1 Nurhachi and the Eight Banners Army
Every few years, on the prairie in northern China, a force will rise. At first, it was just an ambitious individual, but in the end, it would affect the historical process of China. As for why there are such figures, I haven't figured it out yet. Some answers can be found in the Outline of China History, but I still don't know where this great ambition comes from. Let's not elaborate on Nurhachi's life story here. Let's discuss the Eight Banners Army he founded first.
There are not many Manchu people, even if they enter the customs, they are only tens of thousands. Plus the Mongols and Han Chinese in the alliance, it will be 200 thousand. But it is this wave of people who ruled 65.438+600 million Han people. The organizational style of Manchu people is an important factor. Nurhachi established the Eight Banners System, and its basic organizational unit is called Lu Niu. There are 300 people in each Lu Niu, which is a combination of military and civilian. Like a village, it usually cultivates. When going out, young people go to the front, and old people and children are responsible for supplies. Because they are all from their own families, they will choose the best materials for the front line when replenishing.
However, the Ming army is very different. By the end of the Ming dynasty, corruption was serious, the front and rear sides could not coordinate effectively, and the organization was much weaker. In the face of Manchu fighters, I was defeated. Five ox records make up an armor, and five armor make up a flag. There are about 7,500 people in one flag and 60,000 people in eight flags. Later, the Eight Banners of Mongolia and Han nationality expanded to 180000. The population of 65.438+600 million can't beat 200,000 people, which shows how poorly organized it is. ?
The Qing army began to rule the whole country after entering the customs, and experienced the San Francisco Rebellion and Gerdan Rebellion successively. In every war, the children of the Eight Banners have to rush to the front line, which is somewhat depleted. After a long time, the number is getting less and less. At the same time, after entering the customs, many children of the Eight Banners began to enjoy life, and their combat effectiveness was greatly reduced. After 200 years of evolution, the fighting spirit of their ancestors has long since disappeared. By the time the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement broke out in 185 1, the Eight Banners Army had completely lost control of the situation, so a new military force appeared, namely Zeng Guofan and his Xiang Army. ?
2 Zeng Guofan and Xiang Army
Zeng Guofan, a scholar, is very pursuing self-cultivation and governing the country. At the time of national disaster, he began to recruit Xiang Yong in his hometown in Hunan. Zeng Guofan had a way of selecting people, only honest farmers were selected, and Li Sanhe and wucun's farmers were grouped together, so that they could take care of each other on the battlefield, and in a sense, they also absorbed the advantages of Lu Niu. Besides, he is quite good at running the army. He practiced during the day and taught these soldiers to read Confucius and Mencius at night. Soldiers with culture, the head is no longer empty. On the battlefield, there is Confucianism on one side and Christianity on the other. War needs pay, but the court has no money, so Zeng Guofan started the business of forcibly collecting money to sell diplomas. At an extraordinary moment, he used extreme measures. But when Hong Xiuquan was destroyed, the Xiang army became a threat to the rule of the Qing court. Zeng Guofan was suggested to govern the river, but he didn't adopt it. He was afraid that he was too successful and aroused suspicion, so he dismissed Xiang. However, the remnants of Taiping Army and the area around Lu Yu and Anhui are in trouble again, and now the troops of Xiang Army are insufficient. At this time, Zeng Guofan's student Li Hongzhang and his Huai Army stepped onto the historical stage.
3 Li Hongzhang and Huai Army
Li Hongzhang is Zeng Guofan's protege, but his personality is quite different from Zeng's. Unlike Zeng Guofan, who likes to cultivate self-cultivation, Li Hongzhang emphasizes the use of tools, and he himself is one of the representatives of the vigorous Westernization Movement. Li Hongzhang is a very ambitious man. When I went to Beijing at the age of 20, I wrote "Who wrote history in ten thousand years?" Eight thousand miles away, I want to seal Hou. "This kind of rhetoric.
