Ouyang Xiu was buried in Xinzheng, Kaifeng (now Xinzheng, Henan) after his death. The existing Ouyang Xiu Cemetery in Ouyang Shi Village, Xindian Town, xinzheng city is a state-level cultural relic protection unit. In addition, there is an ancestral temple named Liuyitang in the southern suburb of Mianyang today. This paper selects six articles: On Separation, Biography of Historians of the Five Dynasties, Preface to Drunk Pavilion, Ode to Autumn Sound, Sacrifice and Selling Oil Weng. Choose six of his ci poems: Picking Mulberry Seeds (after the West Lake blooms), Resentment (when the autumn frost rolls the morning curtain), Treading on the sand (when the pavilion is full of plum blossoms), trampoline (last January), Wrong in Chao (leaning against the clear sky on the railing of Pingshan) and Butterfly Lovers (how deep the courtyard is). His first poems were "A Play Answering Yuan Zhen" and "Thrushcross Birds".
Attached to the lineage of General Ouyang Xiu:
I opened the son and grandson of Ouyang Shao, the ancestor of Fujian Ouyang family, and the childless son of Wang → II Ouyang Youxian (Prime Minister Ouyang Tong asked Ouyang Youxian as the heir). → Ouyang Yan, the third history of Jizhou → Ouyang Yan, the fourth history of Wenzhou → Ouyang Chang, the fifth Boluo County → imperial academy, the sixth teaching assistant Ouyang Zhan Tang Jinshi → Ouyang Xie, the seventh Tang Kaicheng, the second year of Jinshi shogunate → Ouyang Xie, the eighth Tang Huichang, the sixth sergeant Wei, bachelor Ouyang Kun → Jizhou was promoted, Ouyang Chen (Ouyang brothers were all scholars and scholars →No. 10 successor Quanzhou Provincial Examinations Jinshi College of Arts and Sciences, Nanjing Tongguan sentenced Ouyang Yan (the first scholar in the late Tang Dynasty, the word Renda, the son of Tiger Pan Weng) →No.1kloc-0/name Ouyang Guan was appointed as the judge of Fair State →No./kloc-0.
Fujian Gutian Ouyang Genealogy, Dong Tian Ouyang Genealogy and Fujian Genealogy of Top Scholar Renying Huang solve the mystery of Ouyang Xiu's great-grandfather's life experience: According to Fujian Gutian Ouyang Genealogy and Fujian Renying Huang Genealogy, Renying Huang, the top scholar in the late Tang Dynasty, was accompanied by the great-granddaughter of Ouyang Zhan, four assistants of Tang Jinshi, and the granddaughter of Ouyang Xiu who joined the shogunate two years after Tang Kaicheng. Zi Yan, general sentence of Nanjing, Gong Jin NCO School of Arts and Sciences, Gengshennian Township, Nantang Commons, Quanzhou, Fujian; He once prefaced the building with the monk Saman of Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou. As a result, the mystery of Ouyang Xiu's great-grandfather's life experience was revealed: Ouyang Xiu, one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, was the direct great-grandson of Renying Huang, the top scholar! The genealogical data provided by Gutian Ouyang's Fujian Genealogy and Renying Huang's Fujian Genealogy, thus, solved the mystery of Ouyang Xiu's great-grandfather's life experience, that is, the mystery of Ouyang Xiu's father's views on his grandfather's descendants, Renying Huang's son and Ouyang Chen's successor. It should be noted that Ouyang Chen, an official promoted from Jizhou, Jiangxi Province, was originally from Oucuo, Panhu, Jinjiang, Fujian Province, and later moved to Jizhou for official reasons. He is the great-grandson of Ouyang Zhan, the top scholar of imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty, the grandson of Ouyang Xie, the top scholar of the shogunate in the second year of Tang Kaicheng, and the son of Ouyang Kun, a medical scholar who served as a non-commissioned officer in Huichang in the last six years of Tang Dynasty. The eldest daughter of Chou Li, Minister of Industry, has been childless for many years. Renying Huang, the champion of the later Tang Dynasty, was called Renda and Pan Huweng. She is the sister of Ouyang Chen, the eldest daughter of Ouyang Wei, and her son Ouyang Yan, whose real name is Huang, is a tribute scholar in Quanzhou Township. The official College of Arts and Sciences passed the verdict in Nanjing. Because his family was poor and he couldn't attack books at a young age, his nephew inherited his mother's uncle Ouyang Chen's family, but it was redundant in his uncle Ouyang Chen's family and took his mother's surname. As for the second brother, Engong Jingjiang Legion, Ouyang Jun, and Engong Tun's doctor Ouyang Yi were all born to the wife of Ouyang Chen, the daughter of Shangshu, the Ministry of Industry of the Tang Dynasty.
