1, return to the textbook and thoroughly understand the outline. Ask teachers to accompany students to read history texts and guide reading ideas and methods (package

Including the table of contents). Go back to the textbook and give the task to the students as much as possible. You can list some forms for the students to complete and encourage them to read in the process of filling out the forms. We should adhere to the "exam instructions", recite them one by one and understand them. Guide students to sort out the corresponding teaching materials of the test sites involved in the exam outline one by one, and fully understand the knowledge within the scope of the review of the senior high school entrance examination in memory.

2. Adjust your mind and relax. We should be alert to the "unfamiliar" questions in the senior high school entrance examination, that is, the so-called new questions, such as research-based learning.

Class. Don't panic if there are "unfamiliar" questions or "unfamiliar" expressions in the exam. Tell the students that we have clearly reviewed the content. As long as we carefully examine the questions, read the materials and understand the meaning, we will certainly be able to do it.

3. Combining teaching with practice, the method is appropriate. We should keep some training, try to reduce the mistakes in multiple-choice questions and improve the correct rate, really.

Just reach the feeling of checking for leaks and filling gaps. Increase the reading training of comprehensive material questions, the main task is to learn knowledge transfer, improve the ability to examine questions, strengthen the standard answer, and strengthen the language expression ability of the subject; Implement the writing of keywords, words and sentences, use historical knowledge to answer questions accurately, avoid answering vague language, and ask students to combine the process and speed of doing the questions.

Second, pay attention to several issues

(1) Pay attention to the important social transition period in Chinese and foreign history.

◆ Problem background

The Twelfth Five-Year Plan period is a period of social transformation and prominent contradictions. Economic development is prone to imbalance, social norms are prone to disorder, mental state is prone to imbalance, and humanistic spirit is prone to indifference. Professor Wang Changjiang, director of the Party Building Teaching and Research Department of the Central Party School, believes that the success or failure of reform does not depend on.

People's subjective desire and evaluation depend on the degree of solving social contradictions. From this perspective, reform is "racing" with the crisis.

-"Half-monthly Talk"

"Sociologically speaking, social transformation refers to the integrity and fundamental changes of social structure, and its specific content at least includes structural transformation,

Mechanism transformation, interest adjustment and concept transformation are the interruption and qualitative change of social gradual process in the historical process of social change.

Leap, social upheaval, the overall social changes that occur when one social form transitions to another. "

-"Research on the Social Transition Period in China"

The world today is in the process of political multipolarization and economic globalization. Today, China is in terms of life concept, mode of production and health.

Lifestyle is also undergoing great changes. Understanding the social transition period at home and abroad and drawing on the wisdom of predecessors from history will certainly bring important enlightenment for us to explore the steady development in the road ahead.

◆ Theme understanding

Social transformation: refers to the integrity and fundamental changes of social structure. It includes social politics, economic structure, cultural form and price.

Profound and revolutionary changes have taken place in values and other aspects.

Cause: the development of productive forces (specific times)

Content: economy, politics, culture, social life, etc.

Process and realization: war, ideological emancipation, institutional innovation, etc.

◆ Stage characteristics

The important social transition period in history is a wonderful section in the long river of human history. It often induces social, political, economic and cultural changes and revolutions, and becomes the key for us to understand and grasp history.

★ An important social transition period in the history of China.

1 Overall characteristics of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (5th-3rd century BC): The society experienced great changes and belonged to feudal transformation.

Politics: the reform of vassal States, the hegemony of vassal States and the merger war pushed the country from division to unity; From enfeoffment to centralization.

Economy: Niu Geng's use of iron significantly improved productivity, from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age; The collapse of the well-field system and the rise of private ownership of land,

The mode of farming has changed from large-scale simple cooperation to individual management with the family as the unit and the characteristics of male farming and female weaving, and the small-scale peasant economy has emerged. Culture: "A hundred schools of thought contend" because of different class positions, we observe and analyze problems from different angles.

