselves, they should try to roll to the wall or door. At the same time, it can also prevent the house from falling and hurting yourself.
These are some basic ways to escape and save yourself in a fire. So, what problems should be paid attention to in the specific environment?
First, the family fire escape.
One day, you were surfing the Internet leisurely in your bedroom when you suddenly smelled a pungent smell. Turning my head, I found smoke pouring in from the living room, and then I saw a bright fire. Fuoco! What should you do in the face of blazing flames?
1, judge the fire. If there is a fire at home, you should run away immediately. If the fire is outside your house, try to see if the doorknob and door are hot by hand. If you don't feel hot, you can lean your body and feet against the door, carefully open the door and observe the fire outside. If the smoke is filled, hot air forcibly enters the house through the crack of the door, or the hand reaches over the door and feels hot, you should immediately close the door, splash water on the door, and seal the door with wet quilts, towels and other items to temporarily prevent the fire from spreading to the house. If the door is not hot, it means that the fire is not big. You should leave the room as soon as possible and close the door behind you. If all the escape routes are blocked by fire, please return to your room immediately.
2. Use space. This method can be used in the case of large indoor space and small fire area. Clean up the combustible materials in the room (both the bathroom and the kitchen can be used, preferably there is water in the room), and at the same time, remove some combustible materials in the room connected with this room to relieve the threat of open flame to doors and windows, then close the doors and windows connected with the burning area to prevent smoke and toxic gases from entering, and wait for the fire to go out or the rescue of the fire brigade.
3, the quilt is away from the fire. If you have time, you can use a soaked quilt (or blanket or cotton-padded clothes) to escape. If there is a baby at home, you can gently cover his face with a wet cloth, hold him in one hand and climb out on the ground with the other.
4. Climb and transfer. When the fire spreads rapidly from bottom to top and the stairs are blocked, residents living upstairs can quickly climb to the roof through tiger windows and skylights. And transfer to the stairs of another house or unit for evacuation. You can also climb to the balcony, the outer edge of the window sill and the scaffolding, awning and other protrusions around the building to avoid the fire. When there is a falling water or water supply pipeline on the wall outside the room, people with ability can use the pipeline to escape. However, it should be noted that the number of people falling at a time should not be too large, so as to prevent people from falling due to pipeline damage during escape.
5. Take refuge in the bathroom. When there is no escape, you can hide in the bathroom. Plug the door with a towel, pour water on the ground to cool down, or lie in a bathtub full of water to escape.
Second, the hotel fire exits
When you travel or do business, staying in a hotel is inevitable. Because of the complex fire-fighting and power facilities, relatively dense personnel, complex building structure and many combustibles, the fire occurrence rate is extremely high and the danger is quite great. What should you do if you are awakened by a fire in a hotel room in the middle of the night?
1, be familiar with the safety exit. Behind the door of the hotel, you can usually find a schematic diagram of safe evacuation, indicating the location of the room and the location of the safety exit, and indicating the evacuation direction with red arrows. It is best to walk along the route in person, so that in case of fire accident, you can evacuate in the shortest time.
2. delay the fire. Before you escape, you must close the door of the room with fire. Especially in hotels with many rooms, this measure can limit the flame and smoke in one room, so as not to spread rapidly, and can win valuable escape time for yourself and others.
3. Use fire-fighting facilities. Some hotels are equipped with self-rescue descent devices and self-rescue ropes to help guests escape quickly. At the same time, the general high-rise hotel's own fire hardware facilities are also relatively perfect. For example, the stairwell is smoke-proof or closed, not far from the room. As long as you quickly enter the stairwell, most of them will survive.
4. obey the command. Be sure to follow the oral guidance and broadcast guidance of the staff to evacuate.
Third, the mall market fire exits
Shopping malls are inseparable from our lives. When you are shopping in the mall, you suddenly see smoke coming out of the mall, and then you see flames. What would you do? Do you stay where you are, go with the flow, or calmly determine the escape route? Different choices may determine whether you can escape smoothly.
Escape in time. When there is a fire, you should take immediate measures to escape whether you are shopping or paying money. Try to avoid flammable and explosive areas such as electrical appliances and clothes when fleeing.
