Island tourism; Tourism development; Islands; changhai county
Island tourism, as a kind of exquisite tourism that integrates man and nature, attracts a large number of tourists from all over the world with its mysterious and distant characteristics. Developing tourism in island areas is conducive to overcoming unfavorable factors such as narrow terrain, isolation and lack of resources; It has also played a positive role in revitalizing the regional economy, increasing the income of local residents, breaking the single economic model with fishery as the main industry, and making the economy of island areas move towards the road of sustainable development. Phuket in Thailand, Bali in Indonesia, Jeju in South Korea, Okinawa in Japan, Balearic Islands and Canary Islands in Spain, Caribbean Islands in Central and North America and Cyprus and Malta in the Mediterranean Sea have become world-famous tourist attractions, and tourism has become their pillar industries and important sources of foreign exchange income. It can be seen that the success or failure of island tourism development is of great practical significance to regional economic development. China's island tourism just started in the mid-1980s, with a short development time, and the research on island tourism is quite limited. Taking tourism in Changhai County of Liaoning Province as an example, this paper discusses the development characteristics of this kind of island tourism and puts forward corresponding countermeasures in order to provide reference for the development of island tourism in China.
First, the advantages of island tourism resources in Changhai County
Changhai County, Liaoning Province is located in the northern part of the Yellow Sea, on the east side of Liaodong Peninsula, 52 n miles away from Dalian in the west and across the sea from the Korean Peninsula in the east. At present, Changhai County consists of 142 islands, tuo and reef, with a land area of 1 19.24 km2 and a sea-crossing area of 7,648km2. The main islands are Dachangshan Island, Xiaochangshan Island, Guanglu Island, Zhangzi Island, Island, Gexian Island, Guapi Island, Haxian Island and Sri Island. Among them, more than 20 islands have permanent residents. Island landscape is the main body of tourism resources in Changhai County. On the coastline of 428.5km, "sea, mountain, reef and beach" are integrated, shining in the vast smoke waves, and the sparkling clear water presents a fairyland on earth. Because of its unique geographical location, natural environment, historical culture and socio-economic background, Changhai County has incomparable advantages and characteristics compared with other island areas and coastal areas.
1. Charming island scenery
Changshan Archipelago is an extension of Changbai Mountain range, and then sank to the bottom of the sea with the northern plain of the Yellow Sea, and the original ridge peak suddenly formed an archipelago. Changhai county belongs to the bedrock coast, where the coastline is tortuous, the headland is distributed, the hills are close to the sea, and the bedrock is exposed. Under the constant abrasion of waves, various marine erosion landscapes have been formed. Yuanmen Reef on Dachangshan Island, Elephant Trunk Mountain on Dahuzi Island, Swallow Mountain on the island, and marine erosion on the winding coastline of the island, such as Ren Mei Reef, Monkey Stone, Lion Stone, Wannian Ship, Rock, Stove and Sea Stone Forest, all belong to this category. Shicheng Island has Yinwo Stone Forest, which is called "Small Guilin on the Sea", Neptune Nine Island with nine pearls embedded in the northeast of the county, Black Rock Reef and Baishi Reef (commonly known as "black and white stone" is a unique reef combination), and the mountains and deep lakes in Laotieshan Scenic Area of Guanglu Island make Changhai County more attractive.
