1, Natural Science Museum
Show nature by classification, development or ecology, and show macro or micro scientific achievements in a three-dimensional way, such as geological museum, China Fingerprint Museum, China Geo University Museum, Zigong Dinosaur Museum, China Taiwan Province Insect Science Museum, Science and Technology Museum, etc.
2. Museum of History
Fully display local natural, historical, revolutionary and artistic collections, such as Nanjing Museum, Jianchuan Museum, Henan Museum, Hubei Museum, Shandong Museum, Hunan Museum, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Museum, Heilongjiang Museum and Gansu Museum.
3. Comprehensive Museum
Direct selling museums and other comprehensive museums with museums as the main body, including exhibition area, comprehensive business area and property office area.
4. Science and Technology Museum
Using virtual reality technology, three-dimensional graphics and images technology, computer network technology, stereoscopic display system, interactive entertainment technology and special effects vision technology, the three-dimensional way of the real physical science and technology museum is completely presented to the science and technology museum on the network.
Other related introductions of the museum:
The functions of museums include collection, preservation, maintenance, research, exhibition, education and entertainment. Forms include architecture, botanical gardens, zoos, aquariums, outdoor historical sites, ancient town museums, long-term antique life exhibitions (folk villages), audio-visual halls, libraries, studios, archives and information halls.
The contents of museums are generally divided into art museums, history museums, anthropology museums, natural history museums, science museums, regional museums and thematic museums. The content of the museum is based on its unique style and collection.
How many kinds of museums are there? With the development of social culture and science and technology, the number and types of museums are increasing. The classification of museums is mainly based on the nature and characteristics of museum collections, exhibitions and educational activities. Secondly, it is the source of funds and the clients. Foreign museums, mainly western museums, are generally divided into four categories: art museums, history museums, science museums and thematic museums. Art museums, including painting, sculpture, decorative art, practical art and industrial art museums. There are also museums, including antiques, folk customs and primitive art. Some art galleries also display modern art, such as movies, plays and music. World-famous art museums include Louvre Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art and Tashi Museum in Elmy. Historical museums, including museums of national history and cultural history, and museums built on archaeological sites, historical sites or ancient battlefields also belong to this category. The National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico and the National Museum of Anthropology in Peru are famous historical museums. Science museums, including natural history museums. Museums covering celestial bodies, plants, animals, minerals and natural sciences, as well as practical and technical sciences also belong to this category. The British Museum of Natural History, the American Museum of Natural History and the Discovery Palace in Paris all belong to this category. Specialized museums, including open-air museums, children's museums and local museums, the latter involves the nature, history and art of this area. Famous ones include Brooklyn Children's Museum and Scanson Open-air Museum. The International Museum Association classifies zoos, botanical gardens, aquariums, nature reserves, science centers and planetariums, as well as long-term storage institutions and exhibition halls in libraries and archives. Before 1988, China museums were divided into three categories: specialized museums, memorial museums and comprehensive museums, and the National Bureau of Statistics also published the development figures according to these three categories of museums. Authorities and experts in charge of the China museum industry believe that at this stage, it is appropriate to divide the China museum into four categories: history, art, science and technology, and comprehensive according to the actual situation in China. Historical museums display their collections from a historical perspective, for example, the Chinese History Museum, the Chinese Revolution Museum, the Xi 'an Banpo Ruins Museum, the Terracotta Warriors Museum, the Quanzhou Overseas Traffic History Museum, the Jingdezhen Ceramic History Museum, the Beijing Lu Xun Museum, and so on. Art museums mainly display the artistic and aesthetic values of the collections, such as the Palace Museum, Nanyang Han Painting Museum, Guangdong Folk Crafts Museum, Beijing Dazhong Temple Ancient Bell Museum, Xu Beihong Memorial Hall, Tianjin Theatre Museum, etc. Natural science museums display nature in a classified, developed or ecological way, and display macro or micro scientific achievements in a three-dimensional way, such as geological museum, Beijing Natural History Museum, Zigong Dinosaur Museum, Taiwan Province Insect Science Museum, Science and Technology Museum, and Liuzhou Bailiandong Cave Science Museum. Comprehensive museums comprehensively display local natural, historical, revolutionary and artistic collections, such as Nantong Museum, Shandong Museum, Hunan Museum, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Museum, Heilongjiang Museum and Gansu Museum.