1, calm down first. First of all, calm down. If the fire is not big, we can take measures to put it out as soon as possible. If the fire is fierce, call the police at the first time and evacuate quickly.
2. Pay attention to the wind direction. The evacuation direction should be determined according to the wind direction when the fire occurs, and the wind should leave the fire area quickly before the fire spreads. Generally speaking, when the fire floor is above your own floor, you should run downstairs quickly. When you escape, you should pay attention to closing the doors and windows on the passage to prevent and delay the flow of smoke to the escape passage.
3, towel nose. Fire smoke has the characteristics of high temperature and high toxicity, and it is easy to cause respiratory system burns or poisoning after inhalation. So cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel when you escape, and try to avoid shouting loudly to prevent smoke from entering your mouth. You can also find water to wet your clothes and a cloth to cover your nose and mouth. When passing through the dense smoke area, you should move forward in the lowest position or prone position as much as possible. Be careful. Breathe small and shallow.
4. Tie a rope and run away. The passage of the building was blocked by fire. When there is no way to escape, you can tear sheets, quilts or curtains into strips to form a rope, fasten the windowsill and slide down along the rope. If you have a rope at home, you can tie one end directly to the door, window cabinet or heavy object and climb down along the other end. In this process, we should pay attention to the use of hands and feet (the feet twist and clamp the rope, and the hands climb down alternately), and also pay attention to protecting the handle to prevent it from being detached or worn when slipping.
5. Take temporary refuge. In the case of nowhere to escape, we should actively look for temporary shelters. If you are in a comprehensive multi-functional large-scale building, you can use the refuge room located at the end of the elevator, corridor and near the bathroom to avoid the harm of fireworks. If you are temporarily trapped indoors, close all doors and windows leading to the fire area, block the cracks between doors and windows with soaked bedding and clothes, and pour water to cool down to prevent external flames and smoke from invading. When trapped, you should take the initiative to contact the outside world in order to be rescued as soon as possible.
6. Avoid leaning against the wall. Firefighters grope along the wall when they enter the burning house, so when they are suffocated by smoke and lose their ability to save themselves, they should try to roll to the wall or door. At the same time, it can also prevent the house from falling and hurting yourself.
The first trick: be familiar with the environment and memorize the export.
When you are in a strange environment, for your own safety, you must pay attention to evacuation routes, safety exits and stairs, so as to escape from the scene as soon as possible at a critical time. Please remember: feel at ease, be prepared for danger in times of peace, and reserve a passage for yourself.
The second measure: the exit of the passage is unimpeded.
Stairs, passages, exits, etc. It is the most important escape route in case of fire. They should be kept clear, and sundries should not be piled up or locked, so as to pass safely and quickly in an emergency. Please remember: if you kill yourself, you will die.
The third measure: put out small fires and benefit others.
When a fire breaks out, if it is found that the fire is not big and poses no great threat to human beings, and there are enough fire extinguishing equipment around, such as fire extinguishers and fire hydrants, we should try our best to control and put out the small fire; Don't make a hullabaloo about in panic, run around, and a small fire is left unattended, which will lead to great disaster. Please remember: race against time to put out the "first fire"
The fourth measure: keep calm, recognize the direction and evacuate quickly.
In case of sudden fire, in the face of smoke and fire, we should first force ourselves to remain calm, quickly judge the dangerous place and safe place, decide the escape mode and evacuate the dangerous place as soon as possible. Don't blindly follow people, crowd each other and rush about. When evacuating, you should pay attention to running to a bright or open place outdoors and try to run below the floor. If the passage has been blocked by fireworks, you should leave with your back to the direction of fireworks and escape to the outside through balconies, transoms, roofs, etc. Please remember: only when people are calm can they come up with a good solution.
The fifth measure: don't be in danger, don't be greedy for property.
If you are in danger, you should evacuate as soon as possible. Don't waste your escape time looking for and moving valuables because you are shy or worried about them. People who have fled the danger must not return to the danger zone and be trapped. Please remember: if you stay in the green hills, you are not afraid of running out of firewood.
