Orienteering, as a new sport that uses maps and compasses to navigate, is attracting more and more people all over the world and is crazy about it. It is not only an outdoor recreational sport, but also a competitive sport. Taking part in orienteering requires not only a compass and a map, but also special equipment. It is a relatively economical sport. Orienteering is usually held in forests, parks, campuses and even city streets. Moreover, orienteering is easy to design a competition route that meets the needs of competitors of different ages, sexes, physical fitness and orienteering skills, so participation in orienteering is rarely restricted by conditions. According to foreign reports, the youngest competitors in orienteering are only 3 years old, and the oldest has reached 80 years old. In Europe, especially in Scandinavia, the birthplace of orienteering, orienteering is usually an interesting outdoor sport for the whole family. Parents and children go to a competition together, or participate in a specially designed competition according to their age and skill level. In other countries, orienteering is often an exciting and challenging competitive sport for the wise, or a sport for adventurers and fitness enthusiasts. You will see that it not only tests people's physical fitness, intelligence and directional ability, but also tests people's ability to make correct judgments and decisive decisions quickly under environmental pressure, which is more challenging. Orienteering is also a kind of personal experience exercise. This can also be said to be one of its shortcomings. At present, orienteering is mainly carried out in forests and parks. There are many restrictions on both live viewing and TV broadcasting. It is difficult for the audience to appreciate the challenge, excitement and interest except for personal experience.
There are many forms of directional movement. International Orienteering (IOF) classifies orienteering into orienteering on foot or orienteering, orienteering on skiing, orienteering on mountain bike and orienteering on wheelchair according to the sports modes. This book mainly discusses orienteering, so from now on, orienteering in the book refers to orienteering unless otherwise specified.
According to the rules of FIBA on orienteering in 2004 edition, orienteering on foot is defined as the movement in which competitors reach several checkpoints marked on maps and venues in the shortest possible time with the help of maps and compasses. Participants in orienteering can be individuals or teams of more than two people.
A standard orienteering court includes a starting point (represented by a triangle), an ending point (represented by a double circle) and a series of controls (represented by a single circle).
In the actual terrain, an orange and white flag marks the position of the point that the athletes are looking for.
● In order to confirm this visit, athletes must punch in at each landmark, and different punches have different pinholes.
● The route between points is not specified. Instead, athletes should make their own choices. The essence of orienteering is that with the help of maps and compasses, you can choose routes and identify directions in forests and parks, and reach your destinations in sequence at the fastest speed.
Orienteering is a very healthy intellectual exercise, which pays equal attention to both intelligence and physical strength.
It can not only strengthen the body, but also cultivate people's ability to think independently, solve difficulties independently, react quickly and make decisive decisions under physical and intellectual pressure. It also helps to build strong social networks around the world.
Orienteering is a student sport. Because it cultivates students' ability to analyze and solve problems independently, as well as good logical thinking and drawing reading ability. Orienteering is a family sport. On weekends, the family will return to nature, relax, entertain themselves and live in harmony. Add fun. Orienteering is an elite sport. Because it is full of challenges, it dares to try a scheme that has never been tried before, and requires the highest efficiency from the legs to the brain to reach the world's top goals. Orienteering is a very important world military sport with its own world champion. Orienteering is a natural environment movement. Because it teaches you how to behave in nature, control yourself, care for nature and obey the rules of country parks. Orienteering is a mass sport without any cost. All you need is a good direction map and a compass. Clothing can wear directional professional suits or just ordinary sportswear.
Orienteering is an adventure and treasure hunt. Give you a thrilling life experience. Orienteering is a social sport to make friends. Here, regardless of gender, age, ethnic background, cultural class and social status, we can communicate with each other and enjoy life. Therefore, orienteering has attracted the extensive participation of men, women and children, all walks of life and people of all ages all over the world.
Cross-country orienteering is one of the main events of orienteering. Participants should rely on maps marked with several checkpoints and direction lines, and use compasses to choose their own routes, and look for checkpoints in turn, so that the winner will be the one who completes the competition in the shortest time.
Introduction to Orienteering-The Emergence of Orienteering
1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the vast and rugged land in northern Europe and Scandinavia was covered with endless forests and scattered with countless lakes. Towns and villages are sparse, and people's traffic mainly depends on the winding paths hidden by the lake in the forest.