Understanding Museums (4): The classification of museums is one of the elements to define the types of museums, and the types of museums are of great significance to people's understanding of museums. Different types of museums are different in scale, theme content, source of funds, management mode and display form. In turn, these differences are often the criteria for distinguishing museum types.
When discussing the definition of museum in the last section, it actually involves common museum types. For example, the American Museum Association lists the types of museums: museums of anthropology, art history and natural history, aquariums, botanical gardens, art centers, botanical gardens, children's museums, historical sites, nature centers, planetariums, science and technology centers and zoos. Of course, this is beyond the scope of museums in the International Expo Association (which is also the museum discussed in this paper), but for museums,
According to different standards, museums can be divided into the following categories:
(a) according to the classification of disciplines, can be divided into comprehensive museums, history museums, art galleries, science and technology museums, etc.
(two) according to the classification of organizers, can be divided into public museums, private museums, university museums, corporate museums and so on.
(three) according to the geographical or administrative classification, it can be divided into national museums, regional museums, city museums, community museums and so on.
(4) It can be divided into traditional museums, historical buildings museums, open-air museums, mobile museums, virtual museums, etc. Note 1
(5) According to the building scale, it can be divided into super-large exhibition halls (with a building area of 50,000 square meters and above), large exhibition halls (20,000-50,000 square meters), large and medium-sized exhibition halls (6,543.8+0,000-20,000 square meters), medium-sized exhibition halls (5,000-6,543.8+0,000 square meters) and small exhibition halls (below 5,000 square meters). The construction of museums of different scales has different requirements in terms of service life, building load, functional area layout, fire division and supporting facilities. Note 2
Due to the special economic and social system, China has long regarded ownership as an important basis for the classification of social organizations. The same is true of museums. The Museum Regulations promulgated on 20 15 divides museums into two categories according to the sources of funds, stipulating that "museums include state-owned museums and non-state-owned museums. Museums established by using or mainly using state-owned assets are state-owned museums; Museums established by using or mainly using non-state-owned assets are non-state-owned museums "(Article 2, paragraph 2), and it is clear that" the normal operation funds of state-owned museums are included in the fiscal budget at the corresponding level; The sponsor of a non-state-owned museum shall guarantee the normal operation funds of the museum "(Article 5, paragraph 1). The sources of funds here include not only the funds needed for the construction of the museum, but also the funds needed after the opening (operating expenses). The establishment of state-owned museums mainly uses state-owned assets, and the operating funds come from finance; The establishment of non-state-owned museums mainly uses non-state-owned assets, and the operating funds come from the organizers.
In fact, the above classification does not cover all the existing museums in China's current reality, such as some public universities, public hospitals or museums organized by state-owned enterprises-these museums are undoubtedly established by using (or mainly using) state-owned assets, and they are the same as state-owned museums in this respect; However, their operating funds do not come from governments at all levels, but are provided by universities, hospitals or enterprises that host them, which is close to but different from non-state-owned museums, because the operating funds provided by universities, hospitals or enterprises are likely to remain state-owned assets. Are these museums state-owned or non-state-owned museums? It is obviously difficult to define under the framework of current laws and regulations. In reality, these museums often become "dependent" groups in the museum industry and "abandoned children" in some preferential policies because of unclear ownership.
With the rapid development of cultural undertakings and the sharp increase in the number of museums, it is necessary to clarify the attributes of the above museums and eliminate their "two dependencies" in reality. I think, first of all, we should affirm the state-owned nature of such museums and manage their assets in strict accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of state-owned assets to prevent the loss of state-owned assets at will; Secondly, it should be given an equal position to compete with state-owned and non-state-owned museums on the same stage under the existing framework, and become an equal member under the sunshine of free open subsidies and related support policies, thus encouraging more public institutions and state-owned enterprises to hold museums. In the long run, museums should gradually eliminate the differences in the above attributes and realize unified threshold access and unified standardized management. In this regard, the author only throws a brick to attract jade, and still needs the in-depth thinking and wise arrangement of industry experts, managers and legislators. (End)
Note 1[ English] T. Ambrose, C. Payne: The Foundation of Museums, 3rd edition, translated by Guo Hui, Nanjing, Yilin Press, 2016.9.