all one's life
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Ouyang Xiu lost his father at the age of four and his family was poor. His mother painted the land and taught him to write. He is four years old and lonely. He and his uncle grew up in Suizhou, Hubei. When he was young, his family was poor and had no money. His mother Zheng painted the land and taught him to read. Ouyang Xiu loved reading since he was a child, and often went to the Li family in the south of the city to borrow books and copy. He is talented and studious, and often recites books before copying them. Teenagers, like adults, write poems and essays in complicated ways. Seeing the hope of family rejuvenation, his uncle once said to Ouyang Xiu's mother, "It's really strange that my sister-in-law doesn't care about her poor family and her children! Not only do you start with a gate, but you will be famous in the world one day. " At the age of ten, Ouyang Xiu learned six volumes from Li Jiade's Collected Works of Mr. Changli in the Tang Dynasty, which he loved very much and laid the seeds for the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty in the future. Renzong Tiansheng eight years (1030), Jinshi. The following year, he was appointed as an official of Xijing (now Luoyang) and became a close friend of Mei He, exchanging poems with each other. In the first year of Jingyou (1034), the bachelor's college was called, Xuandelang was appointed, and the pavilion was filled for collation. In three years, Fan Zhongyan criticized current politics in the last chapter and was demoted to Raozhou. Ouyang Xiu defended him and was demoted to the county magistrate of Yiling (now Yichang, Hubei). In the first year of Kangding (1040), Ouyang Xiu was recalled to Beijing, and was appointed as the director of the pavilion to collate and compile the Chongwen General Catalogue. Later, he was informed of the suggestion institute. Li Qing three years (1043), was appointed as the right judge, the imperial edict. Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, Fu Bi and others carried out the "Qingli New Deal", and Ouyang Xiu participated in the innovation and put forward the idea of reforming official administration, military affairs and tribute law. In five years, Fan, Han and Fu were successively demoted, and Ouyang Xiu was demoted as the magistrate of Chuzhou (now Chuxian County, Anhui Province). Later, it was changed to Yangzhou, Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui) and Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan). In the first year of Huang You (1049), he returned to Korea and successively served as a bachelor of Hanlin and a historian. In August of the first year of He Zhi (1054), he studied the Book of the New Tang Dynasty and the History of the Five Dynasties with Song Qi. In February of the second year of Jiayou (1057), Ouyang Xiu presided over the Jinshi examination as a bachelor of Hanlin, advocated plain writing style, and admitted Su Shi, Su Zhe, Ceng Gong and others. It had a great influence on the change of writing style in the Northern Song Dynasty. Five years, thanks to the Committee. The following year, he was appointed to participate in political affairs. Later, he successively served as the minister of punishments and the minister of war. For two years (1065), the above post request is not allowed. In the following two or three years, he resigned many times because of being slandered by Jiang and others, but he was not allowed. In the second year of Zong Shenxi Ning (1069), Wang Anshi implemented the new law. Ouyang xiu criticized the young crops law and did not implement it. In the past three years, except for the post of Ambassador to the South Campus of Pacific Insurance Company, he insisted on not accepting it and changed Zhizhou to Cai Zhou (now runan county, Henan Province). This year, it was renamed "Liu Yi Boulder". In June of four years, he resigned as the Prince of Shao Shi. Juzhou (now Anhui Province). On July 23rd, leap five years, Ouyang Xiu died at his home in Shi Wenzhong. Ouyang Xiu Cemetery is located in Ouyang Temple Village, Xixindian Town, xinzheng city. The park has a beautiful environment, with hills in the north and gullies and streams in the south. The cemetery is solemn, with many stone tablets and towering cypresses. After the rain, the sun shines brightly and the fog rises like misty rain. The scenery is spectacular, so it has the reputation of "misty rain in Europe" and is one of the eight ancient scenes in Xinzheng.