Ethnic Groups: The war of hegemony and annexation promoted the communication between the Huaxia people in the Central Plains and the surrounding ethnic groups, and the first ethnic integration appeared in China history. Contact between China and foreign countries: The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period coincided with the era of western (European) classical culture (slavery flourished in ancient Greece and Rome). The "humanistic spirit" advocated by classical culture provided the most direct ideological weapon for the rise of the "Renaissance" in14 ~16th century.

2. The general feature of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties (17 ~18th century) was the further consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country and the gradual decline of the feudal system. This is an unrealized modernization transformation.

Politics: The unprecedented strengthening of centralization fully exposed the corruption of feudal rule.

Economy: The commodity economy is active, the citizen class is growing, and the development of capitalism is slow, but the natural economy is still dominant. Culture: connecting the past with the future. "Connecting the past with the future": On the one hand, comprehensive scientific and technological works are published; On the other hand, classical culture has entered a summing-up period, and the official

Organizing compilation (books: Yongle Grand Ceremony, Golden War Book Integration); Series: Siku Quanshu). Meng Xin: the emergence of early democratic enlightenment thought with anti-feudal color; The emergence of "business-oriented" thought; Novels with obvious anti-feudal colors have become the mainstream of literature; "Western learning spread to the east", and some western scientific and technological knowledge began to spread to China.

Nationality: The effective management of border areas was greatly strengthened in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and a unified multi-ethnic country was further consolidated and shaped.

Foreign policy: from opening to closing; Foreign economic exchanges have decreased from frequent to frequent, and Chinese and foreign cultural exchanges have learned from Western learning.

Spread eastward, the relationship between countries changed from friendly relations to the emergence of large-scale aggression and anti-aggression struggle; China's international status has gone from leading to lagging behind the world.

Sino-foreign relations: At this time, European and American countries were in the early stage of bourgeois revolution. Comparing China and the West, China has obviously lagged behind the West.

3. The general characteristics of the Opium War (from the middle of19th century to before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895): feudal countries with independent natural economy began to become semi-colonial and semi-feudal countries; From ancient history to modern history, it belongs to the primary stage of China's modernization.

Politics: After the Opium War, China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; China's sovereignty over territory, territorial sea, justice, tariffs, trade, etc. Social contradictions are the contradictions between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the people, among which ethnic contradictions are the most important; Enter the stage of bourgeois democratic revolution against feudalism and aggression. (revolutionary historical view)

Economy: under the impact of western industrial civilization, the natural economy gradually disintegrated, and China began to be involved in the capitalist world market; Later, the Westernization Movement rose, and China's modernization movement began. Under the double stimulation of foreign capital economy and westernization enterprises, China's national capitalist economy came into being and developed. (modern historical view)

Thought: the "new trend of thought" of learning from the west, represented by advanced people in China such as Lin and Wei: learning business technology from the west under the guidance of the idea of "learning from China and using the West"; Then, the early reformists put forward the requirement of constitutional monarchy, which aroused people's concern about the political system reform. (train of thought: from empty talk to facing reality, from closing one's ears to looking at the world, from arrogance to learning from the west) Foreign relations: from closed door to forced opening, from tributary diplomacy to humiliating diplomacy, from resisting aggression to gradually compromising cooperation.

4. From the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 to the May 4th Movement (the end of 65438+the beginning of the 20th century), the general characteristics are: from the traditional agricultural society to the modern industrial society.

Transformation is the overall development stage of China's modernization.

Politics: the national bourgeoisie stepped onto the political stage and launched the Reform Movement of 1898 and the Revolution of 1911 successively, and the process of political democratization in China began to start and achieved great results; With the end of feudal monarchy, the establishment of the Republic of China and the promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, the concept of democracy has gradually taken root in people's hearts.

Economy: The national capitalist industry produced in the 1960s and 1970s gained two important development opportunities, the first was "initial development" after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and the second was "short spring" during World War I; Under the invasion of foreign powers and the impact of modern industry, the natural economy further disintegrated.

Culture: learning from the west gradually shifts from the political field to the ideological and cultural field; 1915 ~1919 The New Culture Movement advocated democracy and science, which became an important symbol of ideological and cultural modernization in modern China. It not only shook the dominant position of feudal orthodoxy, but also had a wide and far-reaching historical impact.