Note 2: See the industry standard Code for Museum Design (JGJ66-20 15) for details.
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Classification of museums? Museums are institutions that collect, preserve, display, publicize and scientifically study historical relics, natural specimens and other physical materials. It is characterized by educating the people in patriotism, spreading scientific and cultural knowledge and cultivating artistic aesthetic taste based on physical objects and adopting visualized methods. It can be said that the museum is the crystallization of the development of human civilization, the treasure house of human knowledge, the window of world civilization and the cultural pyramid accumulated by human beings.
Today, there are thousands of museums of various types and sizes in China. These dazzling and amazing museums need to be classified before they can be studied and used. According to the definition and scope of museums and the main nature of museums in China, the types of museums in China can be divided into four categories. Namely: social history, natural science, culture and art and synthesis.
1. Museum of Social History: A museum that mainly studies and reflects the development process of social history, important events and important people in history.
1, Museum of Historical Archaeology: including general history, dynastic history, local history, special history, historical sites, ancient tombs, manors, etc.
2. Revolutionary History Museum: including national or local revolutionary history and revolutionary military history.
3. Memorial Museum: A museum commemorating important historical figures and events.
4. National and Folk Museums: Museums including national history and historical sites of ethnic minorities. And reflect the customs, habits, production, life and culture of the people in a certain area.
2. Natural Science Museum: It is a museum with the contents of nature and human understanding, protection and transformation of nature.
1, Museum of Natural History:
(1) General natural museums, such as local natural museums.
(2) Specialized natural museums, such as astronomy, geology and biology.
(3) Garden-style natural museums, such as zoological and botanical gardens, aquariums and nature reserves.
2. Science and Technology Museum:
(1) Science and technology museums, such as modern science and technology, industry and agriculture, national defense, transportation, etc.
(2) Museums of the history of science and technology, such as the Museum of Ancient Scientific Achievements.
Museums of culture and art: including painting, calligraphy, arts and crafts, literature, drama and architecture.
4. Comprehensive Museum: It is a museum with dual nature of social science and natural science. (Author: Qin Liang)
What kind of museums are there? There are four types of museums: history, art, science and technology and synthesis.
1, history class
The museum type of history museum refers to the museum that provides history, trends, cultural relics collection, cultural relics photos and professional books. The purpose is to preserve, display and introduce historical relics, give full play to the role of modern artistic relics, and absorb and introduce ancient and modern cultures and arts around the world.
2. Art category
The art museum is a place to collect works of art for tourists to watch. Include painting, sculpture, decorative art, practical art and industrial art museums. There are also museums that include antiques, folk customs and primitive art.
Some art galleries also display modern art, such as movies, plays and music. World-famous art museums include Louvre Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art and Tashi Museum in Elmy.
3. Science and technology
Show nature by classification, development or ecology, and show macro or micro scientific achievements in a three-dimensional way. Such as geological museum, Beijing Natural History Museum, Zigong Dinosaur Museum, Taiwan Province Insect Science Museum and China Science and Technology Museum.
4, comprehensive class
Fully display the local natural, historical, revolutionary and artistic collections. Such as China National Museum, Nantong Museum, Shandong Provincial Museum, Hunan Provincial Museum, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Museum, Heilongjiang Provincial Museum and Gansu Provincial Museum.
Basic knowledge of museum management 1. Urgently ask for basic knowledge of museums.
I don't know what the basic knowledge of museums is. I found some information myself. Look, I hope it helps you. Basic knowledge of museums 1. What is a museum? The museum is a permanent institution that is not for profit, serves the society and social development, and is open to the public.
