The new curriculum standard advocates that "junior middle school Chinese teaching should focus on cultivating students' good sense of language and overall grasping ability, so that students can experience and feel in positive ideological and emotional activities, thus gaining intentional enlightenment to nature, society and life, and improving students' comprehensive Chinese ability and humanistic quality". It can be seen that paying attention to cultivating students' modern reading ability is an important task entrusted to middle school Chinese teaching in the present era, and it is also one of the effective measures to implement quality education in Chinese teaching. As a middle school Chinese teacher who has been teaching for more than 20 years, "how to improve students' modern Chinese reading ability?" "It has always been a topic that I am thinking, practicing and exploring, and I dare not slack off." Read more books to protect your body and mind, and experience others. "Combined with my reading, learning and teaching practice, talk about some of my practices and experiences in this regard.
First of all, a clear ability goal presents a ladder board.
American educator Bruce pointed out that "establishing scientific training goals is the primary link of teaching, and effective teaching begins with knowing what the expected goals are". I think the same is true of training to improve students' modern reading ability. First, let students know the goal of reading learning and the connotation of reading ability.
In teaching, according to the characteristics of students' age and learning stage, I guide students to understand Dai Wen's reading ability step by step, which mainly refers to the ability to understand, analyze and appreciate articles, including seven aspects: first, to accurately understand the meanings and expressive functions of words, words and sentences in a specific context; Second, reading ordinary or complex narratives can clarify the levels, correctly understand the ideological content of the article, grasp the author's emotions, and understand and analyze the language characteristics and expressions; Third, reading ordinary or complex expository texts can make clear the level, understand the accuracy of scientific content and language, analyze the main interpretation methods used in the article, and distinguish the characteristics and emphasis of different types of expository texts; Fourth, reading general or complex argumentative essays can clarify the levels, grasp the central point, and analyze the methods and means of discussion; Fifth, reading literary works can clarify plot clues and analyze the character characteristics and typical significance of characters; Can understand the role of environmental description; Can grasp the theme of the work; Can understand the beauty and vividness of literary language, that is, have the ability to appreciate literary works initially; Sixth, have a certain language perception ability, can initially master the methods of intensive reading and skimming, and can quickly obtain the required information from reading materials; Seventh, we can make full use of the information provided by notes and background materials to deepen our understanding of the article. In this way, students should "keep their eyes open" before reading and studying, and make clear the goal of their reading style, that is, the reading requirements. In order to analyze and understand the content and form of modern texts or paragraphs from the perspective of stylistic knowledge and according to certain reading methods in the future, so as to complete reading tasks and solve reading problems.
Of course, as teachers who impart and lead knowledge, we must always bear in mind that students' reading ability grows step by step and spirals up. There are mainly three levels: the low level is to understand the literal meaning; The higher level is to understand the meaning between the lines and the thoughts and feelings expressed in the article; High-level reading ability is to be able to read and appreciate from the aesthetic level and obtain aesthetic pleasure. In this way, it can not only guide students to master the ideological content of the text initially, but also improve their reading ability rationally and continuously.
Second, stimulate reading interest and strengthen subject reading.
Mr. Lu Xun once said: "Learning without interest is a kind of hard labor. Without interest, there is no wisdom and inspiration. " Interest is the best teacher for students. Therefore, under the premise of clear goals, my journey of reading teaching often begins with stimulating interest. The cultivation of interest is to stimulate. Of course, the interests stimulated are diverse, and the fields stimulated are also very extensive.
