(1) Universal Grammar: A discipline that studies the grammar of human language, and its significance lies in discovering the grammatical mechanism of human language.
(2) Individual Grammar: The study of individual language grammar includes both the study of the grammatical system of a language and the study of grammar different from other languages. Its significance lies in discovering the unique grammatical phenomena of various languages.
3. Classification of grammatical phenomena:
(1) Traditional grammar divides grammar into two parts:
(1) Lexical part (morphology): Describe the morphological characteristics and changing rules of words.
(2) Syntactic part (sentence-making method): mainly explaining sentence components and sentence types.
(2) Structural Grammar divides grammar into two rules:
① Combination rules: From different linear positions, we can see how they all match each other.
(2) Aggregation rules: From the linear position, they are mutually substitutable.
(3) Modern formal grammar divides grammar into two levels:
① Core grammar level: rules of syntactic structure.
② Peripheral grammar: including vocabulary knowledge, semantic knowledge and phonetic knowledge related to grammar.
Grammatical units are usually divided into four levels or four types: (five levels or five types)
Morpheme: the smallest language unit that combines sound and meaning.
② Word: the smallest meaningful language unit that can be used independently.
Phrase: A meaningful language unit that can be used independently.
Sentence: A combination of several words or phrases according to certain rules, which can express a relatively complete meaning.
There is a certain tone and a big pause in sentence tone.
⑤ Sentence group (sentence group, paragraph, article): It is composed of multiple sentences, expressing interrelated and complicated meanings.
A linguistic unit expressed in writing as a set of sentences, paragraphs or articles.
5. Grammatical units actually have different relationships with each other:
① Quantitative change relationship: that is, grammatical units only increase or decrease the number of components, but their properties and functions remain unchanged.
(2) qualitative change: that is, grammatical units show differences in function, but the number of components may remain the same.
6. The differences between grammatical units at the same level are quantitative (quantitative relationship can also be called component relationship).
A morpheme group must contain multiple morphemes, a phrase must contain multiple words, and a sentence group must contain multiple sentences.
The differences between grammatical units at different levels are functional (qualitative relations can also be called constitutive relations)
(2) Morphemes and morphemes acquire sentence-making function to become words, and words and phrases acquire expression function to become sentences.
Section 3 Grammatical Form and Grammatical Meaning
1, syntax:
(1) Rules on language forms (grammatical forms do not refer to all forms in a language, but only forms that can reflect grammatical meanings)
(2) Provisions on Language Meaning (Grammatical meaning does not refer to all the meanings in the language, but only those embodied in grammatical forms. )
2. Grammatical form: a form that can reflect grammatical meaning. Grammatical means is the main category of grammatical forms.
3. Grammatical meaning: the meaning embodied in grammatical form. Grammatical category is the main means of grammatical meaning.