Experts start here.

Radio technology has a long history of 100 years, but it is also the fastest updated technology today. Learning and studying profound radio technology from scratch and mastering mysteries unknown to ordinary people are as happy and exciting as traveling around the world with radio waves.

The main characteristics of "amateur radio" are "purely out of personal interest in radio technology" and "unprofitable" But as far as radio technology is concerned, there is no essential difference between amateur radio and other commercial radios. The discovery, creation and experience of amateur radio enthusiasts today will be used by other services tomorrow, and the radio applications developed by other services today will be transplanted and adopted by amateur radio circles tomorrow. Moreover, the total spectrum width allocated to amateur services by China's radio authorities exceeds 23GHz, while the total spectrum width recorded by amateur radio enthusiasts in China is less than 1%. Judging from the utilization rate of amateur frequency resources, there is still huge room for development and a long way to go. Amateur radio enthusiasts learn technology for their own development, and there is no limit and no end.

With the increasing content of radio technology, ham is more or less involved in low-frequency analog circuits, radio-frequency analog circuits, digital circuits, electromagnetic field theory and many other aspects of knowledge, which is beyond the ability of this little book. Fortunately, there are many websites about radio technology at home and abroad, and with China rapidly becoming the largest mobile wireless communication market in the world, the number of radio technology books and periodicals focusing on mainstream commercial radio services such as mobile and broadband in China is increasing rapidly. In addition, some bookstores and magazines in China have published some special books, circuit encyclopedias, production collections and other materials in succession for decades, especially there are a large number of experience and experience exchange articles on the internet for specific content. All these provide an important source of learning knowledge for amateur radio enthusiasts, but in contrast, the basic materials for systematically introducing the perceptual knowledge of radio frequency technology are not very rich. The purpose of this paper is only to try to provide some reference in this respect.

The rapid updating of components promotes the continuous updating of topics, tools and technical details of amateur radio practice. But the basic knowledge of radio, as the underlying support, is relatively stable. Only by laying a solid foundation can we learn more freely, effectively extract useful nutrition from a wide range of information sources, and achieve "knowing what it is" and "knowing why it is", drawing inferences from others and improving rapidly. Therefore, the focus of this paper is not to capture and freeze the ever-changing latest trends, nor to give detailed guidance to specific practices, but to introduce the most common phenomena and the most basic principles from a broader perspective, hoping that amateur radio enthusiasts with different experiences can find some of their own interests from this paper, so as to search for more specific practical guidance from other information sources. After encountering problems in practice, you can go back to this article to find clues that can help you understand further.

In order to facilitate readers to inquire about Chinese and foreign materials in depth, this volume gives the corresponding English words in brackets when some commonly used terms first appear. In order to help readers get in touch with different expressions commonly used in amateur radio industry, some technical illustrations from different periods and sources have retained their original styles. Although the quality of some historical original pictures is not ideal, they intuitively reflect the original appearance of radio technology in different periods. The application of radio in China has a long history, but little physical information is left. As a technical culture, it's a pity. For this reason, this paper also introduces some sketches of early amateur radio equipment and famous domestic machines in wartime in a small amount of space, in order to arouse research.

Many contents of this article are collected by the author through long-term study, and many of them come from vague memories and individual messy notes. It is difficult to check the exact source of the original again. Please forgive me.

Operation chapter

prologue

The first chapter to the fourth chapter of this paper is the first half of the operation article. This chapter is written for people who want to get started and just get started, so it is only the first part of getting started.

Back to 1993, Beijing Radio Sports Association trains the first batch of more than 40 members who just joined the club every Sunday afternoon. At that time, there was only one day off on Sunday. After nearly three months of intensive training for more than ten times, everyone discussed general radio technology, amateur radio communication related knowledge, laws and regulations, communication skills and so on while listening to the lecture. In the evening, they also practiced copying the 7-megabit low-end Morse code broadcast by the teacher. At that time, the four-level operation certificate was only one level of listening. Only those who pass the examination one year later can obtain the three-level operation certificate with launch qualification.

But this is different. Some people will spend more than two hours on intensive training and exams after joining the club. I skipped the listening level because of the low threshold. For most amateurs who hold CET-4 operation certificate, they need to make up some classes, and the master will lead me in and practice on my own. The first half of this paper briefly introduces some basic problems such as amateur radio, amateur service, amateur frequency band, amateur, and other related knowledge of amateur radio, such as call sign, division, universal time and geographical position report, for friends to learn by themselves. In this paper, the use of transceiver, the erection and installation of antenna feed system, the maintenance of power supply system, as well as specific communication terms and operation steps are briefly introduced for friends' reference in operation practice.