In teaching, I mainly use the methods of stimulating my interest in American literature in class, reciting classics, presenting them in recitation, giving lectures and performing games. , so as to change my reading into my reading, arouse the enthusiasm of reading subjects and stimulate students' interest in reading. For example, when guiding students to read Zhu Ziqing's Spring, students will be deeply infected by the natural beauty and linguistic beauty of the article; When guiding the class to read the classic "Education of Love", enrich the students' language and humanistic spirit with the essence of the world literature treasure house, and let the healthy and rational reading atmosphere quietly take root in the students' hearts; The development of various reading performance activities gives students the desire and opportunity to show their talents in front of everyone, thus creating a happy mood and prompting students to think and construct through reading. I have always believed in the words of Mr. Ye Shengtao, "The teacher's teaching is not comprehensive teaching, but camera guidance, so that students can play their talents, study hard and practice hard, and the sources of knowledge will be broadened and the skilled skills will be deepened." Real education is to "light others' fire with your own fire and discover your heart with your heart." I believe my students, I am just a person who lights the torch, and students who are interested in learning are the burning torch.
Third, follow the reading principle and broaden the reading field.
For middle school students, the guidance of methods and the cultivation of study habits are particularly important, so that students can truly learn, read and understand actively. In reading teaching, I always follow the reading principle of "three combinations", that is, the combination of lectures and practice, point-to-face combination, and the combination of in-class and out-of-class combination, so as to enrich students' language accumulation, ideological accumulation and emotional experience, enable students to master reading essentials and certain reading methods, improve the effectiveness of reading problem analysis and reduce blindness.
Combination of speaking and practicing. Oral English mainly gives theoretical guidance to students in reading psychology, reading rules, reading methods and answering skills. Instead of explaining knowledge. Speaking well will improve the consciousness and efficiency of practice; Practice is mainly through reading practice, so that students can master the reading rules, reading methods and answering skills of various styles, and then increase their knowledge. Only by practicing well can they develop regular and good reading habits and improve their reading ability quickly.
Point-to-surface combination: the object of reading comprehension is the whole article, while the object of proposition in the exam is mostly paragraphs. Therefore, in the process of training, teachers should always combine students' overall understanding of the whole article with their understanding and analysis of sentences and paragraphs, so as to prevent students from "overstepping the full text" as soon as they get the topic, dismembering the article, putting the main idea aside and looking back, and revealing it repeatedly, so that students can master the law of "words cannot be separated from sentences, sentences cannot be separated from paragraphs, and paragraphs cannot be separated from articles".
Combination of in-class and out-of-class teaching: To improve students' reading ability, in addition to strict training in class, students must also use out-of-class teaching to read as widely as possible.
Reading teaching can't teach texts for the sake of teaching texts, but teach knowledge for the sake of teaching knowledge. It must closely connect with daily life practice, grasp the key points of life in time and practice, activate the Chinese knowledge and skills contained in the text into plates of delicious food and present them to students, so that students can truly realize that "there is always Chinese, there is Chinese everywhere, and there is reading everywhere", thus improving their reading ability.
Fourth, guide intensive reading and pay attention to special training.
"Teaching thousands of methods, reading-oriented", for the cultivation of students' reading ability, I generally follow the training and upgrading process of "reading-enlightenment-practice", promoting understanding by reading, guiding practice by understanding, and improving ability by practice.
Reading: you can't have a sense of language without reading, and you can't have a sense of beauty without reading. Ye Lao said: "The more solid the foundation, the bigger the house can be built. Reading is to lay the foundation, so reading must be from shallow to deep, step by step, but you must read more. The level of a person's language quality and reading ability depend on his language accumulation to a considerable extent. " In reading, I think students should be guided to pay attention.
The organic combination of intensive reading and expository writing. The so-called intensive reading training means that when reading an article, you should chew the words thoroughly, polish them carefully, understand the connotation of the article, carefully ponder the writing method of the article, and obtain the necessary knowledge of reading the composition, that is, Ye Shengtao said, "crumbs are not left", which is meaningful. The steps of intensive reading are: initial reading, in-depth study and familiarity with reading or reciting; The so-called Expo training is to read quickly. On the basis of intensive reading, focus on exercising the agility of thinking. It doesn't need careful deliberation and pondering like intensive reading training, but tries to grasp the useful parts quickly and accurately, and the rest can be skipped. In this way, every reading is equal to a training, and reading ability is improved through repeated reading training.