The foundation of the Huai army is mainly a part of the Xiang army, plus local recruitment in Anhui. In the early days, it was basically a continuation of the Xiang army. But later, because the Taiping Army attacked Shanghai, the local gentry paid for the protection of the Huai Army, so the Huai Army went down the river through the cargo ship and entered Shanghai. When the gentry and foreign soldiers in Shanghai looked down on the Huai Army, Li Hongzhang won several battles with his actions, which made people sit up and take notice. In the process of fighting alongside foreigners, he discovered the power of foreign guns and guns, and soon began to learn from them, buy weapons and hire foreign coaches for training. In less than a year, the equipment of the Huai army has been very different. In the battle with Taiping Army, the artillery was used to attack first, and then the artillery team was used to attack. Taiping rebels were defeated one after another, and even Tianjing was finally captured. In the confrontation between organizations, the leading role of tools plays a key role when the organizational levels are equivalent. In other words, people and tools are equally important in the construction of an organization.
Later, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang took different measures. Li Hongzhang continued to strengthen the Huai army. On the one hand, he could wipe out the Taiping Army and the Nian Army; on the other hand, he would have to deal with foreigners in the future. After that, "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" became Li Hongzhang's core concept, which can be regarded as the first person to innovate in the late Qing Dynasty. With the increasing role of the Huai army, Li Hongzhang's official career rose step by step, and finally became the governor of Zhili and the minister of Beiyang, and founded the Beiyang Navy. However, the Qing dynasty was a spent force, and the military expenditure was insufficient. Li Hongzhang lost in military management, which eventually led to a fiasco in the Sino-Japanese War. I admired Li Hongzhang when I was watching Towards * * * and. He was only a paperhanger in the Qing Dynasty, and everything was not up to him.
After the fiasco of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, even if the Huai army withdrew from the historical stage, the whole country was calling for training a new army, and Yuan Shikai also played. ?
4 Yuan Shikai and Beiyang Warlords
Yuan Shikai made his fortune in North Korea and once helped the North Korean royal family train pro-army, which was quite effective. After the Sino-Japanese War, Yuan Shikai fled directly to the Qing Dynasty. During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Manchu government began to preside over the training of the new army, which was in the charge of Hu Zhuan, a general of Huai Army, who hired German coaches and adopted western-style equipment. After a slight improvement, it was handed over to Yuan Shikai. Yuan Shikai hired more German coaches and expanded the recruitment scale. This is the famous small station training.
The small station training is quite different from the Huai army in training methods, while the weapons and equipment are similar to those of the Huai army, with a certain degree of upgrading. In recruiting people, it is the basic requirement not to smoke opium, not to be weak, and to raise 100 kg with both hands. At the same time, the salary is relatively generous. In order to solve the problem of withholding wages from officials, they are paid directly to front-line soldiers, and no middlemen earn the difference. What is particularly interesting is that he borrowed the training song of the German Emperor William, and after filling in the lyrics, it became the training song of the Grand Commander. This song was written repeatedly, which became the three major disciplines and eight attentions later. ?
Small station training just one or two years, but gathered and trained many outstanding talents, such as Duan, Feng, Cao Kun, Wang Shizhen, Zhang Xun, Xu Shichang and so on. This army became the best army to fight, and the Qing Dynasty relied on it to suppress the revolutionary party. Yuan Shikai's status became higher and higher, and finally forced the Qing court to abdicate and become the president. Yuan Shikai was brilliant in the first half of his life, but when he became emperor, he was forced to abdicate in a few days, which was a great failure in his life. After his death, his subordinates quickly split and formed the Beiyang warlord. The northern warlords were cleaned up by a group of students, namely Huangpu Military Academy. It should be noted that the small station training camp was moved to Baoding after Xin Chou, which was later Baoding Military Academy. Chiang Kai-shek, Deng Xiaoping, Chen Cheng and Li of Baoding Military Academy became teachers of Huangpu Military Academy. ?