Living in such a geographical environment, of course, you need maps and compasses more than other places, otherwise, it is very difficult to cross the vast forest. Because of this, the army, the most active crowd in the mountains of Scandinavia, became the pioneer of orienteering. They know very well that if they don't have the ability to identify the direction, choose the road and cross-country in the mountains, they can't complete the important task of defending the country.
19 18, a scout leader named Girante in Sweden organized an activity called "treasure hunt", which aroused great interest of participants, and this was the embryonic form of orienteering.
Because the organization method of this activity is simple, it is not only conducive to improving the ability of judging the direction in the field and learning to use maps, but also conducive to cultivating and exercising people's brave and tenacious spirit and improving people's intelligence and physical strength. Orienteering does not need to spend a lot of money on venues and equipment like other sports, and it is both entertaining and practical, so it has been paid more and more attention by the military and spread rapidly among the people.
Directional world
This is one of the most widely organized orienteering competitions. Because the success or failure of the competition depends on the individual's ability to read and use maps, field orientation and running, it is suitable for people of all ages and sexes to participate. According to foreign data, the youngest athlete is only eight years old and the oldest is 80 years old, which is really suitable for all ages. In order to increase the interest of the competition, the evaluation methods of the competition results can also be different, such as: individual scores can be counted; Individual running, team performance or individual running, individual and team performance, etc.
Orienteering is one of the events officially recognized by the International Orienteering Federation (IOF). [Editor's paragraph] In order to popularize and develop orienteering in the world, FIBA countries joined the IOF, 196 1 May, and orienteering activists from more than a dozen countries established the International Orienteering Federation (IOF) in Copenhagen, Denmark. Official competition events have been determined and a series of competition rules and technical specifications have been formulated. When the International Federation was founded, it had 10 member countries. By the end of 1984, it had grown to 32 countries and regions.
Orienteering is also one of the official events in international military competitions, and each competition can attract military sports teams from more than ten countries. According to the statistics of 1972- 1983, orienteering has become one of the seven events in the international military sports championship, which is tied with basketball.
At present, there is an upsurge of orienteering around the world. According to the figures of the International Federation, 20 countries in the world held international skiing and hiking orienteering competitions in 1985, and * * * organized 9 1 competition. At the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, sports reporters from various countries speculated that orienteering is expected to be included in the official Olympic events before 2000, and the national team of the League of Nations is currently trying to make skiing orienteering an event in the 1992 Winter Olympic Games.
In a word, orienteering, as a new sport that can fully exercise people's physical strength and intelligence, its fans have "surpassed football" in northern Europe today; In other countries, it is included in the "compulsory course" of the military or local colleges and universities.
It is of special significance to master the various methods of using international directional maps and compasses in directional sports. Understanding off-road maps is for correct use. Therefore, in the stage of learning orienteering skills, we must choose the most suitable venue and spend more time training with cross-country maps and compasses.
Some of the following contents belong to the most basic, which must be mastered through repeated practice, while others can choose one or two most applicable methods for training according to the specific situation, in order to obtain the learning effect of bypassing analogy, from shallow to deep, and step by step. [Edit this paragraph] Skills of orienteering 1. Calibration map
The purpose of calibrating the map is to make the orientation of the off-road map consistent with the direction of the current location. This is the most important prerequisite for using off-road maps.
1. Rough calibration
The directions on the off-road map are: up north, down south, left west and right east. When we correctly identify the direction in the field, the map will be calibrated as long as the top of the off-road map faces the north of the site. This method is simple and quick, and it is the most commonly used method in orienteering.
2. Calibration of magnetic north line (magnetic north line)
First, make the directional arrow "↑" in the circular frame of the transparent compass face the top of the map, and make the parallel lines on both sides of the arrow coincide (or parallel) with the magnetic north line on the off-road map. Then, turn the map so that the northern end of the magnetic needle is aligned with the magnetic north direction, and the map is calibrated.
3. Use linear features to calibrate maps (such as roads, earth walls, ditches, high-voltage lines, etc.). ), first of all, we should find this straight line feature on the map, compare the terrain on both sides to make the relationship between the map and the points in the field roughly consistent, and then rotate the map to make the straight line feature on the map consistent with the straight line feature in the field, and the map will be calibrated.
4. Calibrate the map with obvious topographic points.
When you are at an obvious terrain point and have found the location of the terrain point (that is, your own standing point) from the map, you can use the obvious terrain point to calibrate the map. The method is as follows: firstly, select an obvious terrain point (target) which is far away from the current location on the map, and then rotate the map so that the straight line from the standing point to the target on the map coincides with the straight line from the standing point to the target at the current location, and then calibrate the map.