Revelation: "Elegant people know the elegance of bamboo silk, and proud people feel the god of Cao Zhuan." Mr. Hong Li Zong, editor-in-chief of Soviet Education Press, also said: "Reading can't just stay in pronunciation and superficial meaning, but we should concentrate on thinking, understanding and understanding in reading, so that we can read the taste of books." In my opinion, students must be guided to understand the skills of text structure, the skills of beginning and ending, and the artistic conception of language in teaching. When reading, students should pay attention to the order of writing, the beginning and end of natural paragraphs, the cohesion, transition and care between levels, and appreciate its subtlety. Let the students know which method to use at the beginning of the article, such as getting straight to the point, changing the pen, cutting into the environment, cleverly laying out the facts, expressing emotions, being just right, setting doubts and attracting, and what method to use at the end, such as echoing the beginning of the article, inspiring association, expressing ambitions and unexpected ending; Let students understand the meaning of the language of the article and wander in the beautiful artistic conception, thus forming the feeling of the soul and the interpretation of personality.
Practice: Mr. Lv Shuxiang once said: "Using Chinese is a skill, which is no different from swimming, table tennis and other skills." Practice is an effective way to acquire reading knowledge and cultivate reading ability. In reading training, I mainly adopt the following two methods: First, fast reading training, also called limited reading training. Reading speed is a sign of reading ability. Nine-year compulsory education junior high school "Chinese syllabus" requires junior high school students to read 500 words quickly every minute. In teaching, I pay more attention to using model essays provided by textbooks or selecting some short essays. After estimating the approximate number of words in the text taught, I ask the students to grasp the general idea of the text in a limited time, so as to accurately repeat the content of the text or find out the central sentence or main sentence of each paragraph. The second is to pay attention to effective training in test sites. On the basis of fast reading training, carefully analyze the test sites in scientific articles, expositions and literary works of senior high school entrance examination, grasp the key points of different styles of examination, and conduct targeted sub-item training through special training, requiring students to read relevant sentences with questions according to the teacher's test questions, understand all kinds of relevant data and facts, so as to grasp the essence and context of the reading object and deeply understand the reading materials; Students are required to read intensively according to the questions raised in the article, read relevant sentences, taste the language, and grasp the key sentences, so as to grasp the essence and context of reading the article, deeply understand the materials read, and then improve their reading ability in an all-round way.
Of course, there is no end to exploration and there is no definite method for teaching. I will be a conscientious and wise educator in my future teaching career.
Keywords: interest skills training perseverance
First, improving students' interest in learning Chinese is the premise of improving students' reading ability.
Einstein said: for everything, only love is the best teacher, which far exceeds the sense of responsibility. Confucius, a great educator in ancient China, also said: "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy." Junior high school students' learning is also inseparable from their interest in subjects.
How to cultivate students' interest in learning Chinese?
1, lead students to read the text and enter the world of textbooks.
Chinese textbooks not only have exquisite quality, but also show students extremely vivid pictures. There are landscapes, flowers, birds, insects and fish, a warm and warm world, a long history and splendid culture. Entering Chinese textbooks, students seem to have entered the magical world of beautiful nature, science and fantasy. The text leads students to swim in the ocean of literature, lead them to read the past and look at the present. Teachers should lead students into the world of textbooks and let them feel the richness of the Chinese world. Cultivating students' interest in reading texts is the easiest way to learn Chinese well. There are many materials suitable for reading aloud in the textbook, such as Spring by Zhu Ziqing, Winter in Jinan by Lao She, Haiyan by Gorky ... Teachers can guide students to read aloud and let them touch the world written by the author through words. The richness of Chinese textbooks can satisfy students' thirst for knowledge. By reading the text, lead students into the world of textbooks and make them have a strong interest in Chinese.
