Second, family planning has promoted the change of people's ideas about marriage, childbirth and family. Since the implementation of family planning in China, with the reform and opening up and the development of social economy, people's views on marriage and family have been and are undergoing profound changes, and traditional concepts such as "early marriage and early childbearing", "having more children" and "preferring sons over daughters" are being abandoned by more and more people of childbearing age; It is the same for boys and girls to marry late and have children late. It has become an irresistible trend of the times to establish a happy and harmonious small family and pursue a modern scientific and cultural lifestyle. The proportion of early marriage among women decreased, and the average age of first marriage increased. 1992, the proportion of women who first married before the age of 20 decreased to 12.9%. 1970, the average age of female first marriage is 20.2 years old; 1993 was 22.67 years old, an increase of 2.47 years. The family size is gradually shrinking, and the nuclear family is becoming the main form of family in contemporary China. According to the fourth population census in China, the average family size in 1990 was 3.96, which was 0.88 fewer than the 4.84 in 197 1 year. The main reason for the shrinking family size is the decrease in the number of children. Compared with 1970 in 1993, among the children born in that year, the one-child rate and the two-child rate increased from 20.7% and 17. 1% respectively to 6 1.3% and 27.5%, and the multiple births rate increased from. By 1994, there were 46.76 million couples in China who voluntarily gave birth to one child for life, accounting for 20.3% of the total married women of childbearing age. Under the current level of economic development and people's living conditions in China, the reduction of family size and the number of children raised have obviously greatly reduced the economic burden and housework burden of families and improved their quality of life.
Family planning has created favorable conditions for China's economic development and the improvement of people's living standards. China vigorously promotes family planning, trying to make the population growth rate much lower than the GDP growth rate, thus gradually improving the per capita level. In recent ten years, China's economy has developed continuously and people's lives have improved day by day. In addition to factors such as reform and opening up, it also benefits from family planning. From 1952 to 1978, China's GDP increased by 3.7 times, but the per capita GDP only increased by 1.8 times. From 1978 to 1994, China persisted in family planning while persisting in reform and opening up and vigorously developing the economy, and the per capita GDP increased by 3.2 times and 2.4 times respectively. In the same period, with the improvement of people's quality of life and purchasing power, the scale of China's consumer goods market expanded by 12.7 times, and the total retail sales of social consumer goods increased by 17.2% on average. 1the total retail sales of social consumer goods in China in 1994 was1605.3 billion yuan, and China has become the most potential market in the world. Compared with 1978, the living standard of Chinese people has improved obviously, and the per capita living income of urban residents has increased by 9 times, with an average annual growth of15.5%; The per capita net income of farmers increased by 8 times, with an average annual growth rate of 14.8%. The per capita housing area in China increased from 3.6 square meters to 7.5 square meters, and the per capita living area in rural areas increased from 8. 1 square meter to 20.8 square meters. The basic needs of most families such as food, clothing, housing and transportation have been met. The penetration rate of durable consumer goods such as televisions, tape recorders, refrigerators and washing machines is close to the level of moderately developed countries.