Changhai county has many excellent beaches, which are natural beaches. By 2000, the county had developed and built 10 bathing beaches. The developed beaches in Changhai mainly include Sidaogou, Shajian, Sujiawan, Southwest Shicheng Island, Beihai and Golden Beach. The beaches in the county are wide and flat, the sea water is clear and clean, the natural conditions are good, and the development potential is huge. The park around the sea in Changhai County is covered with green trees and fragrant flowers, and the new building is colorful. Cultural landscapes such as "Twin Peaks and Chaoyang", "Watching the Tide in Poseidon", Sanyuan Palace and Four Stones compete with natural beauty, which is particularly enchanting. Mr. Guo Moruo, a famous poet in China, was intoxicated by the scenery here and left an immortal poem: "The boat hangs in front of the nest, the sun is shining and the sea is flat, the Wang Yang is green in indigo, and the coral on the small fish is painted on the screen." Today, the average forest coverage rate in Changhai County is 62%, and the local forest coverage rate is over 90%. It has been rated as a national island forest park, a provincial-level scenic spot and one of the top 50 in Liaoning Province. It is divided into nine scenic spots: Changshan Island, Haxian Island Island, Guanglu Island, Zhangzi Island, Island, Uman Island, Guapi Island Island and Gexian Island, which adds infinite charm to Changhai County, as shown in Table 1.
2. A pleasant climate and beautiful environment
Changhai county is surrounded by the sea, and the natural adjustment of the ocean makes Changhai county have a pleasant semi-humid monsoon climate. There are four distinct seasons, plenty of sunshine, fresh air, not very hot in summer and very cold in winter. The annual average temperature is 9.6 ~ 10.5℃, which is milder than that in inland areas of the same latitude, and the annual range and diurnal temperature range is smaller. It has the reputation of "natural air conditioner" and "natural oxygen bar", which is especially suitable for leisure and summer vacation. Because it is far away from the hubbub and there is no polluting industry, the atmospheric environment and seawater quality here have reached the national first-class standards. The pleasant climate, clear sea water, blue sky, flocks of seabirds, golden beaches, sea caves and strange rocks constitute a beautiful and magnificent island landscape.
3. Long history and profound cultural heritage.
The cultural landscape of Changhai County is well preserved, with 43 places. According to more than 30 unearthed shells and a large number of unearthed stone tools, bone implements, pottery and other cultural relics, as early as the Neolithic age 6000 years ago, people flourished on the island, fishing and farming, creating the early Changhai civilization. At present, these cultural relics are well preserved and can be visited by tourists. Because Changhai County is located in the frontier fortress, the gateway of Beijing and Tianjin, it has been a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties. 1894 The Sino-Japanese War of 1894 broke out in the northeast waters of Changshan Islands. 1904 Russo-Japanese War, 193 1 September 18th Incident, when the Japanese invaded the northeast of China and the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, Changhai County was listed as a temporary base, which provided rich cultural resources for the development of tourism in Changhai County.
4. Rich seafood specialties
Changhai county is located in the famous island fishing ground and is known as the natural fish warehouse. Fish, shrimp, crab, shellfish and algae are extremely rich in resources. There are more than 0 species of high-quality sea cucumber, Haliotis discus hannai, Dalian purple sea urchin, China shrimp, Meretrix meretrix, conch, scallop, etc. 10, and nearly 100 kinds of economic fish such as snakehead, black snapper, star eel and flounder. These seafood products can be used to make seafood dishes with long flavor, such as roasted sea cucumber, prawn, steamed abalone, fried scallop, fried snail, rinsed clam, roasted shark's fin and so on. Can make tourists feast their eyes and linger. Rich seafood has developed the "seafood culture" of Changhai County and become an advantage to attract tourists.
Second, the development status of tourism in Changhai County
As the only island border county in China, Changhai County has beautiful scenery and many islands, which has the unique advantage of developing tourism and integrates "3S" (seawater, sunshine and beach) tourism resources. Although tourism in Changhai County just started in 1990s, it has developed rapidly. According to statistics, from 1990 to 2002, the number of tourists received in Changhai County increased from195,000 to 440,000, an increase of nearly 126%. The comprehensive economic income of tourism increased from 2.006 million yuan to 65.438+0.23 billion yuan, an increase of about 66.5438+0 times (Figure 65.438+0). In 2002, the county's comprehensive tourism income accounted for 5% of the county's GDP. Tourism has become a pillar industry and advantageous industry in Changhai County, and it is also an important industry to be developed in the future. Through the regression analysis of tourism and GDP in Changhai County, the regression equation Y = 360 18.72+8.255×X (where Y is GDP and X is tourism output value) is obtained, which means that the GDP of Changhai County will increase by 360.27 million yuan for every percentage point increase in tourism output value. It can be seen that tourism in Changhai County plays a great role in promoting its economic development, which has promoted the development of transportation, catering, construction, commerce, communication, culture and other related industries in Changhai County. At the same time, the development of tourism in Changhai County is not only a part of Dalian's goal of building an international scenic tourist city, but also one of the contents of building "Liaoning on the Sea". Therefore, it is of great significance to develop tourism in Changhai County. Although the tourism industry in Changhai County has developed rapidly in recent years, it is still necessary to increase efforts to develop the tourism industry and make the tourism industry in Changhai County bigger and stronger.