In the past, it was stipulated by laws and regulations that fans with Grade III and IV operating licenses were not allowed to communicate on RTTY, PSK3 1 and SSTV slow-scan TVs. These regulations were repealed in 200 1 year. Therefore, other modes of communication other than voice communication are also introduced to enthusiasts with CET-4 operating certificate for friends to choose and use, so as to increase their interest in playing amateur radio and make some preparations for short wave in the future.

Because I am a liberal arts student, I also study, practice and write. Limited to the level, there must be many mistakes in the article. Please also ask your friends to study, practice and correct.

The prologue of the second half of the operation (Chapters 5 to 9).

The second half of the operation chapter (Chapters 5 to 9) is the advanced part of amateur radio operation. How can amateur radio enthusiasts go further in the field of amateur radio, understand and enter a more colorful world of amateur radio operation after understanding the basic flow and operation methods of the call? In this chapter, the propagation law, IARU rules of the game, DXCC, card chasing, amateur radio competition, awards, exploration, logging software, various auxiliary tools, extremely low frequency band and ultra-high frequency band operation, QRP, space communication operation, EME, radio astronomy and so on are expounded and explained. With concrete examples, this paper tries to let readers know and master many wonderful parts of the mysterious amateur radio communication world. This book is not an encyclopedia because of its length. It is impossible to tell every point in detail, but each part will provide at least an introductory introduction and links to related resources on the Internet, so as to facilitate readers' further study.

In the process of writing this book, many amateur radio enthusiasts at home and abroad gave support and help. BD6CR helped to write the chapter "Green Communication-QRP", BD4OS helped to write most of the chapter "Sprint into Space", and BA7IA and BA4RF provided a lot of information for this book and supplemented some chapters. In addition, in the process of writing this book, I contacted the following amateur radio lovers: BA/KOOC-0/HAM, BA7NQ, BD7OH, BA4EG, BD0AAI, BA/KOOC-0/AA, BA/KOOC-0/EO, BD/KOOC-0/WC, BA/KOOC-0. Fans such as BG 1DO, BG 1MW, BD 1ES, BD5RV, BA5TT, DL3MBG and K5SF on the website have provided a lot of help to the compilation of this book, and I would like to thank all my colleagues who care about this book.

Due to the limited level of the author, omissions in the book are inevitable. Please correct me in order to correct and improve it in future editions.

history

Write in front

Amateur radio has a bumpy and tortuous history in China, which has left us many chapters that can be praised and inspired. It is not only reasonable but also the author's long-cherished wish to collect the articles and leave them to future generations. The exploration and enterprising of the older generation of amateur radio scientists have made an indispensable contribution to the development of China's radio industry and left us with many precious materials. These materials vividly describe the rise and fall of amateur radio development in China, and also vividly reflect the social outlook and value orientation of China at that time, especially the aspirations and feelings of scientific and technological personnel. I always benefit from reading them. The author was lucky enough to get in touch with amateur radio since 1950s. Due to the need of work, I visited a group of outstanding and accomplished old amateur radio enthusiasts in the history of amateur radio in China. Some of them used to be celebrities, national elites or industrialists, and many of them were initiators and organizers of amateur radio groups or activities in China. They are well known and admired by the society and enthusiasts. Their visit laid the foundation and created conditions for me to sort out and write the amateur radio history of the Republic of China.

Since the early 1960s, I have visited the following old amateurs: Zhu Qiqing, Meng, Zhao Zhende, Zhang Zongji, Pan (Pan), Chen Renmu, Shen Minggang, Xie Dihua, (Li Ouru), Zheng Guansen, Zheng Guangzu, Chen Shixin, Zhu and Zhao. Still alive are:, Wang Chuanshan, Qian, Xu Daotong, Zhang, Han, Xu Shuzi, Gao,, Huang Yaoceng, Xu Yu Jia, Guo Dewen, zhang zhicheng, Jin Xianzao, Gu Yuanzhuang and Wang Gengjie. All the old amateurs interviewed introduced their personal history to the author without reservation, and some even provided it to the author in written form, which became detailed evidence for compiling the history of amateur radio in China. What's more, the predecessors generously contributed the historical documents they collected for more than half a century. When using these documents, the author indicated the name of the provider to indicate the source and ownership of the materials. The author also often checks the situation with the old amateurs who are still alive. They are even more diligent, have questions and answers, and even personally scrutinize and revise them. I admire the loyalty of these old people and their high sense of responsibility for history. It should be said that this historical record can be written with the contributions of predecessors, and I will always thank them and pay deep respect to them.

In the process of writing, the author not only consulted some newspapers related to amateur radio organizations before liberation, but also referred to People's Posts and Telecommunications published by People's Post and Telecommunications, China Electronic Newsletter published by China Electronic Newsletter, Radio Circle published by Radio Circle magazine in Taiwan Province Province, China, Shanghai local chronicles, Zhejiang local chronicles, Hankou local chronicles and other documents.