Fourthly, family planning has promoted the improvement of population quality and the all-round development of people in China. Family planning in China always includes population control and improving population quality. While reasonably controlling the population size, China government attaches great importance to the development of education, medical care and other undertakings. Constantly improve the quality of the population. Before 1949, the mortality rate in China was as high as 20‰, and it dropped below 7‰ in the late 1970s. From 1949 to 1990, the average life expectancy of the population increased from 35 years to 68.55 years, including 66.84 years for men and 70.47 years for women, making it one of the fastest growing countries in the world. China's health infrastructure has been greatly improved. The average number of hospital beds per 10,000 people in China increased from 13.3 in 1970 to 23.6 in 1994, and the number of professional health technicians per 10,000 people increased from10/7.5 in 1994. The incidence of various infectious diseases has dropped significantly. The nutritional status of urban and rural residents in China has been greatly improved. The average daily calorie intake of each person is 2,600 kilocalories, while that of protein is 75 grams, which has reached and approached the world average. With the continuous development of maternal and child health care, a family planning and maternal and child health care service network has basically formed in urban and rural areas of China. 1990, the infant mortality rate dropped from 200‰ before the founding of the People's Republic of China to 35‰, the maternal mortality rate was 94.7/65438+ 10,000, and the planned immunization rate of newborns reached 85%. Some main indicators of people's health and well-being are far ahead of countries with the same level of economic development, and the gap with developed countries is gradually narrowing. China government regards education as one of the strategic priorities of national development, and education has made great progress. China is implementing nine-year compulsory education in a planned and step-by-step manner. From 65438 to 0994, there were 270 million students in various schools at all levels in China, the enrollment rate of school-age children reached 98.4%, the illiteracy rate of young and middle-aged people dropped to 7%, and primary education was popularized in areas accounting for 9 1% of the national population. Primary and secondary education has been basically popularized in big cities and some developed areas. Early childhood education and special education for disabled children have developed steadily. Secondary vocational and technical education has developed rapidly, with 8.446 million students, accounting for 56% of the total number of students in the whole high school stage. More than 200 million farmers in China have received all kinds of cultural knowledge education and practical technical education.
5. Family planning has further liberated women's productive forces and is conducive to the improvement of women's status. The implementation of family planning in China has liberated women from frequent childbearing after marriage and heavy family burden, further liberated and developed social productive forces among women, and given them more opportunities to learn scientific and cultural knowledge and participate in economic and social development activities, thus greatly promoting the improvement of women's economic, social and family status in China. The employment rate of women has been increasing and the field of employment has been expanding. By the end of 1992, the number of female employees in China had reached 56 million, accounting for 38% of the total number of employees, an increase of 24. 1% compared with 45 million at the end of 1985. From 1979 to 1988, the employment growth rate of urban women has been higher than that of men, with an average annual growth rate of 4.9%, which is 1.27 percentage points higher than the national employment growth rate. The vast majority of women in China are in rural areas, and they are the main force of agricultural production and diversification in China. They are the main beneficiaries of family planning. 1989, China launched the activity of "learning culture, learning technology, comparing achievements and contributions" in rural areas, which attracted 65.438+0.2 billion rural women, of whom more than 90 million received practical technical training, 6.5438+0.5 million won the title of advanced female expert at or above the provincial level, and 565.438+. About 40 million rural women in China are employed in township enterprises, accounting for 47% of the total number of employees in township enterprises. The implementation of family planning has given women more opportunities for education and is conducive to improving women's cultural quality. At present, the average length of education of urban adult women in China is 9.97 years, of which 56.3% have a high school education, 33.3% have a junior high school education, 8.3% have a primary school education, and only 2. 1% are illiterate. In his mother's generation, only 9. 1% were above senior high school, junior high school1.1%,primary school 24.5%, and illiterate and semi-illiterate 55.3%. At present, 8.9% of rural adult women have reached senior high school education, 26.6% are junior high school, 27.9% are primary school, and 36.6% are illiterate and semi-illiterate. In his mother's generation, only 0.5% were above senior high school, 9% were junior high school 1.9%, 9.0% were primary school, and 88.6% were illiterate and semi-illiterate.
Six, family planning has promoted the process of poverty eradication in rural areas of China. In the poverty-stricken areas of China, economic and cultural backwardness and over-fertility are often mutually causal. Carrying out family planning in poverty-stricken areas, controlling the population and improving the quality of the population are important measures taken by the China government to help the poor develop and eliminate poverty. Since 1978, the state has taken a series of measures to reduce the number of people who have not completely solved the problem of food and clothing from 250 million to 70 million. The China government has combined solving the problem of poor population with family planning, which has helped many families get rid of the vicious circle of "getting poorer and having more children" and achieved remarkable results. Among the people who have been lifted out of poverty, farmers who practice family planning often have obvious advantages. The positive impact of family planning on China society is extensive and far-reaching. With the passage of time, the benefits of family planning to the people and future generations will be further revealed.
3. State guidance and voluntary participation of the masses.