2. Guide students to understand the situation and enter the author's world.
Teachers guide students to analyze the text and understand the author's thoughts and feelings. Students should not only learn the text, but also pay attention to the author's observation and experience of social life. By reading the text, students can have psychological communication with the author, thus purifying their minds. It can also collide with the author's thoughts. When students' thoughts collide with the author's, students will feel the joy of success. This kind of happiness is beyond the reach of ordinary material enjoyment The texts selected from the textbooks are very rich in content, which are the main windows for students to accumulate and absorb excellent cultural nutrition. They have the characteristics of both literary quality and beauty, rich in cultural connotation and flavor of the times. However, compared with the student era, the author's era has a great span. Therefore, teachers should talk about the writing background of the article in teaching. Let students know the author's life experience, let students understand the author's thoughts more easily, and then grasp the theme of the article. For example, learning from Mr. Fujino can lead students to understand how Lu Xun's theory of evolution came into being, especially the reason why Lu Xun gave up medicine and went to literature. Learn Back to lead students to understand Zhu Ziqing's father's situation at that time and better understand his father's love.
3. Teachers create situations and give students a stage to show.
A relaxed, lively and orderly classroom teaching atmosphere is the pursuit of every teacher. In real life, we can see that if the classroom atmosphere is tense, depressing and boring, students' learning is naturally passive. If students want to study actively, they should be given a stage to show, so as to arouse their enthusiasm for learning.
Since last year 1 1 month, Dandong No.14 Middle School has learned from the teaching reform experience of Xiaodianzi Middle School in Donggang, and has also carried out the research on the teaching mode of "learning by learning plans and grouping linkage". In the classroom, teachers guide students to learn through independent cooperation and inquiry, so that students can change from individual learning to collective learning, and team members help each other. After the students fully study by themselves, the teacher provides a platform for students to communicate and let them report their gains. Students have a strong sense of learning, and teachers' questions or students' questions give students opportunities to exercise.
Five minutes before Chinese class. The host is a student, and the content includes the accumulation of famous sayings, stories, excellent film appreciation, speeches, reading experiences and so on. You can also try to let students be small teachers and give lectures independently. Before the activity, the teacher gave some guidance to the host, so that the students could carefully find the information and prepare for class. When the stage is handed over to students, the spark of students' innovative thinking has been ignited, and teaching will receive unexpected results. A little teacher can only teach others if he learns it first. In order to make students like their teaching, they dig deep into the teaching materials. For example, I demonstrated one of the five poems in Unit 5 in the second volume of Grade 8, and then asked the students to practice in groups, trying to get them to say the poem. The teacher gave them a chance and their enthusiasm was aroused. For example, when explaining when there is a bright moon at the beginning of the water tune, a group played Faye Wong's songs with MP3, introducing new lessons, which was welcomed by students. The other group was inspired to make multimedia courseware to teach "Zero Crossing and Ding Yang". The teaching methods of these ordinary teachers have also been flexibly used by young teachers, and the interest of the following students has also been mobilized, and the learning potential of students has been tapped.
The teaching mode of "learning by case and learning by group" pays more attention to students' dominant position in the classroom. In the classroom, students are scrambling to speak for the interests of the group, and the classroom atmosphere is unprecedented. These learned experiences have played a role in my class. The students are looking forward to having Chinese classes every day. Because in Chinese class, they can express their views more freely and have more opportunities to show them. Chinese classroom atmosphere is relaxed and pleasant, and reading teaching is full of challenges and excitement. How can students not love learning Chinese?