For the purpose of research, education and appreciation. Collect, preserve, study, disseminate and display the witness of human beings and their environment.
Social functions of museums: 1. Collect and preserve cultural relics and other physical materials. 2. Disseminate scientific and cultural knowledge. 3. Carry out patriotic ideological and moral education. 4. Scientific research. 5. Enrich people's scientific and cultural life. The museum is characterized by organizing image display and carrying out intuitive publicity and education based on physical objects. The combination of materiality, intuition and scholarship constitutes the remarkable characteristics of the museum.
Museum types (* * * can be divided into five categories): history museum, memorial museum, culture and art museum, natural science museum and comprehensive museum. To some extent, understanding the past and present of a place begins with the museum. Museum is a history of materialization. People overlook the ups and downs of history through the dialogue between cultural relics and history and the barrier of time and space.
Since childhood, this is an important witness to the long history of the local area; In a great sense, this is the spiritual bond to maintain the unity and unity of the Chinese nation. Museums are not only places for citizens to learn culture, but more importantly, they should be one of the main places for citizens to relax. Knowledge is somewhat secondary. The main purpose of coming to the museum is to enjoy the rare quiet and elegant atmosphere and relax the tense heartstrings in work and study.
Cultural relics in museums are displayed, displayed, publicized and served, which realizes the dialogue between history and modern people and becomes an important part of urban cultural facilities. Museums play a very important role in the management of human cultural heritage and natural heritage.
The phenomenon of historical development museum stems from people's collection consciousness. More than 4000 years ago, the rulers of Egypt and Mesopotamia paid attention to finding treasures and treasures.
In the 4th century BC, Alexander the Great of Macedonia, in the military action of building a great empire across Europe, Asia and Africa, handed over many precious works of art and rare antiquities collected and plundered to his teacher Aristotle for sorting out and studying. Aristotle used these cultural heritages to teach and spread knowledge. After Alexander's death, his subordinate Ptolemy Soto established a new dynasty, continued to fight in the south and collected more works of art.
In the third century BC, Ptolemy Soto established a Muse Temple in Alexandria, Egypt, which was dedicated to collecting cultural treasures. This "Muse Temple" is recognized as the earliest "museum" in human history.
The word museum evolved from the Greek word "muse". Different from the museum we see today, the Muse Temple is actually a specialized research institution, with a hall research room displaying astronomical, medical, cultural and artistic collections, where scholars gather for research work.
Legend has it that Archimedes, a famous physicist who discovered the law of buoyancy when taking a bath, and Euclid, a famous mathematician, are both engaged in research work here. The Muse Temple, the earliest museum in human history, was destroyed by war in the 5th century.
Modern museums appeared in the late17th century. In the18th century, there was an English doctor, hans sloane, who was a collector with a wide range of interests.
In order to make his collection "complete and inseparable" forever, he decided to donate nearly 80 thousand pieces of his collection to the British royal family. The royal family decided to build a national museum.
1753, the British Museum was established, becoming the first large museum open to the public in the world. 1946, the international museum association was established in Paris, France.
1974, the association defined the orientation of the museum, and public welfare became its primary responsibility. Since 1977, the International Association of Museums has designated May 18 as "International Museum Day" every year, and determined a theme every year.
This year is the 22nd International Museum Day, with the theme of "Museums-Bridges to Communicate Cultures". No matter how splendid civilization people have had before, they will all be lost in the dust of history without exception. Human beings are constantly creating civilization, but civilization cannot live forever-this is an eternal law.
However, we can still find traces of these civilizations in some way, and this way is the museum. There is another saying: as a word, "natural history" first appeared in Shan Hai Jing, which means that many things can be identified; Shangshu said that knowledgeable and knowledgeable people are "natural history gentlemen"; "Han Shu Chu Yuan Wang Chuanzan" also means "make the past serve the present".
/kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, China imitated Japanese and began to use the word "natural history" as the name of a subject. "Natural History" includes knowledge of animals, plants, minerals and physiology. "Museum" and "Museum" as a word as a cultural and educational institution appeared relatively late in China, only more than one hundred years.