5 Sun Jiang and Whampoa Military Academy
The Whampoa Military Academy was founded by Sun Yat-sen, but Chiang Kai-shek was the biggest beneficiary. Sun Yat-sen founded the Whampoa Military Academy because he experienced all previous revolutions, and the cooperating warlords always turned against the water, so he wanted to have his own revolutionary army backbone. The funds and the earliest planning guidance of Whampoa Military Academy are all based on the Soviet Red Army University.
As far as students are concerned, due to the call of Sun Yat-sen and the propaganda of the * * * production party, outstanding students from all over the country came to apply for the exam. At that time, Mao Zedong was an interviewer in Shanghai. The selection of students can be expressed by the couplets at the entrance of Huangpu Military Academy: "Please go elsewhere for promotion and wealth, and don't enter the door for fear of death", and horizontally criticize "the revolutionaries are coming".
In terms of educational methods, both military and politics are equally important. In the past, military schools often simply emphasized military training, lacked political education, and neglected the education of students' beliefs. Students did not have a clear concept of right and wrong. The so-called political education means emphasizing ideological guidance and discussing with students why to fight. At the same time, courses on the Three People's Principles and * * * productism will be offered in schools. Therefore, during the Anti-Japanese War, Huangpu rarely surrendered and betrayed the country. On the contrary, the old warlords had more problems. ?
As the president of Whampoa Military Academy, Chiang Kai-shek has the advantage of getting the moon first by being close to the water. When you are free, you will chat with students to narrow the distance. After the Crusades, the Northern Expedition, the First Civil War, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the Second Civil War, Huangpu produced many outstanding talents. Needless to say, Huangpu is Chiang Kai-shek's clique, and half of the top ten marshals of the * * * production party are from Huangpu. I once wrote an article "Why Huangpu Military Academy has produced so many outstanding people". You can read further if you are interested. It can be said that the domestic dispute between the two parties is often a dispute between Huangpu teachers and students, and finally ends with the establishment of New China. It is said that they are all Huangpu students. Why are there different endings? It is necessary to talk about the influence of Zhu Mao. ?
6 Zhu Mao and the Red Army of Workers and Peasants
Whether it is the Nanchang Uprising led by Zhu De or the Autumn Harvest Uprising led by Mao Zedong, its backbone mainly comes from the National Revolutionary Army, and its military generals mainly come from the Whampoa Military Academy. After the failure of the Autumn Harvest Uprising, Mao Zedong made the famous adaptation of the Three Bays, and Zhu De made the famous three rectifications in Gannan. The core is the problem of transforming the old army.
First of all, under the leadership of the party, the arms of the national army are established in regiments, and they have no control over the frontline soldiers, and the troops obey the officers. And Mao Zedong put forward that "the branch is built on the company", and there are party branches and party groups, which directly grasp the first line and go deep into the capillaries. This is a feature of the Red Army of Workers and Peasants. A company 180 people, similar to a cow record. This is very important for the effective management of grass-roots organizations. Secondly, the unequal relationship between officers and men in the old army, officers often beat and scold soldiers. Mao Zedong has set up a soldiers' committee in the army to conduct reverse supervision on officers and emphasize democracy. This can improve the status of soldiers in the army and constantly improve their enthusiasm.
Later, after Gutian conference, the concept of ideological party building and political army building was determined. I wrote a series of early start-ups in Mao Zedong. If you are interested, you can click "Read the original" at the end of the article to continue reading. After 22 years, hundreds of people left over from the Autumn Harvest Uprising and Nanchang Uprising have become millions of river-crossing warriors. How magnificent.
The above briefly introduces the rise of these six military forces. During this period, other military forces also rose, but they were eliminated by history. Although they did not attract attention at first, in the face of big problems, they all quickly turned into powerful military forces through appropriate organizations, and then evolved into national political forces. In the strength of this organization, the opportunity of the times, the source of soldiers and the way of training are all particularly key factors. We can consider how to introduce its concept into enterprise management.