4. The teacher's passion makes students feel the vitality of Chinese.
What distinguishes China from other teachers is their passion. Their language should be cadenced and present different styles with the teaching content. Sometimes it's like a breeze blowing over the water, sometimes it's like a flurry, sometimes it's like a mountain spring gurgling water, and sometimes it's like a rainstorm and white waves. Teachers are not only organizers, but also readers, participants in reading teaching and triggers students' emotions. The teacher's explanation in class is not calm. Teachers' model essay reading is the most concentrated release of passion. When Mr. Tangdi communicated with No.7 Middle School, I listened to his class. She likes to read by demonstration. She can grasp the students' heartstrings with her changeable pronunciation and intonation, make their blood boil and feel that every pore has been ironed. She inspired me that a Chinese teacher should be an excellent actor. Only you can learn to make students love me, love my dog and enjoy learning Chinese.
5. Open the reading space and let students draw strength from extracurricular books.
When I used to teach in No.7 Middle School, the school arranged a school-based course-reading class for students in the basic school year. The purpose of offering reading class is to make students form good reading habits and create an opportunity for students to dabble in extracurricular knowledge. As we said before, Chinese has a wide range of extensions, including extracurricular reading, especially classic reading. It is difficult for students to squeeze out a long time to read famous books on weekdays. Some students have neither books nor time to read books at home. Therefore, we Chinese teachers can make a big fuss by making good use of reading classes offered by schools. Through reading class, we can start with students' interests, gradually cultivate students' habit of reading quietly, teach them how to take notes and guide them to write their feelings after reading. If students persist in this way, their minds will be enriched, their language will be enriched, their reading speed will be improved, and their interest in learning Chinese will be further improved.
By the 14th Middle School, the school leaders had put forward the slogan of "building a school through culture and educating people through reading". Each class has a bookshelf, and there is a reading class every other week, with two class hours each time. The school has purchased a large number of books that are both literary and beautiful, fully meeting the needs of students and "charging" them. At the same time, the bookshelf of the class is also enriched by students donating idle books at home. Students can browse and dabble before lunch break. These practices are designed to make students feel the charm of Chinese studies.
6. Carry out the second classroom activities to link the learning inside and outside the class.
In No.7 Middle School, our school established the Green Wind Literature Society, opened a campus radio station and ran students' own periodicals. Members of the Green Wind Literature Society are trained by young journalists to report news on campus, especially large-scale activities, such as sports meetings. The Literary Society has its own broadcast-Voice of the Qingfeng, which is written, edited, hosted and broadcast by students. Members actively participate in the second classroom activities carried out by the club. The development of this activity not only trains students' practical ability and innovative ability, but also combines what they have learned in class with practice, which promotes students' love for Chinese from a certain angle.
In No.14 Middle School, the second classroom activities in the school are larger. Students can choose courses freely and form interest groups. Not only Chinese, but also other subjects have set up second classes. I feel that the second class pays more attention to the expansion of knowledge, which is of great help to cultivate high-quality talents.
Reading is the most basic and typical form in the whole Chinese teaching. It is not only a process of understanding language, but also a process of using language. So how to improve reading ability?
In addition to changing the traditional classroom structure, making students change from passive listening to active reading and increasing independent reading practice, we should also break through the limitations of teaching materials, broaden the reading field and pay attention to the usual reading accumulation. Teachers should guide and encourage students to read various articles. Anything healthy and easy to understand can be read, not limited to textbooks. Expand reading to extracurricular activities and use all the time and opportunities to read. In the teaching process, I ask students to read an extracurricular article every day, insist on watching the news broadcast, and regularly summarize and exchange or show their reading achievements through pre-class activities, so that students can continuously improve their reading interest and ability in reading communication.
It's not enough to be interested. What is more important is to give students special training in reading skills. Only by mastering certain reading skills can students turn their potential into ability. .
(The following focuses on the training of reading skills. )
Second, to improve reading ability, students must be taught certain reading skills.
The so-called reading skill refers to the method of analyzing articles formed in the process of reading, which is an extension of various stylistic knowledge in works and a kind of ability that can be obtained through reading training.