Ideological pursuit
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Ouyang Xiu's early political thoughts reflected the interests of the small and medium-sized landlord class and had a clear understanding of the serious economic, political and military crisis at that time. He advocated eliminating accumulated disadvantages, being generous and frugal, and seeking innovation with Fan Zhongyan and others. In his later years, with the improvement of social status, his thoughts gradually became conservative, and he resisted and ridiculed some new laws of Wang Anshi. But more realistically, Sima Guang and others have different attitudes.
Ouyang Xiu plays an important role in the history of China literature. He inherited the spirit of Han Yu's ancient prose movement. As the leader of the poetry innovation movement in Song Dynasty, his literary theory and creative achievements had a great influence on that time and later generations.
In the early Song Dynasty, in the temporarily peaceful social environment, the poetic style advocated by the aristocratic literati group flooded the literary world, which was flashy and meaningless, but it was all the rage. In order to correct the shortcomings of Quincy's style, Ouyang Xiu strongly advocated ancient Chinese prose. He loved reading Han Yu's collected works since he was a child. After he became an official, he personally revised Korean and published it all over the world.
He studied Han Yu's literary view and advocated Ming Dow's practical application. He emphasized the decisive role of Tao in writing and believed that Tao was the content, essence, form and tool of writing. Pay special attention to the cultivation of Taoism, and put forward that "Tao wins, literature is not difficult to come" (answer Wu Chong's Book of Scholars), "The purity of Taoism is based on the truth of China people, the enrichment of China people, and the brilliance of writers" (answer the Book of Ancestors' Selection), and "Scholars should learn from the classics", so that teachers can enrich themselves with "Tao". But he also corrected some of Han Yu's prejudices. In his interpretation of Tao, he regards "things" in reality as the concrete content of Tao. He believes that the reason why learning Tao can't be done is because "indifferent to abandon Pepsi" (Answer to Scholar Wu Chong). He opposes "high words but fresh words" (the same book as Zhang Xiucai). Regarding the relationship between "Tao" and "Wen", he advocated that both "Tao" and "Wen" should be attached to "Tao", rather than "a virtuous person must have words", and cited many examples to illustrate that "a man should not be a man who speaks in poetry and books", pointing out that "words and deeds can be seen in the world." The so-called "keeping your word" means that the content should be true, the language should be literary, and the content and form should be unified. This is Ouyang Xiu's basic argument about creation.
He adopted the spirit of Han Yu's Preface to Literature, strongly advocated simple, neat, smooth and natural writing, and opposed flashy carving and eccentricity. He not only set out from reality, but also set an example with his outstanding creative achievements.
His idea was warmly endorsed by others, such as Mei and others. Later, in the official exam (invigilator), candidates were encouraged to write simple and fluent ancient Chinese. Anything that is empty, flashy or wins by strangeness is excluded. At the same time, he promoted and trained Wang Anshi, Ceng Gong, Su Shi, Su Zhe and other new writers. In this way, the poetry innovation movement he advocated won a decisive victory.
Literary achievements
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Ouyang Xiu's achievements in literary creation are highest in prose. When commenting on his essays, Su Shi said: "On Taoism, it is like Han Yu; In books, it is like Lu Zhi; In the chronicle, it seems like Sima Qian; In poetry and prose, it is very similar to Li Bai. " However, although Ouyang Xiu admired the profundity of Korean and Wang Yang was arrogant, he did not follow suit.