Third, the problems in the development of tourism in Changhai County
Changhai County is the only unique island tourist area in Northeast China. However, due to its late start and low investment, the level and depth of tourism resources development are far from enough, and many tourist attractions are little known. Despite the rapid development of tourism in Changhai County, there is still a big gap compared with the island tourism developed areas at home and abroad.
1. System bottlenecks and other factors restrict the development of tourism.
Tourism is a comprehensive industry, involving all sectors of society. Without a sound and powerful management system, tourism cannot develop normally. At present, although Changhai has a high enthusiasm for developing tourism, the reform of tourism system is relatively backward, the law is not perfect, the problems of multi-management and separation of government from enterprise are serious, the internal structure of tourism units is unreasonable, and the relationship between tourism-related departments and industries has not been unified and coordinated by tourism commission and other institutions, which has affected the development potential and future development space of Changhai tourism. In addition, as a border county in China, Changhai County is not completely open to the outside world, which objectively affects the development of its tourism industry.
2. Insufficient infrastructure and low service level.
Due to the shortage of funds and poor financing channels, the following problems have been caused: (1) The traffic problem is still the "bottleneck" that restricts the development of tourism in Changhai County. After tourists enter the island, they are worried that they can't get in or out. The passenger routes between the island and the land are not very developed, and there are only five at present. The road to the scenic spots is not very smooth, and many scenic spots are difficult to reach; The lack of signs and introductions, souvenir shops and various entertainment facilities in scenic spots, toilets and garbage problems in scenic spots are all plaguing the development of tourism. Because there are no tourist attractions that have begun to take shape, the problems of tourists "bathing during the day and sleeping at night" and "doing more than traveling" are very serious. (2) The construction level of Changhai Hotel is low, and five hotels are applying for star rating, including Changhai Hotel, Green Island Hotel and Postal Hotel. Changhai Hotel has only 1 2-star hotels. Fisherman's Hotel is still the leading role in receiving tourists, accounting for about 69% of the total number of hotels, which is still far from the requirements of future tourism development and reception capacity. (3) The tourism team in Changhai County is not only small in number, but also low in overall quality. At present, there are only 1 travel agencies in Changhai County, and only two of them have college education or above. A considerable number of tourism enterprises are in the development stage of "small, scattered, weak and poor". In management, the land is the boundary, and the management means and methods are simple and outdated. Due to imperfect management, the market order of fisherman's hotel is chaotic, and the phenomenon of unlicensed operation and unfair competition has not been fundamentally solved, resulting in low-grade tourism in Changhai. Judging from the six levels of tourism development: travel, accommodation, food, transportation, shopping and entertainment, tourism in Changhai County only stays at the two levels of accommodation and food, but there are still some defects in the levels of travel, transportation, shopping and entertainment. The low service quality objectively inhibits tourists' consumption and makes the comprehensive benefit of Changhai tourism low.