Each class should determine the learning focus according to the characteristics of the textbook and highlight the classroom focus. The purpose is not only to let students learn knowledge, but also to let students learn skills and learn to sum up laws. As the saying goes, "Teaching is for not teaching". Once students discover the regularity of reading, they will have a sense of accomplishment. Once they master this sense of success and gradually accumulate it, they will actively strengthen their interest in learning Chinese. Therefore, in order to improve students' reading ability, we must teach them some key points of answering questions.
The reading of modern literature is mainly to understand the content and form, and the normal way is to contact, perceive, understand and appreciate the content through the form. For example, Liu Xie said in Wen Xin Diao Long that "composers write with emotion, and readers write with emotion". He believes that from the perspective of "writing", the writing of an article is often conceived, conceived and laid out first. Then we choose words and make sentences, but from the perspective of "viewing the text", we must first understand the text structure and the author's intention from the language and text, so the ability to view the text is the reading ability we want to cultivate. "Guan Wen" is a concept with rich connotation, and it is also a stylistic article with different expression skills and different writing methods. Works with the same theme also have writers in different languages and styles. In short, this "text" is ever-changing, changeable and not unified. These characteristics should be students' ability to understand and apply to reading practice, but no matter how big or small, these aspects can not be ignored. What is the "master" of reading? I think we should do the following:
1, overall perception, grasp the meaning.
Reading modern literature is the most important thing. You must understand the content of a paragraph, but you can't read it twice or three times. Only when you really understand the content and meaning of the paragraph can you answer the questions as required without making mistakes. Of course, some people can't understand the meaning of the text accurately, and of course they can't develop their reading ability well. Mr. Ye Shengtao has long said that you should understand the author's thoughts when reading the whole article. Therefore, when tutoring students to carry out modern reading training, we must pay attention to guiding students to read paragraphs carefully and understand the ideas of the article.
2. The context is clear and the writing ideas are clear.
The way of writing is the way the author reflects his life or expounds his views. When reading an article, we must be able to sort out the process of the author's thinking development. Only by clarifying the process of thinking development can we understand the whole picture of the article and accurately understand the true essence of the article.
This is true of reading the whole text, and so is reading a paragraph. The full text has full-text ideas, paragraphs have paragraph ideas, the expression of full-text ideas is the text structure, and the expression of paragraph ideas is the level of paragraphs.
The study of full-text thinking must be combined with stylistic features. Narrative should focus on the cause, process and end of the event, argumentative should focus on the process of argument, and expository should focus on the order of explanation, which is the characteristic of literary thinking in different documents. When analyzing and sorting out general writing ideas, we should also pay attention to some artistic literary ideas.
The study of the full text can also be considered from the planning of the beginning and end, the detailed arrangement of primary and secondary, the penetration of writing clues, the connection of transitional care, and the setting of suspense. Help us better find out the hierarchy and simplify the article.
Try to figure out the problem and look at it prepared?
To get a strange article, the first step is to study the topic and see what the proposer asks. What questions were asked? Which of these questions is easier? Which ones are more difficult? Form a "problem chain" in your brain. Then, bring these questions into the text, so that you can get twice the result with half the effort.
4. Look at the topic and think about it.
The title of an article is often the essence extracted from an article. It first tells people which works should be praised, opposed, publicized and blamed.
5. Learn to find the central sentence and clarify the outline.
General articles are composed of several natural paragraphs. Each paragraph has a main meaning. Some sentences are often closely related to this paragraph. If the central sentences of these paragraphs are taken out for integrated reading, the author's writing ideas will be found. Integrating the central sentence can help readers quickly understand the content and structure of the article. ?
6. Read the full text silently and circle the outline
Finding the central sentence and understanding the outline is rough reading; Reading the full text silently and sketching in circles is close reading. The former is a macro grasp, while the latter is a micro appreciation. Of course, solving the "problem chain" requires both macro grasp and micro appreciation. This process is an important prerequisite for organizing answers. There are two tips: first, we should look forward to the problem; The first is to accurately define the answer area.