Sino-foreign relations: During this period, Western European and American countries are completing the process of economic industrialization and political democratization, and major capitalist countries are transitioning from liberal capitalism to imperialism (monopoly capitalism).

5. International situation in the transitional period (1949 ~ 1956): a bipolar pattern was formed after World War II; The third scientific and technological revolution rose. Overall characteristics: China is in a transitional period from a new democratic society to a socialist society.

Politics: People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, which realized the basic victory of national independence and new-democratic revolution; 1954 China people * * *

The establishment of people's congress system, political consultation system and regional ethnic autonomy system has laid a fundamental political premise and institutional foundation for modernization.

Economy: The first five-year plan was completed ahead of schedule (1957), and an independent industrial system was initially established. Socialist industrialization is made up of

This expansion; After the completion of the three major transformations, China's socialist economic system was basically established, which opened the road to socialist industrialization. Diplomacy: established an independent foreign policy of peace; Influenced by the bipolar pattern, the new China chose a "one-sided" foreign policy;

1953, the Five Principles of Peace was put forward, which marked the maturity of new China's foreign policy. The Geneva Conference of 1954 and the Bandung Conference of 1955 enhanced the international status of the new China.

6. Since the reform and opening up (since the end of 1970s)

Politics: The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee corrected the "Left" mistakes and achieved a historic turning point; The construction of democracy and the rule of law has been continuously improved, and "ruling the country according to law"

The country is written into the constitution; The concept of "one country, two systems" has promoted the gradual completion of the great cause of national reunification.

Economy: centering on economic construction, implementing reform and opening up, and transforming from a planned economy to a socialist market economic system with China characteristics;

People's living standards have been continuously improved, and social life has become richer; Join the World Trade Organization and join the trend of globalization.

Science and education: Deng Xiaoping Theory guides Socialism with Chinese characteristics's construction road: the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, popularizing compulsory education and developing higher education.

Education, science and technology and cultural undertakings have developed in an all-round way. Great achievements have been made in manned space flight.

Diplomacy: On the basis of the Five Basic Principles of Peace, we will conduct multilateral diplomacy centered on the United Nations, oppose hegemony and power, and safeguard the world.

World peace; Actively participate in the diplomatic activities of regional international organizations; Develop relations (partnership or mutually beneficial relations) with major world powers; Develop good-neighborly and friendly relations with neighboring countries; Continue to attach importance to developing relations with third world countries. The main trend of social transformation in contemporary China: from planned economy system to market economy system: from traditional society to modern society; From agricultural society to industrial society (from rural society to urban society, from peasant society to civil society); Change from industrial society to information society; Change from a closed and semi-closed society to an open society; Change from a poor society to a rich society.

★ An important social transition period in world history

1 and14 ~16th century: the feudal society in western Europe disintegrated, capitalist industry and commerce rose rapidly, and began to move from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization. The opening of new air routes, early colonial expansion and Renaissance are all symbolic. )

Politics: The rapid rise of capitalist industry and commerce has accelerated the disintegration of feudal society in Western Europe, and Western Europe is gradually transitioning to a modern capitalist society. The nation-state has gradually taken shape.

Economy: The opening of new sea routes and European colonial expansion promoted the development of European capitalism, broke the state of relative isolation among regions in the world, and the world market began to take shape;

Culture: the revival of humanism, the Renaissance and the religious reform have impacted the theocracy of the church and promoted the rise of modern natural science.

Contact between China and foreign countries: During this period, China was under the feudal rule of Ming Dynasty, and the increasingly decadent feudal system seriously hindered the development of commodity economy, the germination of capitalism and social progress, and the gap between China and the West began to appear.

2.17 ~18th century's general characteristics: capitalist workshop handicraft period; Europe and America are in the era of early bourgeois revolution.

Politics: the process of bourgeois political democratization in Europe and America began. After the Netherlands, Britain, France and the United States successively embarked on the road of developing capitalism through revolution and established a bourgeois political system.

Economy: European and American countries have vigorously promoted mercantilist policies, and industry and commerce have developed rapidly. Capitalism entered the period of workshop handicraft industry; European countries colonized and expanded overseas, completed primitive accumulation of capital and further expanded the world market.

