1 Attach importance to nutrition education
Developed nutrition education is the characteristic of developed countries. Not only do many universities offer nutrition education courses for nutrition majors, but nutrition education actions also begin in kindergartens. There are not only formal nutrition education in schools, but also nutrition education for the society [1].
The American Society for Nutrition Education was founded in 1967, and its nutrition education is set in the health curriculum, from the first grade of primary school to middle school. Nutrition education in each grade has clear teaching objectives.
The contents of nutrition education in Japan mainly include science, health care, family and other courses from primary school to high school. There are family classes from the fifth grade to the high school. Not only learn nutrition knowledge, but also learn nutrition catering, food cooking, diet design and planning.
In recent years, with the development of national economy and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the dietary and nutritional status of primary and secondary school students in China has been greatly improved. However, parents generally lack basic nutrition knowledge and reasonable dietary guidance, which leads to unbalanced dietary nutrition and causes the occurrence and development of nutritional diseases such as obesity or nutritional deficiency of students. Exploring and studying how to prevent and improve the nutritional status of primary and secondary school students is a concern at home and abroad in recent years.
2 the influence of nutrition education on the nutritional status of preschool children
Preschool children are in a period of rapid growth and development. Although growth and development depend on genetic factors and environmental factors, the survey shows that environmental factors, especially nutrition and health factors, are the main factors affecting children's growth and development. Many micronutrients play an important role in the evolution of optimal body growth and neuromuscular development, cellular and humoral immune responses, cellular signals and functions, and even microbial toxicity [2]. Malnutrition in children not only affects physical development, but also affects brain development and intellectual development. The early nutritional status is directly related to the later learning ability, activity ability, and even the labor productivity after adulthood. Moreover, stunted height in childhood will increase the risk of some chronic diseases in adulthood, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes.
In order to understand the influence of nutrition education on the nutritional status of preschool children, so as to provide a basis for the study of nutrition intervention for preschool children, the School of Public Health of Anhui Medical University adopted a longitudinal research method, that is, pre-implementation evaluation → implementation of nutrition education → re-evaluation, to evaluate the effect of nutrition education. They took the kindergarten as the research base, hung nutrition wall charts in the kindergarten of the intervention group, carried out nutrition teaching activities according to the prepared teaching materials and teaching plans, held regular nutrition knowledge training classes for parents, and distributed prepared nutrition knowledge manuals to parents. This activity lasted for one school year. Through this nutrition education, the height, sitting height, head circumference, chest circumference, upper arm circumference, vital capacity and grip strength of boys and girls in the intervention group have increased, while the proportion of children suffering from paleness, chapped lips and cheilitis in the intervention group has decreased. Therefore, taking children, parents and kindergarten teachers as the object, integrating early nutrition education into enlightenment education will help children form basic nutrition concepts, develop good eating habits and benefit them for life [3].
3 the impact of nutrition education on the nutritional status of students in school
3. 1 Effect of nutrition education on primary school students' nutrition knowledge, attitude and behavior
Children and adolescents are in a critical period of behavior formation. Studies have confirmed that improving children's nutrition knowledge and skills through nutrition education and helping them to establish good eating behavior will not only help promote their growth and development, improve their learning potential and health level, but also effectively prevent adult diseases [4].
Child-to-child (C-T-C) model was put forward by American scholars in the late 1970s, and it has been developed worldwide. This educational philosophy holds that children have the ability to participate in and promote health on the basis of cooperation. In recent years, foreign studies have applied C-T-C model to children's health education, such as developing children's rights, reducing substance abuse and preventing diseases, and achieved corresponding results [5]. In order to understand the feasibility and effect of C-T-C method in primary school nutrition education in China, and encourage children to participate in their own nutrition propaganda, learning and spreading health knowledge and skills, Peking University Institute of Children and Adolescents Health and other departments conducted an experimental study in Datong City. In this study, C-T-C method is used as the carrier, and the intervention of students' eating behavior is the starting point to carry out nutrition education for primary school students, in order to explore a new model of nutrition and health education for students in China.
3. 1. 1 Students' knowledge of food and nutrition has been generally improved through nutrition education. Among them, the number of students who knew the food sources of protein, iodine, iron and calcium and the main nutrients provided by vegetables and fruits increased significantly, and the education group was higher than the control group by 265,438 0.3%, 65,438 0.65%, 438 0%, 65,438 0.03%, 9.0% and 26.5% respectively (P
3. 1.2 Students' attitude towards nutrition education. In the education group, 56. 1% students think breakfast is the most important, which is significantly higher than that in the control group (49.3%), but the overall level is still low. More than 95% students are interested in nutrition knowledge, and more than 97.6% students think nutrition is very important. After education, the number of people in the education group who were not interested in nutrition knowledge decreased by 2.5%, which was significantly different from that before education.
3. 1.3 Before students' nutrition and dietary behavior education, students usually have rice, bread and eggs for breakfast. After education, the proportion of choosing milk and eggs for breakfast was 9.8% and 65,438 0.05% higher than that of the control group respectively. Going to school early, having no appetite in the morning, and having meals on holiday at school are the main reasons why students don't eat breakfast. After education, fewer students do not eat pig liver, tofu, fish, pig blood and potatoes than the control group. The number of people who are not picky eaters has obviously increased (P < 0.05).
The survey shows that primary school students lack nutrition knowledge. There are many misunderstandings in food selection and eating behavior, which will have a negative impact on the nutritional status and growth and development of primary school students. However, students have a good attitude and are willing to obtain nutrition knowledge from various channels. Nutrition education for primary school students is urgent, necessary and feasible [6].
3.2 The influence of nutrition education on middle school students' nutrition knowledge, attitude and behavior
In order to understand the middle school students in China's knowledge of nutrition, the cognitive level of dietary guidelines for China residents, their attitude towards nutrition education and the influence of nutrition education on them, the Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention conducted this research.