Ouyang Xiu wrote more than 500 essays in his life, each with its own characteristics, including political essays, historical essays, notes, lyric essays and notes. Most of his essays are rich in content, vigorous in momentum, simple in explanation, concise and fluent, narrative and reasoning, beautifully expressed, lyrical in description, fascinating, plain and strange, and new in literature. Many of his political works, such as Ben Lun, Original Disadvantages, Gauss's admonition, Theory of cronies, and History of the New Five Dynasties? Biography of Lingguan, etc. , adhere to their own "Ming Dow" and "practical" ideas, closely linked with the political struggle at that time, criticized the current disadvantages, sharp thinking, lively language, showing a mind to correct the current situation and save the world. He also wrote a lot of lyric and narrative prose, mostly mixed with scenes and swaying. His works, such as Secretly Performing the Preface of Poetry, Preface of Poetry, Preface of Poetry by Su, mourn the old friend and recall the past, which is touching. His works "Fengle Pavilion" and "Zuiweng Pavilion" are written slowly, tactfully and tortuous, with beautiful words and fresh style. In a word, whether it is satirizing the world and stabbing politics, mourning the past, or even visiting the scene in person, it fully embodies his calm, generous and frank artistic personality.
Ouyang Xiu was also a pioneer in the creation of notes in Song Dynasty. His notes include Return to the Field, Pen and Pen. Articles are eclectic, lively and interesting, and often describe details and people. Among them, The Record of Returning to the Field describes the imperial legacy, official system, social customs and anecdotes of literati, and introduces his own writing experience, which is very valuable.
Ouyang Xiu also made great achievements in poetry creation. His poems are mainly influenced by Han Yu in art, and his works such as Stone in Lingxi, Shi Zhuan and Zishiping Song imitate Han Yu's unique poetic style. Other poems are gloomy and dripping with emotion, integrating narration, discussion and lyricism, and their styles are close to Du Fu's, such as rereading Selected Poems of Solitary and Sending Du Qigong to Official. Other works are magnificent and bold, but close to Li Bai, such as "Lushan Mountain in Liu Zhongyun returns to Nankang in the same year". However, most of his works mainly study the characteristics of Han Yu's "writing with poetry", that is, argumentative and prose culture. Although he avoided the dangers of Han Yu with his natural and fluent poetic language, some poems are still too logical and lack vivid images. Some ancient poems are not poetic, but some modern poems are more interesting and meaningful. In content, some of his poems reflect the sufferings of the people and expose the darkness of society, which has certain social significance. For example, in answering Yang Zijing's long sentence of praying for rain, he described the social reality of "the military and horses have not moved, single spark can start a prairie fire" and "the civil office is often empty"; In Eating Bad People, it reveals the unreasonable phenomenon that officials "drink official wine every day, but the people" have no porridge in winter and spring ". However, his purpose in writing these poems is clear: "I will collect poems for my admonition because of the songs given by the monarch" to persuade the ruling class to repair politics and maintain feudal order. He also talks about current affairs in his poems, attacking corrupt politics, such as "Answering the son of a national scholar to comfort the south of the Yangtze River". Others, such as Qu Yu Wang and Qu Yu Re He, show the poet's sympathy for the fate of women and condemn the ignorant rulers for wronged the country. More is to write lyrical works, or fresh and beautiful, or plain and tasteful, to express the poet's life feelings. For example, in Sleeping at Night in Huangxi, the Three Gorges is dark and full of trees, and the moon is full of Sichuan, and an ape mourns; In Cao Cao's song, the West Lake comes in spring to send thanks, the snow outside the door disappears, and the riverside flowers bloom in February; In "Thrushcross Birds", hundreds of sounds follow, and the flowers are red and purple; I just know that it is better to be locked in a golden cage than to crow in the forest. Generally speaking, his poetic style is still diverse. Ouyang Xiu is not only good at writing poems, but also has new ideas from time to time. Later generations