20 10 September, I transferred from Grade 7 to Grade 14, and the school arranged two and a half classes for me, and I was two Chinese teachers. One of the students in these two classes is active in thinking, but the other is slow. However, most students' Chinese scores are not satisfactory. When I first came into contact with them, I adopted an attack strategy to help students overcome their fears. In teaching, I often tell students that Chinese is easy to learn and there are rules to follow in answering Chinese questions. Students feel the sweetness of mastering the rules of answering questions in class, and prefer to learn Chinese, read books and find rules.
I am eager to learn Chinese, not to fool students, but based on my years of teaching practice and thinking. Although Chinese knowledge is trivial and complicated, it has a complete system. Teachers Wei Shusheng and Ouyang Dai Na like to summarize the knowledge tree of Chinese for students, which gives me great inspiration. I made some summaries based on my own teaching attempts. After three years of student practice, the feeling has produced obvious results.
For narrative, expository, argumentative and prose reading, I have summarized a set of teaching methods suitable for my own style.
1. Construct the Chinese knowledge tree and work out the formula. The basic knowledge of Chinese is scattered and complicated, and there are too many things to remember, too trivial. I tried to put them on like fruit and put on some scattered knowledge systems. I take heuristic teaching in teaching and summarize the corresponding Chinese knowledge bit by bit.
In narrative reading, I will combine narrative elements, order, person, clue, characterization, center and structure into two skeletons. The vertical line is the structure, and the horizontal line is the writing and center. String together the common test sites in the senior high school entrance examination as knowledge points.
Taking the structure as the guide, it is convenient for students to perceive the content of the article as a whole, which is the key to successful reading. Take the center of characterization and expression as the latitude, and guide students to analyze the character and writing skills of the article. Teachers constantly sum up some rules for students in combination with the teaching content. For example, students learned the narrative method in the lesson of "antelope woodcarving", and I led the students to summarize it in combination with teaching. Narrative plays four roles: explaining life experience, family background and reasons; Depicting characters; Plot paving; Highlight the center. The article "Back" is Zhu Ziqing's memory of his father, and he concentrated on expressing his father's love by asking his father to buy oranges. The requirement of this unit is to understand the relationship between material arrangement and center. I guide the group members to learn, clear their minds and understand the writing of the article. This paper has a lot to learn from in writing skills. While discussing the issues of "clues", "family introduction", "personality analysis", "bedding" and "son's attitude change", I organized and formed a Chinese knowledge tree. Here I show you: (big screen) Title (meaning, function)
Beginning (function,)
Intermediate (transitional foreshadowing)
Ending (meaning, function)
Specific explanation: the title is the "eye" of the article and the key to the article. Throughout the senior high school entrance examination in recent years, the significance and function of the topic is a common test center. For example:
I summarize the meaning of the topic as follows: the meaning of the topic has two layers, one is superficial, the other is deep, the surface is literal, and the deep is figurative. The function of headlines can be summarized in three sentences: summarizing the main idea, expressing feelings by writing clues, and setting suspense to attract readers. For example, the title of the lesson "Back": This paper mainly writes about the back of father, and shows the deep affection between father and son through the back. At the same time, "Hui" is the clue of the article, which is novel and can arouse readers' interest in reading. "Looking up" in the title of "Looking Up at Mother" has two meanings, and there is respect for mother. So the role of the topic is that I summed up one point to express my feelings.
The beginning is one of the highlights of the article. How to start, the text is very representative. Studying their opening writing and functions can sum up some opening functions. For example, at the beginning of "The Back": "I haven't seen my father for more than two years, and the most unforgettable thing is his back." The beginning is simple but full of emotion. According to this beginning, I summed up the functions: opening a topic; Set suspense; Arouse memories; Lay the emotional tone of the article. Take this as an example, draw inferences from others, and master the skills of answering questions at the beginning through practice.