3.2. 1 In terms of nutrition knowledge, the percentage of middle school students in the intervention group B who definitely answered "I have heard of or read the dietary guidelines for China residents" was significantly higher than that in the pre-intervention group A and the control groups A and B, with a very significant difference (P < 0.0 1.
3.2.2 Attitude towards Nutrition The attitude of middle school students towards nutrition changed greatly before and after nutrition education, and the percentage of students with a nutritional attitude score greater than or equal to 3 increased from 75.4% before intervention to 85.8%, an increase of 10.4 percentage points, with a significant difference. Good attitude is the basis of further nutrition education (Table 2).
3.2.3 Dietary Behavior As can be seen from the survey, breakfast usually consists of porridge, eggs, bread, noodles and steamed bread. After the intervention, the number of people who ate eggs for breakfast increased significantly, from 57.6% to 70.3%, and the number of people who ate vegetables increased from 9.0% to 42.4%. There was significant difference before and after the intervention (P < 0.05). Protein and vitamins are indispensable nutrients for breakfast. Increasing the variety of eggs and vegetables can ensure the human body's demand for protein and vitamins. In addition, before and after nutrition education, the behavior of middle school students drinking milk and boiled water instead of other soft drinks has changed greatly. The number of middle school students drinking milk every day increased from 23.4% before intervention to 32.9% after intervention. The above results also show that the daily milk consumption rate of middle school students in Beijing increased from 65438 to 0995 compared with 8.7% [7].
3.2.4 The results of discussion and investigation show that through nutrition education, middle school students' understanding of Dietary Guidelines for China Residents and their level of nutrition knowledge have been greatly improved, and students' attitude towards nutrition knowledge is good, which is the basis for us to carry out nutrition education. From the analysis of dietary behavior, we can also see that through nutrition education, middle school students have made great changes in drinking milk, breakfast and beverage selection, which fully shows the role of nutrition education in it.
3.3 The influence of nutrition education on college students' nutrition knowledge, attitude and behavior
Through health education in primary and secondary schools, popular science books and periodicals, mass media and other related courses, college students have gained some nutrition knowledge, but in daily life, they can't achieve a balanced diet, and subclinical malnutrition, fatigue and low resistance are more common [8], and malnutrition and obesity caused by nutritional imbalance also occur from time to time [8]. Qiqihar Medical College explored the feasibility of carrying out nutrition health education among medical college students by carrying out nutrition education and evaluating its effect.
3.3. 1 Compared with before education, the awareness rate of nutrition knowledge has been improved to varying degrees. Before education, the awareness rate of clinical medical students about Dietary Guidelines for China Residents was 35%. After education, all the students surveyed expressed their understanding of the dietary guide for China residents in the questionnaire, and had a specific understanding of foods containing protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and inorganic salts [9].
3.3.2 Comparing the dietary intake of students before and after nutrition education, it is found that students have made reasonable adjustments to their dietary intake after education and are implementing the adjusted dietary plan (Table 3).
Using nutrition practice class to educate clinical medical students on dietary nutrition has deepened their specific understanding of "Dietary Guide for China Residents" and the nutritional components of food in daily diet. Because of the close connection with students' daily diet and nutrition, students have a strong interest in this form of nutrition education, which has played a multiplier role. From the perspective of dietary behavior, through dietary nutrition education, students' intake of milk, beans and their products, vegetables and breakfast has changed very well, which has a very positive impact on a medical student himself and his future work. At the same time, all the students surveyed said that they would do their best to publicize the Dietary Guidelines for China Residents in the future, so as to improve the dietary nutrition status of residents and reduce the occurrence of nutritional diseases.
4 conclusion
Nowadays, the development of science and technology is advancing by leaps and bounds, and the development of related disciplines has also added fresh blood to nutrition, making people more aware of the close relationship between reasonable diet and health [10]. Nutrition education is a huge systematic project that needs the support and participation of the whole society. Many studies at home and abroad have confirmed that nutrition education is an important method to improve the nutritional status of human beings, and it is also an important means to guide people to scientifically and reasonably choose a balanced diet and establish a healthy lifestyle. From a national perspective, the overall level of students' nutrition knowledge is still relatively low, and the popularization of nutrition education is not extensive enough. It is suggested that education departments at all levels should take nutrition education as a public education course in schools and bring it into the teaching plan to promote the health of students in schools. In short, we should actively create a supportive environment atmosphere, so that nutrition education can actively change the nutrition knowledge, attitude and behavior of different groups of people. Let the knowledge of reasonable nutrition become a household name and put it into practice [1 1]. refer to
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Awareness rate of group survey number (person) (%)
Intervention group A 244 15.2*
Control group A 250 28.2*
Intervention group B 334 9 1.9
Control group B 287 3 1.4
Note: Compared with the intervention group B, * P < 0.0 1 Table 2, the students' nutritional attitude score.
Percentage (%) of perfect score (x s)/score ≥3 in N groups.
Intervention group A 244 54.70 0.79 75.4 *
Control group A 25054.57 0.87 67.6 *
Intervention group B 334 54.76 0.73 85.8
Control group B 287 54.63 0.8160.1.
Note: Compared with the intervention group B, * P < 0.05 Table 3 Dietary nutrition intake of students before and after nutrition education.
Before and after education, the intake rate of milk (%), the intake rate of beans (%), the ratio of vegetables to a small amount of leafy vegetables, and the quality of breakfast were only.
(%) (%) Good proportion (%) Grain proportion (%)
Pre-education 2016.5 80.2 2310.5 65
After education 58 85.0 98.0 55 45.0 27
The value of p is < < 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01.