The sixth measure: simple protection, crawling with your nose.
When you escape through a route full of smoke, you should prevent smoke poisoning and suffocation. In order to prevent the smoke from choking in the fire, you can cover your nose with a towel and a mask and climb away. Smoke is lighter than air and floats in the upper part. Evacuation near the ground is the best way to avoid inhaling smoke and filter out toxic gases. Wear protective equipment such as gas mask, helmet, flame retardant and heat insulation clothing when crossing the fireworks blockade area. If you don't have these protective equipment, you can pour cold water on your head and body or wrap your head and body with wet towels, wet quilts and wet blankets before rushing out. Please remember: it is better to have more protective tools in your hand than to be unarmed.
The seventh measure: make good use of the passage and don't enter the elevator.
Buildings designed and built according to codes and standards will have more than two escape stairs, passages or safe sunlight. In case of fire, you should choose to enter the relatively safe stairwell according to the situation. In addition to using stairs, you can also use the balcony, windowsill and roof of the building to climb to a safe place around, and slide down the stairs along the protrusions in the building structure such as downpipes and lightning wires to escape from danger. In high-rise buildings, once a fire breaks out, the power supply system of the elevator will be cut off at any time, or people will be trapped in the elevator because of the thermal deformation of the elevator. At the same time, because the elevator shaft is like a through chimney, toxic smoke directly threatens the lives of trapped people. Please remember: it is extremely dangerous to take the elevator when you escape.
The eighth measure: slow down and escape, and slide the rope to save yourself.
High-rise and multi-storey public buildings are generally equipped with high-altitude descent devices or lifeline, through which people can safely leave dangerous floors. Without these special facilities, and the safe passage has been blocked, rescuers can't arrive in time, so they can use ropes or sheets, curtains, clothes, etc. quickly. Make a simple lifeline by your side, wet it with water, and then slowly slide along the rope from the windowsill or balcony to the lower floor or ground; Escape safely. Please remember: be bold and cautious, and the lifeline is in sight.
The ninth trick: shelter and insist on assistance.
If you feel hot when you touch the door with your hand, once you open the door; Flame and smoke are destined to face each other. The escape route was cut off and there was no rescue for a short time. At this time, we can take measures to create shelters and stick to those who are waiting for help. First of all, close the doors and windows facing the fire, open the doors and windows facing the fire, block the doors with wet towels and wet cloth, or cover the windows with a quilt soaked in water, and then constantly spray the room with water to prevent fireworks from infiltrating, and stay in the room until rescuers arrive. Please remember: Why is Strong Shield afraid of sharp spears?
The tenth trick: slow down for help.
People trapped by fireworks who can't escape temporarily should try to stay in balconies, windows and other places that are easy to be found and can avoid close contact with fireworks. During the day, you can throw bright clothes out of the window or throw light and dazzling things outside; At night, you can use a flashlight to keep flashing or knocking on things in the window, and send out an effective distress signal in time to attract the attention of rescuers. Please remember: only by fully exposing yourself can we strive to save ourselves effectively.
Eleventh trick: the fire has reached you, don't run.
If people in the fire find themselves on fire, they must not run away or beat with their hands. When the clothes on your body are on fire, you should try to take off your clothes or roll on the spot to suppress the flame; It is more effective to jump into the water in time or have someone water it and spray fire extinguishing agent on your body. Please remember: it's embarrassing to roll on the spot, but fire can be avoided.
Twelfth trick: jumping off a building is skillful, although it hurts survival.
Jumping to escape is also an escape method, but it should be noted that only when firefighters prepare life-saving air cushions and jump directly, or when the floor is not high (generally below 4 floors), they will be burned to death. You should also talk about skills when jumping off a building. When jumping off a building, try to jump into the middle of the life-saving air cushion or choose the direction of pool, hood and grass. If possible, try to hold some soft objects such as quilts and sofa cushions tightly or open a big umbrella to jump down to slow down the impact. If you jump off a building with your bare hands, you must scrape the windowsill or balcony, let your body droop naturally and try to reduce the vertical distance. Before landing, put your head in your hands and bend your body into a ball to reduce injuries. Please remember: jumping off a building is not suicide, the key is to have a way.