In particular, the author got the help of China Radio Sports Association, Shanghai Radio Sports Association, China Civil Aviation Communication Equipment Repair Factory and Mr. Wang Xiujuan, Zhang Zongji's predecessor's wife, and allowed the author to consult and use their archives and materials. In addition, there are book fans or association staff from Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hubei, Fujian, Jiangsu and other parts of the country to assist the author in consulting, transcribing materials or checking historical facts. Thank you!

This time, let me write a historical record in the book China Amateur Radio, which is also an opportunity for me to learn and systematically understand the development history of amateur radio in China. I wanted to collect more complete and comprehensive information and make more detailed textual research on the existing information, but five books of China Amateur Radio should be published at the same time, and Historical Records is only one of them, and all other articles have been completed. The publishing house has urged the manuscript several times, lest I have to hand in the manuscript in a hurry because I have delayed publishing for too long, and I have the right to make a draft for comments first and hand it in for printing. At the same time, the history of amateur radio development in China after the founding of the People's Republic of China, which was originally written, also needs to consult a large number of historical materials and documents, involving many units and departments. The procedure of consulting files and verifying the situation is extremely complicated. It is impossible to catch up with the publication date of this book, so I can only make a very simple summary and detailed description of this history, and I can only write and publish it separately in the future.

For the completed part, it is only sorted out according to the situation and information at hand. It is inevitable that there will be many omissions, deficiencies and even mistakes. Please ask the old-timers and insiders to make corrections. I also hope that readers will put forward valuable opinions so as to increase them in the future.

Communication article

Since 1992 resumed the opening of personal amateur radio stations in China for more than ten years, the ranks of amateur radio enthusiasts in various places have grown rapidly and actively studied communication technology through air contact. Their experiences, experiences and opinions are also reflected in some publications and articles on the Internet. In order to help more people participate in the sharing, and also to leave some on-the-spot records reflecting the communication between amateur radio circles in China during this period, this paper randomly collected some representative or enlightening articles. Some of these articles are unsigned, some have been rewritten and reprinted, so it is difficult to contact the original author, and it is impossible to sign correctly when printing. Please forgive me and ask the original author to contact the publishing house. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to all the authors of this article.

Equipment chapter

Devices 522-666

Radio transceiver equipment is a necessary equipment for amateur radio enthusiasts, and it is also the main communication tool for air contact and communication. From the early days, all kinds of transmitters and receivers were made by the predecessors of amateur radio enthusiasts, to the various grades of amateur radio communicators professionally manufactured and produced in the market, after a hundred years of evolution, more than a thousand kinds of commercialized amateur radio equipment have appeared, and the varieties of self-made equipment can only be described as "countless", leaving a long historical footprint. Tracking this footprint will undoubtedly help to deepen the understanding of the progress of radio technology in various stages and explore the reasons why radio equipment adopts many new technologies today. In order to help domestic amateur radio enthusiasts understand the development of amateur radio communication equipment, the equipment chapter of this book contains some simple information of amateur radio transceiver equipment for readers to further understand as an index in the future.

Limited by the collection ability and data sources, this paper focuses on the foreign commercial models in the heyday of commercial amateur radio equipment, some of which have become the main models in the world amateur radio industry, some have not become popular products, and a few are general-purpose models. Some other equipment used by amateur radio enthusiasts in China in history could not be included because of the lack of accurate information. To this end, please understand and correct me.

Additional record

Appendix I Regulations of People's Republic of China (PRC) Municipality on Radio Management

Appendix II. Excerpts from the Radio Rules of the International Telecommunication Union on Amateur Radio.

Appendix III and Appendix IV ITU international call sign sequence division table, DXCC entity call sign prefix and division comparison table.

Appendix V, amateur radio frequency use planning recommended by CRSA

Appendix VI, Appendix VII of China Island IOTA Numbering Table, BASIC program for calculating communication azimuth and great circle distance.

Appendix VIII. Azimuth and Great Circle Distance between China (centered on Beijing) and some cities or countries in the world.

Appendix IX, extracted from CQ- Global WPX Competition Rules

Etiquette of amateur radio ...

This amateur radio etiquette has been used for nearly 70 years, but the spirit of amateur radio described in it is still vivid and has long been regarded as the standard of amateur radio. Unfortunately, how to put this spiritual symbol into practice in every amateur wireless home. I've never heard anyone advocate it before, but I can't learn by following these slogans. So I will discuss the etiquette of this amateur radio scientist in the spirit of ancient sage Ceng Zi: three deposits a day; The following are some introspective topics developed according to amateur radio etiquette formulated by Paul Jun, hoping to help amateur radio practice.

Mutual understanding-I won't do anything uncomfortable;

Is it necessary to prepare for listening for a while before making a CQ call or making an agreed communication? Before making a phone call, make sure that the frequency is not used.