Two. Contrast topography
Comparing topography means that through careful observation, all kinds of features and landforms on the map and in situ are "seated in the right place" one by one, that is, corresponding to each other. There are two main functions of comparing terrain in directional movement: first, when the standing point has not been determined-only by correctly comparing terrain can the correct standing point position be found on the map; Second, when the station point has been determined and it is necessary to change the direction of travel-only by comparing the terrain can the best route be found in the field. Generally, the map should be calibrated before comparing the terrain, and then different comparison methods should be adopted according to different needs:
1. Before determining the standing point: sketch the map first, then quickly observe the surroundings, remember the approximate orientation and distance of the largest or most distinctive features and landforms, find out from the map, and then roughly determine the location of the standing point. If you want to be more accurate, you need to follow the description in the next section.
2. After determining the standing point, you should also roughly calibrate the map first, then find out the near and front features of your selected movement route from the map, and remember their approximate directions and distances, and then move forward after in-situ identification. If the terrain is too complex, such as overlapping hills with similar shapes, it is difficult to compare. First, you can calibrate the map with a more accurate method, and then use a scale to cut the standing point and the ground object with the long side of the compass, and aim forward along this straight side, then the ground object must be on this direction line. This method can't solve the problem, so we need to change the control position or climb up to observe the control. What needs to be emphasized here is that no matter what the situation is, special attention should be paid to the order and steps of observing and comparing the terrain. Generally speaking, the order of terrain in-situ comparison is: first compare the large and obvious terrain, and then compare the general terrain; From near to far, from left to right; From point to line, from line to surface; Regular comparison piece by piece. In terms of steps, the first and most essential thing is to keep the map orientation consistent with the current position, and then carry out the following steps according to different needs.
Step 3: Determine the standing point.
Learning to use maps and mastering various methods to determine the standing points on the map is the key. For these methods, in addition to remembering their own steps and essentials, it is particularly important to learn to use them selectively according to different situations.
Direct determination
When your position is on an obvious terrain point, you can determine the standing point as long as you find the terrain point on the map. This is the most commonly used method in travel, especially in running. The difficulty of using direct determination method is: how to quickly find the obvious terrain points that can be used in the tense process? When the same obvious topographic points are close to each other, can we correctly distinguish them and prevent "arrogance"? The obvious topographical features mainly include:
-A single feature;
-Turning points, intersections (crosses), intersections (D-shapes) and endpoints of the current feature;
—The center or feature edge of a planar feature. The landforms that can be called obvious topographic points mainly include:
-Mountains, saddles and depressions;
Special terrain: steep cliffs, gullies, etc.
-Bending, crossing and valley crossing;
-Turning points and slope change points on ridges and hills.
2. Use positional relationships to determine
When the standing point is near the obvious terrain point, the position relation method can be used. Determining the standing point by using the position relation method is mainly based on two factors, one is the direction of the standing point and the other is the distance from the standing point to the obvious point. Where the terrain is obviously undulating, it can also be judged by combining the height difference.
3. When there is no obvious topographic point near the standing point, it can be determined by intersection method. Figure 3- 17 determines the standing point of 90. According to different situations, it can be divided into 90 method, wire cutting method, rear intersection method and magnetic azimuth intersection method. The advantage of these methods is that you can determine the more accurate position of the standing point without judging or measuring the distance, which is very meaningful for beginners to learn and consolidate the training of using off-road maps. However, some of them can only be used under certain conditions, or the steps are cumbersome and time-consuming, so they are generally less used in orienteering.
Method When the measured point is located on linear terrain (including roads, ditches, mountain back lines, valley bottom lines, slope change lines, etc.). ), if an obvious terrain point can be found in the direction perpendicular to the direction of motion, it is much easier to determine the standing point: the intersection of linear terrain symbols and vertical lines is the standing point.
This method can be used when the point to be measured is located on linear terrain, but there is no obvious terrain point in the direction perpendicular to the direction of motion. The steps are as follows:
Calibration map;
Choose an obvious terrain point on the edge of linear terrain, both on the map and in the field;
Use a ruler (or a triangular ruler, pencil, etc.) of a compass. ) cut at the anchor point of the obvious terrain point on the map (you can insert a thin needle for easy operation), and then turn the compass to align its straight edge with the terrain point;
Draw the direction of money backwards along the straight long side of the compass. The intersection of the direction line and the linear terrain symbol is the position of the standing point on the map.