I) in the company
Everyone must work in the same place as me. Whether it's a town tower or a river view room, it's usually at the top of more than ten floors. Then, if you work on the 27th floor of a 33rd floor building like me, what will you do if there is a fire in this building?
1. What should I do?
First of all, quickly find the fire escape and run downstairs (there must be no leser in the elevator). If smoke has spread, you should lower your position and move quickly. Never move upstairs, because 95% of the towers in Shanghai have locked balconies, so don't imagine being saved on the balcony.
2. What would you do if you found the 9th floor on fire when you went down to 10 floor?
First of all, don't fantasize that you can break through the fire point, because the temperature in the center of the fire point is above 1000 degrees, so you can't go back, so don't stay on the adjacent floor, and the temperature is also around several hundred degrees (in addition, if there is no soaked towel, it can last up to 3 minutes, and if there is this towel, it can last up to 1.5 minutes). You have to turn around quickly and climb to 65438+.
3. What kind of room is suitable?
First of all, it is not the bathroom, because most people in the fire are not burned to death, but suffocated. Most bathrooms in the building have no windows in the middle of each floor. So you must find a room closest to the main road (so that you will be the first target of firemen's rescue). This room must have windows and no security net (I know for the first time that in all fires, people in security window are always the last to be rescued, so that the most people can be effectively rescued in a short time). When you and your colleagues enter this room, the first action is to close the door. The second action is to seal all the air conditioning outlets you can see with your most commonly used tape, and the third action is to break the windows of your room. Of course, if there are many people, these actions can be performed at the same time.
If you are worried that the windows of the building are tempered glass, tell your strong male colleagues not to bump into the middle of the glass. The four corners of tempered glass are the weakest parts of these glasses, and it is easy to cut them with sharp instruments.
Moreover, no matter at home or in the office, as long as you are above the third floor, don't just choose to "jump off a building to escape". Countless people who died because of this have already explained that all of them are not Spider-Man or Superman.
4. What should I do when I stay in my room?
1) First of all, don't shout for help or "help", because you will consume more oxygen and inhale too much carbon monoxide and nitrogen, so that you can see God before your colleagues;
2) Second, if it is in the daytime, look for brightly colored clothes or cloth strips and throw them out of the window to attract attention; If it is at night, you should use a flashlight to attract attention, but in a fire, if there is no flashlight, a lighter is definitely not a good choice, because in a fire, a lighter will not obviously lead to the explosion of combustible gas.
3) Third, any towel soaked in fire is a welcome thing. Covering your eyes and nose will keep you going for a long time, thus giving firefighters more time to save you.
4) Learn to use fire extinguishers, "one lift, two pulls, three aiming and four spraying", and pay attention to distinguish dry powder and dry ice fire extinguishers. When your colleagues or family members catch fire, you can only spray them with dry powder fire extinguishers, otherwise the dry ice at minus 70 degrees emitted by the dry ice fire extinguishers will make their burning body muscles explode.
(2) at home
Although the cause of the fire at home is more complicated than that in the office, there are only two reasons: kitchen and household appliances.
● 1. Kitchen
1) What if there is a fire in the pot when cooking (this is very common in Chinese cooking and has become the cooking style of some chefs)?
Be sure to be quick, very quick, pick up the lid from the direction in front of you, level it along the lid, and turn off the fire.
Speed-that is, before this fire ignites your beautiful European or Chinese range hood, if your range hood is ignited, please leave the fire quickly and call the police. Because it is full of oil, such a fire is beyond your control.
2) If your clothes or body are ignited by flying oil flowers, you should:
Take off your burning clothes quickly and warn all your family members not to use water. Don't use water to put out the fire on your clothes and body. There was once a young husband who, in this case, spilled a basin of water on his beloved wife, and the fire spread to her along the mixture of water and oil. Originally, she may have just burned the skin on her hand, but because of her husband's behavior, she confessed her life experience.
If you take off your clothes, but it's useless, and your dermis begins to burn (even if the fire is not caused by oil flowers), please warn yourself and your family not to use water, because every fat molecule in your dermis is oil, and the water molecules sprinkled on your head will break your muscles and dermis.
