20 16 common sense of postgraduate entrance examination: four categories of graduate students
Although the word "graduate student" is absolutely familiar to everyone, probably not many people are very clear about what kinds there are. Postgraduate education belongs to higher education in the national education sequence, which is divided into two levels: master's degree and doctoral degree.
At present, the types of graduate students in China are complicated, which can be divided from the following angles.
(a) according to the different learning methods, divided into full-time graduate students and on-the-job graduate students.
Full-time graduate students refer to graduate students who study full-time in institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions. On-the-job graduate students refer to graduate students who still undertake certain tasks in their original jobs during their school days.
(two) according to the different channels of learning funds, it is divided into national planned graduate students, entrusted graduate students (hereinafter referred to as entrusted graduate students) and self-funded graduate students.
The state-planned postgraduate training funds are provided by the state, which are divided into non-oriented postgraduate students and oriented postgraduate students (referred to as oriented students). Among them, non-directional graduate students who implement the system of two-way choice and free employment after graduation must sign a contract when they enter school and work in a directional area or unit according to the contract after graduation. The training funds for entrusted graduate students are provided by the entrusting unit, and a contract should be signed when entering the school, and they will work in the entrusting unit after graduation. The training funds for self-funded graduate students are provided by themselves, and sometimes they can be spent from the research funds of tutors or sponsored by the society. Non-directional graduate students planned by the state, usually referred to as "public-funded" graduate students, currently occupy a large share in the number of graduate students enrolled, but with the continuous expansion of enrollment scale, the number of self-funded graduate students is also expanding.
(3) Graduate students are classified according to examination methods, mainly including national unified examination, separate examination, joint examination of master of laws and MBA.
Going to college must pass the national unified college entrance examination, and the learning methods of master students are relatively more and more flexible. Those who have already worked, in addition to giving up their jobs to apply for graduate students, can also apply for degrees without leaving their jobs or apply for them alone. If you don't leave your job and apply for a degree, generally speaking, you are studying for a degree while working, which is the so-called "on-the-job degree student". Degree students study with formal graduate students in the form of auditing, take the same exam, and then apply for a degree. Study, examination and defense all need to pay a certain fee, which is generally around tens of thousands of yuan. At present, there are only a few key universities approved by the Ministry of Education to recruit degree students, and there are not many opportunities, so the consent of the work unit must be obtained. With the strengthening of degree management, it is more and more difficult to get a degree in this way. Generally, the proportion of people who can finally get a degree through defense is not high.
Individual examination is the postgraduate entrance examination for employers to train business backbones. Only those who have graduated from university and have worked in applied or related majors for four consecutive years, published papers or become the backbone of their business can apply for separate examinations. The subject setting of individual examination is consistent with the national unified examination, and the difficulty of public examination questions is also equivalent to the level of unified examination.
For fresh graduates, there are two main ways to study for graduate students: one is to exempt students, and the other is to take the postgraduate entrance examination. Pushing for exemption from exams, that is, "recommending graduate students without exams", is generally screened among senior students from the end of September to the end of 10 every autumn semester. Both the right to make rules and the right to operate are in the hands of schools, so the situation of pushing the exemption test in different schools is different. There are usually the following types:
Direct promotion without examination is mainly based on academic performance.
This accounts for most of the exempted places. The usual practice of schools is to define the basic academic performance requirements (such as more than a few credits), allocate them to departments according to a certain proportion of places, and the departments will submit the list, and the school will examine and approve them in combination with other aspects. Under normal circumstances, only the top students in the class can be exempted from the exam.
Special students don't have to try to push directly.
In order to attract or retain special talents, some schools often give special treatment and recommend graduate students without examination. It is very common for students majoring in sports and literature, but the number of places is very small and the requirements are very strict. Many schools do not have such a policy.
Inter-school test-free direct push
In order to encourage academic exchanges between universities and reduce academic inbreeding, the education authorities have strongly advocated recommending outstanding graduates to other universities without examination in recent years. Due to the differences in exemption conditions and students' learning situation in different schools, sometimes students who are difficult to obtain exemption qualifications in our school may get what they want in other schools. So if you get good grades and rank higher, but it is estimated that there is little hope for our school to promote the exemption, you can try to promote the exemption across schools. However, it should be pointed out that most schools will not actively recommend their students to other schools for exemption, and they are not obliged to do good things for you. Therefore, when the time comes, you should seek relevant information and contact each other actively.
Exemption from test recommendation and reservation of admission qualification
These students don't go to graduate school immediately, but keep their admission qualifications for one or two years. According to the arrangement of the school, they will work in relevant departments first, or be sent to teach in remote areas as members of the education department. The conditions for such walks are relatively low, but not everyone can apply. Generally, only outstanding student cadres or activists are eligible to be selected. At the same time, this is not necessarily the best choice, after all, it will delay a year or two of great youth.
Just because you are recommended to be exempt from the exam doesn't mean that you won't take it. In order to ensure the quality of recommendation, many schools will try some subjects, such as English and specialized courses. In addition, a second interview is also necessary. If your grades are difficult to be directly estimated, you don't have any outstanding sports or literary expertise, you are not an important "cadre" in the teacher's mind, and you really want to go to graduate school, then there is only one way left since ancient times-postgraduate entrance examination.
(four) according to the different majors and uses, it is divided into ordinary graduate students and special types of graduate students.
Among them, ordinary graduate students account for the vast majority. At present, the mature special graduate students in China mainly include MBA and LLM (generally called "Master of Laws"). Recently, the Master of Management (MPA) appeared. There are great differences between special graduate students and ordinary graduate students in qualification, academic system requirements and learning content. The academic system of graduate students and scholarship master students varies from school to school, generally 2 to 3 years, most of which are 3 years, and some are 2 and a half years. Postgraduate study under the credit system. Like undergraduates, courses include compulsory courses and elective courses. Generally speaking, the first two years are the study time of basic courses and specialized courses, and in the third year, you can usually complete most of the credits to complete your graduation thesis, internship and job search. Many schools stipulate that if you complete the required credits in advance and meet certain conditions, you can apply for early graduation.
According to the regulations, the study period of in-service postgraduate students can be extended by one year accordingly. The tutorial system is implemented for master students, that is, there is a tutor (associate professor or above) to guide them, which is very different from undergraduate study. A tutor is generally responsible for one or several graduate students, guiding daily study and academic research, leading scientific research projects, guiding graduation thesis and so on. According to Document No.85 of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Finance [1996], master students enjoy state subsidies during their studies, which are called general scholarships. The specific distribution varies from school to school, generally above 200 yuan. The number of people with work experience before entering school is relatively large, which will increase with the working years according to certain standards, but it will not exceed that of 300 yuan. In addition, graduate students can earn part of their income by doing project research or teaching assistants.
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