The word "natural history" in Japanese comes from the word "museum" commonly used in English, French and German, while this word from Latin comes from the word "meuse" in Greek, which means the place dedicated to the nine goddesses in charge of poetry, dance, music, art and science in Greek mythology. In ancient Greece, there was also an institution dedicated to the preservation of treasures, similar to the nature of modern museums. This is a collection organization dedicated to preserving printed matter, jewels, royal flags and scepters and other precious decorations.
This treasure house has also been found in other European countries. Until the Renaissance, with the expansion of the collection, some primitive treasures gradually used the popular Latin museum at that time.
In Munich, Germany, two museums with different names have existed for a long time. With the changes of the times and the development of social education, the museum with a changed name and expanded scale gradually replaced the original treasure house and eventually became a popular museum open to the masses today.
Types of Museums With the development of social culture, science and technology, the number and types of museums are increasing. Classify museums into categories.
2. What should I pay attention to when visiting the museum?
Museums, art galleries and exhibition halls are places where people often go. Visiting these places can not only provide spiritual enjoyment and emotional comfort, but also enrich your knowledge.
But there are many established rules in these places. (1) Smoking, fasting and drinking are prohibited. Smoking, fasting and drinking are prohibited in the museum to keep the venue clean and tidy. On the one hand, it can protect precious collections, on the other hand, it can provide a comfortable and quiet environment for tourists.
(2) Banning Flash Lights Almost all museums ban flash lights to protect these fragile works of art and antiquities. In some museums, no cameras or video cameras are allowed to prevent replicas from flooding the market.
Some illegal groups who are good at counterfeiting try to obtain original materials and then sell them for profit, which has caused a lot of confusion and disputes in society, and this confusion may last for decades or even hundreds of years. (3) It is forbidden to touch artworks or antiquities by hand, and its purpose is also to prevent damage.
(4) When backpacks and other items enter the venue, large backpacks and umbrellas must be left outside the venue to avoid knocking over exhibition items or scratching artworks when walking. (5) It is forbidden to explain in the museum. In order to provide the best appreciation environment, some art galleries are not allowed to explain paintings in the museum.
For example, the Van Gogh Art Museum in Amsterdam has the above-mentioned strict regulations, so that everyone can enjoy these touching works with ease. (6) Tape Recorder Guide If you really need to listen to a guide, it is very simple. Just rent a guide walkman when you enter the venue.
The advantage is that you can listen to it many times until you fully understand it. (7) Stop selling tickets every day before closing 1 hour, and visitors are forbidden to enter. At this time, only they are allowed to go out, not to enter, which is conducive to the closing operation, so be present as soon as possible when visiting.
3. What is the major of Museology?
Analysis of Museology Major: Many people should feel bored when they hear the word "museum". I wonder if this major focuses on teaching related knowledge of museum management. This very familiar major is separated by a mysterious veil in everyone's heart, and the low awareness of museum science is an important reason for the disappointment of this major.
Many people don't want to work in museums, so they won't consider choosing this major. Even students majoring in museum science mostly choose to transfer to other schools, and still choose interdisciplinary research after graduation.
Recently, National Cultural Heritage Administration released the 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of National Cultural Relics. By 2020, there will be/kloc-0 museums for every 250,000 people in the country, and the demand for talents will increase greatly, so there will be no worries about finding a good job. Recommended universities: Peking University, China Academy of Social Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing Normal University, China Renmin University, Lanzhou University, Jilin University, Sichuan University, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhejiang University, Shandong University, Fudan University, Nankai University, Wuhan University, etc.
4. Ask the museum for advice on fire safety.
Regulations on fire safety management of museums
According to the relevant provisions of the Fire Protection Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Fire Protection Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics of People's Republic of China (PRC), this system is formulated in combination with the actual situation of our library.
First, strictly implement the fire prevention responsibility system. A fire safety committee shall be established, with the legal representative of the museum as the director, the museum leader in charge of safety as the executive deputy director, and the members composed of the heads of various departments and offices. The person in charge of each department is also the person in charge of fire safety in this department. Each department shall determine two persons as fire safety officers.