Connection method When the measured point is located on a linear terrain and the measured position is just on the connecting line of two obvious terrain points, this method can be used to determine the standing point.
The rear intersection method and magnetic azimuth intersection method can only be used in the following situations, that is, wireless terrain can be used at the point to be measured, and there are more than two obvious terrain points in the map and local area.
The rear intersection method usually requires open terrain and good visibility. Its working steps are as follows: after finding the selected directional object on the map, calibrate the map; Then, for each azimuth object, draw a direction line according to the steps of line cutting method, and the intersection point of the direction line on the map is the standing point. As shown in figure 3-20. Figure 3-20 Determination of Standing Point by Rear Intersection Method
Magnetic azimuth intersection method can be used in open terrain and jungle. But in the jungle, you need to climb trees or other objects that are convenient for long-distance observation. The steps are as follows:
-Select two obvious topographic points on the map and the site, and measure the magnetic azimuth of these two topographic points with a compass;
Calibrate the map The measured magnetic azimuth is displayed on the map. When illustrating the magnetic orientation, we should first rotate the dial of the compass so that the pointer is aligned with the measured orientation value, and then cut the straight edge of the compass to the two aligned topographic point symbols on the map to rotate the compass. After the magnetic needle coincides with the directional arrow (see Figure 3-29), draw directional money along the straight long side respectively. The intersection of two directional lines is the position of the standing point on the map.
Map marching is the basic way of orienteering, which depends on the athletes' comprehensive application of the above-mentioned special skills. In other words, learning to identify directions, identify cross-country maps, calibrate maps, and determine standing points against terrain are all for being able to skillfully use maps to travel. Therefore, in actual operation, according to the terrain and personal characteristics, we should choose one or two methods that are most suitable for us, practice them repeatedly, and achieve mastery through a comprehensive study. Only in this way can we always follow our chosen route correctly during the competition and reach our destination smoothly without slowing down the movement speed.
Memory method should generally remember the direction, distance, passing terrain points and auxiliary (reference) objects on both sides of the route in the order of travel. To acquire this ability through memory, the scene in the field can be constantly "superimposed" and confirmed with the content of memory, that is, "people are running in the field and their hearts are moving in the picture."
Thumb-assisted walking method first defines your standing point and the route to move to reach the target, then rotates the map (the body rotates with it) to make the map consistent with the direction of the current location, presses the thumb on one side of the standing point, and then starts to move. Keep moving your thumb, and turn the map according to the position you arrive, so as to keep the inertia and correctness of the position and direction.
Line borrowing method This method can be used when the checkpoint is located in or near linear terrain. When marching, we should first make clear the standing point, and then make use of the easily recognizable linear terrain, such as roads, fences, high-voltage lines, mountain back lines, slope changing lines, etc. As a "guide" to March, make yourself more confident in sports. Because walking along linear terrain is like walking on the railing of stairs, this method is called "handrail method" abroad.
When there are tall and obvious topographic points near the checkpoint, the borrowing point method can be used. Before marching, clearly identify the target (or other objects can support it), and then go to the checkpoint as quickly as possible.
When the station is far away from the detection point and the terrain on the way is very complicated, the traverse method can be used. In the process of marching, it is necessary to use various obvious terrain points many times to ensure the correctness of the direction and route. However, it should be noted that similar topographic points should not be used wrongly.
How to get lost with verbs (short for verb)
When driving along the road:
Calibrate the map, compare the terrain, find out where the error started and how big the deviation is, and then choose another roundabout road to move forward according to the situation. If there are not many mistakes, you can go back and move on.
When driving off-road:
Stop traveling as soon as possible, choose the most suitable method to determine the standing point after calibrating the map, then try to take a shortcut to the original correct route, and then go back the same way if necessary.
When traveling in the forest:
According to the missed basic direction and approximate distance, find out the nearest place to deviate from the beginning, and on this basis, determine the approximate position of the standing point. If you make a mistake too far, you can't determine the standing point and you can't go back to the original road. You should have a look on the map to see if there is a large area or prominent obvious terrain (preferably linear) near the lost area. If there is, we must resolutely give up the original direction and move closer to it, and use it to determine the standing point. If you don't have this condition, then continue to move in the original direction, and after meeting the opportunity to determine the standing point on the way, quickly cut corners to reach your destination. Walking in the mountains, the most taboo is to take a "shortcut" in a hurry and easily without knowing the degree of error and the correct direction of travel, which is likely to lead to beating around the bush.