compiled a book called Selected Poems on June 1st, which was the first poem in the history of China literature. Guo Shaoyu, a modern man, said: "The name of poetic talk originated from Ouyang Xiu, that is, the style of poetic talk, or it can be said that it originated from Ouyang Yi" (Textual Research on Poetic Talk). Ouyang Xiu's poetry criticism has changed the previous practice of paying attention to Lu's comments, important examples, practices or skills. Instead, it is eclectic, detailed and abstract, and comments on poetry in a casual and friendly way, which has become a new form of poetry criticism. When he commented on poetry, although he did not abolish carving, he advocated returning to nature. In Preface to Mei Poetry, he put forward the argument that poetry is "poor before writing", developed the poetry theories of Du Fu and Bai Juyi, pointed out the direction for the development of Song poetry, and had a great influence on poetry creation at that time and later generations. Ouyang Xiu also occupied an important position in the early Song Dynasty. He created many words, most of which are similar to "flower house". The main contents are still homesickness, feelings of parting, drinking drunk songs, cherishing spring and enjoying flowers. He is good at writing landscapes with fresh and light brushstrokes. Thirteen poems "Picking Mulberry Seeds" depict the natural beauty of Yingzhou West Lake. They are quiet, clear and full of emotion, just like elegant landscape paintings. In other words, "apricot blossoms and green hills are scarce, and pedestrians on the hillside rest under the mountain" ("Yulouchun"), "People in the upper reaches of the dike draw boats one by one, patting the spring water on the dike and falling into the sky. Qingyang Building swings "(Huanxisha)," Pingshan railing leans against the clear sky, where there are both mountains and mountains "(Chaozhong Cuo) and so on. , are also good sentences to write about scenery. Because the author is meticulous about things, it seems to be written casually, but in fact it is infinitely vivid. Without perfect works, he can't reach this artistic realm. However, his lyrical words are graceful and touching, with deep feelings and intimate words. For example, the last two sentences of "Walking in the Sand" are "I am far away from sorrow, and the distance is like spring water" and "Spring mountains are everywhere, and pedestrians are more outside". Through the spring water and mountains, I write people from the perspective of thinking about women, which is profound and subtle and gives people a deep feeling. He still has something to say. Although he is old and complaining, he speaks his mind directly, showing his generosity and optimism. There are also some colorful words, although they are written about dating between men and women, but they are also simple and vivid; Of course, there are also some shallow and vulgar works. In addition, Ouyang Xiu also broke the strict metrical form of Fu style and wrote some essays. His famous Ode to Autumn Sound uses various metaphors to describe the invisible autumn sound very vividly, making people seem to be audible. This poem changed the "regular style" of the Tang Dynasty into "prose style", which is of pioneering significance to the development of Fu, comparable to Su Shi's "Red Wall Fu" and has been told for thousands of years.
Other achievements
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Ouyang Xiu's works are numerous, rich in content and remarkable in achievements. In addition to literature, Confucian classics can also adhere to the theories of predecessors and have unique opinions on the study of Poetry, Book of Changes and Spring and Autumn Annals. As a pioneering work, epigraphy compiled thousands of epigraphy artifacts and inscriptions from the Zhou Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and wrote more than 400 articles in ten volumes, referred to as "Collection of Ancient Records", which is the earliest extant epigraphy work. You Wei has made great achievements in historiography. He not only participated in the revision of the 250 volumes of the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, but also wrote the History of the Five Dynasties (the New History of the Five Dynasties), summarizing the historical experience of the Five Dynasties, in order to play a warning role. Ouyang Xiu's calligraphy is also world-famous, and his calligraphy is deeply influenced by Yan Zhenqing. Zhu Yue said, "Ouyang Gong works for others, and if he is a layman, he will be strong."