Second, set up a voluntary fire brigade composed of members of the security department and fire safety officers of various departments. The security department is responsible for formulating the work plan of the volunteer fire brigade and organizing regular training and study.
Three, fire department head, fire safety officer, under the leadership of the fire safety committee, under the specific guidance of the security department to carry out fire safety work.
Four, the fire department must conscientiously implement the fire laws and regulations and the relevant fire safety work system, the fire safety work into the department's work plan, carefully check the implementation of the department's fire work, timely summary, to prevent accidents. In this department, we often carry out fire prevention publicity and education, formulate and improve the fire protection system suitable for the actual situation of this department, organize fire prevention inspections, eliminate fire hazards, and manage fire-fighting equipment of this department.
Five, during major festivals or events, the fire safety committee should organize relevant personnel to conduct comprehensive and detailed fire safety inspection, and make inspection records.
Six, fire inspection should focus on inspection according to different departments and seasons, the scope of inspection is:
(a) the importance attached by the leaders of various departments to fire control work and the implementation of fire control organizations, and the fire safety awareness of employees;
(two) the management of electricity, fire and flammable and explosive materials, as well as the fire situation in the process of storage and use;
(3) Maintenance of fire control facilities;
(four) whether the fire control system is sound and whether the fire control system is implemented; (five) the implementation of the rectification problems that have been put forward.
Seven, fire responsible persons at all levels, to check the fire hazards found, to do: determine the nature of hidden dangers, formulate solutions, clear responsibilities, and solve within a time limit. Major hidden dangers should be reported to the competent leader in time, and temporary and effective safety precautions must be taken before they can be solved.
Eight, the security department shall, according to the safety inspection system, conduct fire safety inspections on various parts of the museum from time to time. To find out all kinds of hidden dangers, fill in the rectification notice in time, put forward rectification opinions, implement rectification within a time limit, and report the inspection to the competent leader.
Nine, the use of high-power electrical appliances, the temporary use of fire and electricity in each department and office must be signed and approved by the competent leader (see appendix 1. ), and filed by the security department. Without approval, no department or individual may use it.
10. Fire fighting equipment shall be uniformly equipped by the security department, and each user department shall designate a special person to keep it and check it regularly. If damage is found, it should be reported to the security department in time. The security department is responsible for regular fire protection knowledge training. Department staff should be familiar with the location of fire control facilities in the department area and master the use method skillfully.
Eleven, fire fighting equipment must be placed in obvious, easy to get, fire hydrants should be clearly marked, and shall not be used for other purposes. It is forbidden to bury or occupy fire fighting equipment.
Fire?Hydrant?
Twelve, fire exits should be kept open, because of special circumstances need to be closed, must be approved by the competent museum leadership, reported to the security department, and take temporary remedial measures, before.
Thirteen, if the staff of this museum find a fire, they should immediately take fire-fighting measures and notify the security department. If the situation is serious, they should call the fire alarm number 1 19 in time. The security department should immediately organize personnel to take effective measures to actively put out the initial fire, evacuate personnel, protect cultural relics and do a good job in site protection.
Fourteen, the fire accident, the security department in conjunction with the relevant departments to seriously investigate and deal with. Do three things: don't let go until you find out the cause of the fire; The responsible person has not been dealt with and the masses have not been educated; No preventive improvement measures.
The fire investigation results should be reported to newspaper leaders and relevant departments. For those responsible for the accident and those who have made meritorious deeds in fighting fire accidents, the security department will put forward suggestions on rewards and punishments and put them on record.
15. Scope of application of this system: (1) All staff of this library;
(2) Foreign resident units and their staff; (three) units and individuals who come to the library for temporary work.
Sixteen, the reception department has the responsibility and obligation to convey this system to the reception units and individuals, and supervise the implementation; The Security Department is responsible for supervising and inspecting the implementation of this system by all departments and units outside the museum.
Daily work summary of production department 1
In 20xx years, under the correct leadership of the company and with the support of various br