When you encounter a dispute over the right to use frequency, can you give the other party as much convenience as possible? Instead of talking loudly, responding with words like "no one has the right to frequency at all", or simply insisting that they are priority users.

If Youtai points out that it has technical defects, should it stop operating immediately and solve these problems first? Instead of continuing to operate as if nothing had happened.

When using the relay station, have you considered that someone may need to use it at any time, or hold on to the relay station tightly?

If the other party proposes to exchange QSL cards, should it be implemented as soon as possible?

When RF interference occurs, can you thoroughly reflect on yourself, even though you know that RF interference has nothing to do with your communication equipment?

Whether you fully cooperate with the other party's call instructions when facing the signal of the expedition radio station; Still impatient with the lack of communication in this country and region, or showing "jungle tactics"?

Noble friendship-support and inspire local and national amateur radio associations with noble sentiments;

Did I join the local amateur radio club, or did I respond as a solo?

If I use public resources (such as relay stations and OSL card services), will I be rewarded?

If you have opinions or dissatisfaction with your club, should you express them through appropriate channels or shoot in the air to spread your emotions and dissatisfaction?

Do you realize that radio waves are far away, and your every move may be monitored by the whole world, whether ordinary people or amateur monitoring stations, which may affect the image of amateur radio stations?

Innovation-integrating excellent scientific literacy, efficient radio equipment and operating habits, and super-standard amateur spirit;

Do you study hard the operation technology of radio equipment? Or I'm not interested at all, but I think the technical problems are too deep for me to learn.

Considering the interference in the crowded frequency, should the linear amplifier be actively turned off? Do you have the bad habit of turning on the linear amplifier when you turn on the lighting on the console?

Should we try to get the radio equipment maintenance manual and study by ourselves or ask others for help? In order to thoroughly understand the circuit principle of using equipment.

Looking back on my amateur radio career in recent years, have you made some simple amateur radio equipment yourself? Such as an antenna, etc.

How long has it been since you read a technical article in an amateur radio magazine?

Have you asked your friends to monitor your ability to send messages and make provocative criticisms?

Are you familiar with the communication program or the commonly used Q code? You'd better study backwards.

Do you have confidence in your communication ability if you are invited to host the network temporarily? Is there any excuse for being "unfamiliar with communication procedures" or other reasons?

Be friendly and help each other-if necessary, be slow, patient, gentle and polite to novices. Enthusiastic help, full cooperation and consideration for others are the occupations of amateur radio lovers:

Do you often report the frequency of novice gathering? They need encouragement, guidance and a sense of belonging, which you can do.

If you don't want to listen to Youtai's violation of laws and regulations, or the operating procedures are inconsistent with the agreement, you should try to correct and advise yourself privately, instead of imagining yourself as an air marshal and directly correcting or learning lessons.

Constructively encouraging novices to upgrade their skills should be induced by the fact that they can get richer communication enjoyment by upgrading their skills, so that novices naturally yearn for upgrading instead of cynicism.

Jokes related to race, nationality or pornography should be banned, even for people who are very familiar with them. Try not to get involved in quarrels in the air, especially not to join in any act of picking on minorities.

When you hear a strange call sign in the air, don't lose no time to say hello politely, and don't ignore the idea that he is not one of us.

If you know that an amateur radio colleague nearby is hospitalized for some reason, or that a relative has died, is it enough to express condolences when communicating? You should consider putting a bunch of flowers or a sympathy card to show your concern in person.

When talking to people in the air, remember that "there must be a teacher for three people"? Don't forget, it is always a good opportunity to ask for other people's opinions. We should attach importance to and cherish other people's opinions or opinions.

When you meet a first-class and perfect operator, don't forget to praise him.

Balanced development-for individuals, amateur radio is a pastime and hobby, so don't affect family, work, schoolwork or participate in social activities;

Is it only divided into work, sleep and amateur radio activities every day? Have you noticed that your family needs you? Besides amateur radio, you need friends.

Do I have any close friends who are not amateur radio lovers? Do I participate in the activities of non-amateur radio groups?

How long has it been, not because of amateur radio activities, but because of traveling with my family?

It should be possible to put aside amateur radio and be with my family for a while. When can we discuss the year-end bonus without mentioning the purchase plan of amateur radio equipment?

When traveling with friends or family, bowling, or any party, can you completely put down your interested amateur radio and care about other people's hobbies?

You generously bought yourself tens of thousands of amateur radio equipment, but you are unwilling to spend it because of your family's hobbies.

Love your hometown and your country-radio equipment and operation skills are always ready for your hometown and country;

Have you ever volunteered to help charity or public welfare activities?

Have you formally put forward your views or opinions on the regulations to the relevant authorities? Or just passively complain to others?

Do you really know when the country has the right to recruit your amateur radio station?