3. The tourism products are single and the tourism seasonality is obvious.
The similarity of tourism products is still one of the factors restricting the development of tourism in Changhai County. The development of tourism resources in five towns in Changhai is almost a glimpse of the whole leopard. The scenic spots are in the state of "you have them, I have them, and they all have them", and their features are not prominent and their positioning is uncertain. Due to the monotonous entertainment items in the bathing beach and the lack of various forms and channels in the winter vacation in scenic spots, there are not many ways to attract tourists, which leads to the overcrowding of major scenic spots in May-June from 5438+ 10, and even the problem that tourists exceed the capacity of scenic spots, which affects the quiet environment; However, from June 5438+0 1 to April, most of the scenic spots were sparsely visited, the atmosphere was very cold, and a large number of tourist facilities were idle, which affected the economic benefits of tourism.
4. Insufficient development of scenic spots and lack of unified planning.
The "government-led" strategy is not fully reflected in guiding the development of tourism in Changhai County, lacking unified planning, and the actual investment is out of touch with the development needs. Tourism resources are still in the primitive stage of extensive management, hard products have not hardened, and no efforts have been made in brand building; However, the brand awareness in marketing is even weaker, so far it has not formed its own characteristics and brands, and the rich advantages of tourism resources have not been completely transformed into the advantages of tourism commodities. Special activities such as seaside holiday, sea diving, island hunting, conference tourism and folk tourism have not yet started or been carried out normally. Although in recent years, more than a dozen characteristic tourist signs have been added, such as "fisherman's customized tour, fishing trip to the sea and island scenery tour", the overall image is not clear, vivid and prominent, but it has never formed a sensational effect.
Fourthly, the countermeasures to accelerate the development of tourism in Changhai County.
Changhai county is surrounded by the sea, and the advantage of tourism resources lies in the "sea" first. However, at present, the advantages of tourism resources in Changhai County have not been fully exerted. The main reason is that the theme of "sea" has not been fully explored, and tourism projects are still in the primary stage of "seeing the sea" and "playing with the sea". The deep-seated tourism project development is still blank, which is also the breakthrough that Changhai County should seek for tourism development. In order to accelerate the development of tourism in Changhai county, Changhai county should give full play to the advantages of island tourism resources and systematically develop tourism products.
1. Adhere to the principle of overall planning and cascade development.
At present, Changhai County does not have a complete tourism plan, so it is imperative to carry out reasonable design and layout. The tourist attractions and scenic spots in Changhai county have good development value, but with the current human and financial resources, it is impossible to put them into development and planning at the same time, which requires the Changhai county government to adhere to the principles of "doing something, not doing something" and "developing the scenic spots with emphasis and in batches". The most attractive scenic spots in Changhai County are Yarmak Bay and Tieshan Scenic Area, which should be taken as the leading and key points in the early planning and development. At the same time, we should also consider infrastructure such as communication, power supply and water supply. For example, Dachangshan Island already has desalination plants and sewage treatment plants, and Zhangzidao gives priority to the development of tourism because of its good water quality, so as to promote the upgrading of Changhai tourism industry.
2. Increase publicity and actively explore the tourism market.
The tourist market of Changhai can be summarized as "one point and two lines", one point is Dalian, and the second line is Northeast China and North China. The number of tourists and spending power are extremely limited. It is suggested that Malta's tourism development model should be used for reference, and media advertisements, car body advertisements, train advertisements and other means, as well as TV advertisements, TV interviews, newspapers, radio and internet should be used to increase publicity and promote the diversification of the tourism market. You can hold tourism fairs or set up branches in key tourist areas to improve the visibility of tourism in Changhai County in various effective forms. We should base ourselves on the tourism market in Northeast China and North China, further expand opening to the outside world, and extend our reach to the south, northwest and even Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia and Russia. It is necessary to strengthen the functions and functions of Changhai Tourism Bureau in promoting foreign tourism products, tourism legislation and rectifying the order of the tourism market. The government should actively publicize the benefits of tourism to local residents, let local residents have a correct understanding of tourism, and actively cooperate with the government and developers to make tourism bigger and better.