Basic orientation techniques of intransitive verbs;
1. How to set the map and thumb: First, put the map in the correct position and put the thumb in its own position on the map. In this way, the direction you want to go is in front of the map, so that you can clearly observe the surrounding environment and geographical features. When moving forward, the thumb moves with it, and when changing the direction, the map moves with it, that is, keeping the map north. Then you can immediately point out your position in the picture at any time, saving a lot of time and spirit.
First, go back to the main road.
Two. Turn over the map, walk along the main road, turn right at the second crossing, and notice two huts on both sides of the road.
Three. Set the map, walk along the main road, cross two paths and turn right on the main road.
Pay attention to the hut on the left and turn left at the intersection of the path behind the slope.
Seven. Follow the path to the control point of the road bend.
2. Use the compass bearing to find out the direction of the target accurately. Before going to the target, you can observe the terrain around the target to deepen your impression, so as to reach the destination quickly and accurately.
3. Handrail method uses obvious regional or cultural characteristics as a guide to make people more confident when moving forward. Such as paths, fences, streams, shankou, etc. , are useful handrails.
4. Collect the features encountered on the way, identify the geographical features encountered on the way to the control point, and ensure the correct direction and route. Never mistake similar features.
5. Attack point: first find out the particularly obvious features near the control point, and then use the compass to reach the control point accurately and quickly from the attack point. The attack points must be easy to identify, such as electric towers and path intersections.
6. Pacing first measures the distance between two points on the map, and then uses our stride to accurately measure the distance to be walked. Methods: First, calculate the number of steps we need to take 100 meters (set 120 steps). When we find on the map that the distance from point A to point B is150m, we can work out the steps we should take180th. In order to reduce the number of steps, we use the "double steps" to count that the right foot only takes one step, and then we can halve the number of steps. The number of two steps in the above example is 90.
7. aiming off: use the compass to move forward and transfer the target. When it reaches the top or bottom of the target, it will enter the target along the handrail.
In addition to often using the above basic skills in the competition, review after the game to find out the common mistakes and reasons, and improve their orienteering skills. Beginners should work hard on basic skills and don't rush into it. [Edit this paragraph] The development of orienteering in China is organized by the official orienteering association.
orienteering association of china
Orienteering association of china was founded in 1995, referred to as "China Association", with the English name of "China Orientation Association" and the English name of "OAC". China Association is a national sports association registered in the Ministry of Civil Affairs and headed by the State Sports General Administration. Association is a national mass sports organization with independent legal personality. It is a professional, national and non-profit social organization composed of orienteering enthusiasts, orienteering professionals and units or groups engaged in orienteering activities. He is a group member of the All-China Sports Federation and the only legal organization representing China in the International Orienteering Federation (IOF).
China Student Orientation Association
Orienteering Branch of China University Sports Association is referred to as "China Student Orienteering Association", which is translated into English as "China Student Orienteering Association" and abbreviated as "SOCN". The Orienteering Branch of China University Sports Association was established in 2003, which is one of the branches of China University Sports Association. Under the leadership of China University Sports Association, the branch carries out various tasks within the scope of authorization. The orienteering branch of China University Sports Association is composed of relevant personnel from the education administrative departments of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and teachers and students of our school voluntarily. Non-profit national student individual sports association organization.
Orienteering is a very healthy intellectual exercise, which pays equal attention to both intelligence and physical strength.
It can not only strengthen the body, but also cultivate people's ability to think independently, solve difficulties independently, react quickly and make decisive decisions under physical and intellectual pressure. It also helps to build strong social networks around the world.
Healthy, positive, energetic, cheerful, environmentally friendly, full of challenges and suspense ... nature provides us with the best interactive stage. You convey not only information, but also heavy trust and feelings.
When your team Qi Xin works together and runs hard for the same goal, encourage each other, encourage each other and trust each other. Wandering among the green mountains and green waters, I realized the true meaning of the team, the significance of the team to the individual and the importance of the individual to the team through learning by doing, which fully embodied the essence of experiential training.
Sparta training institutions in Beijing provide professional orienteering training in China. Through the careful design of professional coaches and full consideration of the needs of enterprise construction, it will become an activity that not only maintains the characteristics of field sports, but also has strong team training functions.
Sparta provides you with natural and beautiful orienteering venues, professional orienteering equipment and a team of senior coaches who have been engaged in orienteering training for many years.
Our hearts will be released in the embrace of nature, and we are the strongest by trusting people around us and making our team closer and stronger!