Historical position
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Ouyang Xiu plays an important role in the history of China literature. He vigorously advocated the poetry innovation movement, reformed the formalism style of writing and poetry from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty, and achieved remarkable results. Because of his great achievements in political status and prose creation, his position in the Song Dynasty was similar to that of Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty, and he was "respected by all the scholars in the world" (Su Shi's Tales of Vulgarians). He recommended and guided Wang Anshi, Ceng Gong, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe and other essayists, which had a great influence on their prose creation. Among them, Su Shi's inheritance and development of the literary style he created is the most brilliant. After the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, many scholars praised his simple prose style. His writing style has always influenced the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
In the eighth year of Song Dynasty (1048), the Yellow River was located in Shanghuhou (now the northeast of Puyang, Henan Province), and the river diverted northward, passing through Daming House, Zhou En, Jizhou, Shenzhou, Yingzhou, Yongjingjun and other places, until the Ganning Army merged into the royal river and entered the sea. At that time, due to lack of manpower, it was not closed immediately. In the third year of Emperor Yangdi's reign (105 1), it flowed northward to Guogukou, Guantao. After being blocked for four years, the northbound flow is still not smooth, which has caused a debate about the northbound flow and the restoration of the old road of the eastbound flow. In the second year (1055), Ouyang Xiu strongly opposed the return to Hedong, and even stated the reasons why he could not return to the river. In the first part, he analyzed the grim situation that "there is a great drought in the world, especially in JD.COM, followed by Hebei" and "After Zhou En's war in Hebei, it was followed by a fierce year, and the people went into exile in nine cases out of ten". He thinks that when the country is short of people, the second dredging is not only manpower and material resources, but also a long river of more than 1,000 miles with 300,000 people. Based on his own observation and experience, he first analyzes the law of siltation and overflow of the Yellow River and expounds the reasons why it is not suitable for the Yellow River to return to the river. He said, "The reason why there is no silt in the river. Mud often flows down first, and the downstream mud is high, and the water gradually stops, which is the lower part of the upstream. This trend is also normal. " Then he analyzed the specific situation of JD.COM and Henglong River, and pointed out: "In the Jubilee, the river flowed out of JD.COM, and the water traveled in the so-called old road today. The stagnant water is blocked, but it must be blocked on the roof, and it is found that it is blocked and returns to the old road; A few days later, it was decided by Nantiegou Temple in Huazhou, which is now called Longmen people. In the following years, it was banned and restored. The decision of the king of Chu has been made, but the difference is very small, and it is diverted from the old road. But the water in the old road will eventually clog up, so I decided to stay in Henglong. If so, the river will be blocked and the old road will not be restored. Recovery ultimately depends on the upper level, and the old road is blocked and water cannot flow. When Henglong was decided, the water flowed down, so for more than ten years, the river was not affected. In Li Qing in 1934, the water of Henglong silted up from Haikou, and it was more than 140 miles in Haikou. After that, the swimming, gold and red rivers were silted up again. Dirty is the stem, but it depends on the upper business. However, the old roads of JD.COM and Henglong River are flowing down, silting up the abandoned highlands. JD。 The old path of COM is repeated, and the truth cannot be repeated. It goes without saying that it is easy to know. " At the same time, Ouyang Xiu also believes that the Liuta River, which was discussed by canal division Li Zhongchang, is only fifty paces wide. "It is ridiculous to want to accommodate the water of a big river at fifty paces", and it is asserted that Liuta River "has the name of reducing water in a big river, without reducing disease. Today, there are many troubles in the lower reaches of the river. If they all go back to the river, Binhai, Germany, Bohe and other northern States will be overwhelmed, and the upstream will be in danger of being set by others. This is harmful and useless, and all wise people don't do it. " Ouyang Xiu's performance was not adopted, and the court ordered him to step up his efforts to block the mouth and open the Six Tahes River. In April of the first year of Jiayou (1056), Shang Hu burned his bridges and decided to win again, failing to return to Jiang.
Lonely and distracted, lush, I still remember the south bank of the Yangtze River. Romantic heartless people secretly change, and the old tour is like a dream.
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