3. Improve infrastructure and service level through multiple channels.
To strengthen the construction of maritime traffic and island infrastructure, it is necessary to promote the development of the island with maritime traffic and solve the traffic and reception services of the island. Tourism is an industry with relatively large investment. At present, with limited financial resources, it is necessary to raise funds through multiple channels and gradually establish an investment mechanism with government guidance and market operation. We should adhere to the principle of "who invests, who builds and who benefits" and vigorously attract private capital to invest in tourism projects. Build large-scale scenic spots, participate in the construction of entertainment, hotels, restaurants and access roads, and strive to increase land and bus routes on the island. Effectively let tourists get in, get out, live well and eat well, and attract tourists to get in and stay. At the same time, it is necessary to introduce and train tourism professionals and improve the service level. It is necessary to carry out on-the-job training for tourism professionals, improve their professional quality and standardize tourism in Changhai. All functional departments should strengthen the management of fisherman's hotels, organize strict annual inspection system, and severely ban unqualified fisherman's hotels.
4. Give full play to the advantages of sea fishing and develop island eco-cultural tourism.
The development of tourism in Changhai county should focus on the word "sea", follow the general idea of developing "island eco-cultural tourism", pay attention to entertainment, participation and science and technology in the setting of tourism projects, and make full use of the advantages of the ocean.
Since Changhai County is a fishing ground and Uman Island is the sea fishing base of China Fishing Association, it is suggested to develop island resources, mainly including Zhangzi Island, Zhai Island, big consumption island and small consumption island, and carry out sea fishing tourism. Under the background of resource bottom sowing and multiplication production, develop submarine sightseeing tourism; Take island reefs and offshore fishery production as resources to develop island eco-scenic tourism. It is necessary to form a leisure vacation tour with marine characteristics that integrates sightseeing, fishing, catching the sea, diving, breeding, fishing and picnicking, and carry out special tourism projects such as yacht tour around the island, bird watching tour, island science summer camp tour, island survival challenge tour and seafood tasting tour. Hold a fisherman's tour with the theme of diet, etiquette, festival activities, weddings, funerals, entertainment and fishing songs, and combine it with traditional island culture such as "the goddess of the sea" to highlight the island characteristics. Carry out sightseeing and participatory activities, let tourists eat and live in fishermen's homes, let tourists go out with the boat, carry out fishing, aquaculture tourism and other activities, and fully experience the folk customs of the island.
5. Fully develop all kinds of tourism products and highlight their own characteristics.
We should do a good job in beach construction, develop and improve beach tourism products, and increase marine sports (such as water skiing, windsurfing, surfing, motorboats, etc.). ) to enrich the interest and attraction of island tourism. Strengthen the consciousness of "excellent products", set up a history museum, purchase advanced tourism equipment such as underwater sightseeing civilian submarines and aerial sightseeing airships as soon as possible, and increase sightseeing projects by using high-tech means such as sound, light and electricity, so as to prolong the stay of tourists and build their own brands in the tourism market.
Further develop the tourist souvenir market, make use of the island folk culture, produce products with high technology content, high taste, strong artistry and collection, attract more tourists to the island and increase tourism income. Organizing islanders to make souvenirs such as handicrafts can not only meet the needs of tourists on the island, but more importantly, let tourists experience exotic island customs and culture and improve the tourism grade and taste of Changhai County.
6. Pay attention to environmental protection and develop sustainable island tourism.
According to the idea of sustainable development, the development of tourism resources should be planned, step by step and step by step, and we must not rush headlong into it and blindly develop it, resulting in the destruction of the ecological environment. It is necessary to control environmental capacity, develop according to law, prevent and control "three wastes" and save resources. Changhai tourism should be a part of eco-tourism, and tourists should return to nature as much as possible. Therefore, hotels and restaurants should not be large high-rise buildings that hinder the line of sight. Necessary buildings should be built and laid out in accordance with the principle of "small, scattered and hidden", and illegal buildings should be resolutely demolished. Strengthen the environmental awareness of developers, local residents and tourists, and implement the sustainable development of tourism in Changhai County.
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The Maltese government takes measures to promote the development of tourism. /news/tourism.htm
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