Please don't use your hands too. There was once another young husband who, in a hurry, slapped his wife's flame with his hand. Every time he slaps, his wife screams. Every time he raised his hand, it was accompanied by blood and meat from his wife. This wife is a teacher in a middle school in Hongkou District. In this fire caused by household appliances, the husband patted her with his hand, dragged his wife to roll on the ground, and used a quilt, but none of them could stop her from getting deep third-degree burns all over her body. The doctor saved her life with brilliant medical skills and announced that her body needed to be repaired. The medical expenses were 3,500 yuan per square centimeter. Maybe that's all.
At this time, unless you have a dry powder fire extinguisher or a lot of yellow sand, these are the two most impossible things at home. The most reliable way is to cover your whole person with a thick quilt-quilt means-a quilt made of cotton by mom or grandma, instead of a nine-hole or seven-hole quilt sold in the supermarket-to extinguish the fire by isolating the air-because those nine-hole quilts are not thick enough. Besides, don't fantasize about using something that looks like yellow sand, such as rice. They will all explode in the wound of the person you love.
In addition, if these quilts stick to your burn wound-please tell the family members who sent you to the hospital when you were unconscious-you must be sent to the hospital with the inseparable quilt, and the doctor will divide you. Otherwise, every part of your body attached to the quilt will become a huge wound.
3) If you smell a gas leak at home, what should you do?
First of all, first of all, open the window-opening the window is not to let the gas escape, but to prevent you from fainting because of lack of oxygen in the gas; Secondly, you should turn off the main gas valve; Third, you should pick up your mobile phone and call the police downstairs.
If this happens in dry winter, please move out of your home slowly and steadily, otherwise the static electricity carried on the sweater will become the ignition point of the explosion.
4) Gas has a taste, while natural gas has no taste, so the taste is unreliable. Therefore, a gas leak alarm must be installed, and its loud hum must be enough to wake you and your family.
Wu Kang Village, Baoshan District, Shanghai is one of the earlier intelligent communities in Shanghai, which is equipped with relatively complete fire fighting and gas leakage alarm devices. However, in 2003, there was still one incident that could not be reported in newspapers.
The main gas pipeline leaked downstairs in a residential area, and it was poured into a building in the residential area through the sewer. The residents in the building are asleep. After such a night, there are still two families alive in the building-35 residents of other families have quietly passed away in their sleep. The two surviving families are the only two families that turn on the power of the gas leakage alarm device. They were awakened by the buzzer, left home and called the police.
5) No matter at night or just coming home from work, if you hear the buzzer ring, please never give up your usual action-turn on the light-it will kill you in the explosion!
● 2. Electrical equipment
1) Turn off the TV and computer completely.
Last night, in a family in Xuhui District, the owner habitually turned off the TV with the remote control before going to bed. Because their TV was too tired to stand by for a long time, a fire broke out. This habitual action made the owner lose his only son and his only right hand.
All household appliances, except refrigerators, are designed to work all night. You can't and shouldn't work all night when you sleep-especially chargers and televisions.
2) Don't have more than three electrical appliances on a distribution frame.
I believe that the students who worked in Lujiazui last month enjoyed the huge smoke from the top floor of the World Financial Building with me-today we finally know the cause of the incident. Three workers inserted three cutting machines into the same patch panel, and a huge fireball swallowed them up instantly. The most serious one of them lost a leg-which led to this magnificent fire in Lujiazui financial district-please forgive the Japanese people who still can't escape from natural and man-made disasters.
If you find traces of yellowing and blackening on a wiring board at home, or sparks flying when plugging in something, it means a small short circuit has occurred-please replace the wiring board immediately.
3) Don't leave the mobile phone charger in the socket overnight, and don't charge any electricity when sleeping.
It is said that the chargers and batteries of Moto and Nokia exploded on the spot in the latest quality inspection, and some people said that the qualified rate of their mobile phone batteries was less than 20%, but one thing is certain-never put the mobile phone on the pillow when sleeping-a woman lost her right face in three fires/explosions caused by mobile phone charging in Shanghai last year.