Thought: the emergence of modern experimental science. /kloc-the establishment of Newton's mechanical system in the 0/7th century marked the birth of modern natural science. The Enlightenment theoretically criticized the feudal system and provided a systematic theoretical conception for capitalist democracy.

Externally: Britain has become the largest colonial country in the world by actively carrying out foreign colonial expansion.

Contact between China and foreign countries: At this time, China was still wandering on the road of feudal society. Comparing China with the West, China has begun to lag behind the West. 3, 19, sixties and seventies ~ 19, the overall characteristics: economic industrialization and political democratization in Europe and America are in full swing.

Politics: With the expansion of industrial civilization, the bourgeois representative system is constantly expanding and improving. Russia, Japan, Germany, Italy and other countries have successively embarked on the capitalist road. The capitalist system has established its dominant position in the world. With the birth of Marxism, the rise and development of the workers' movement and the socialist movement, the Paris Commune was the first dictatorship of the proletariat.

Economy: with the development of industrial revolution, the establishment of factory system, the start of industrialization and urbanization, and the arrival of industrial civilization era; The invention and application of new means of transportation have closely linked all parts of the world. Western countries plundered raw materials and exported commodities on a global scale, and the capitalist world market was initially formed.

Ke Wen: Liberalism, nationalism and socialism develop together; Biological evolution theory; Romantic and realistic literature; Impressionist painting; Classical music and impressionist music.

Sino-foreign relations: At this time, China's modernization has just started. Compared with western industrialization, China's industrialization is not only difficult, but also the leadership has never been in the hands of the bourgeoisie.

4.1The overall characteristics of the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century: Capitalist countries are in the process of transition from free capitalism to imperialism.

Politics: During this period, modern capitalist democracy became more and more mature and stereotyped. Two types: Britain, France and the United States have established a relatively sound democratic political system; Russia, Germany and Japan retain strong feudal remnants with strong autocratic colors. The struggle of the great powers to carve up the world again eventually led to the outbreak of World War I; The Versailles-Washington system was established after the war.

Economy: After the second industrial revolution, mankind entered the electrical age. Major capitalist countries have successively completed industrialization, and the industrial structure has changed from light industry to heavy industry, especially Germany and the United States. Finally, a world market dominated by European and American industries was formed; The modern economic model with monopoly organization as the organizational form is basically mature, which indicates the in-depth development of industrial civilization. Sino-foreign relations: This is the overall development stage of China's gradual transformation and modernization from a traditional agricultural society to a modern industrial society.

5. The general feature of the first half of the 20th century (19 17 ~ 1945) is that the two modernization models go hand in hand. It is incompatible with the modernization transformation, which leads to intensified contradictions and serious turmoil. (World War I1914-1918; World War II 1939- 1945)

Politics: The October Revolution in Russia turned socialism from theory into reality, established the first socialist country and established the socialist modernization model; The Great Depression hit the capitalist system and consolidated the capitalist democratic system through the adjustment of Roosevelt's New Deal.

Economy: The Soviet Union initiated the socialist planned economy model, and the Stalin model enabled the Soviet Union to rapidly realize industrialization, but it also had serious drawbacks; The laissez-faire policy has caused a serious economic crisis in the capitalist world; Roosevelt's New Deal strengthened the government's intervention in the economy and created a new model of state monopoly capitalism.

Science and technology: relativity and quantum mechanics, the two theoretical pillars of modern physics; Keynesianism has gradually become the mainstream economic theory; Modernist art schools prevail; Television has quickly become the most popular mass media.

6. Since World War II (1945): Overall characteristics: global division of labor and reorganization-global expansion.

Politics: social capital confrontation, the cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union, mutual containment, resulting in global division; Europe and Japan have re-emerged, the United States, Japan and Western Europe have three pillars, the Non-Aligned Movement has risen, and China's national strength has increased. * * * * together constitute the trend of multipolarization in the world, which impacts the bipolar pattern; With the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the bipolar pattern disintegrated and the trend of multipolarization strengthened.

Economy: The establishment of Bretton Woods system and GATT formed the post-war capitalist world economic system. Capitalist countries generally adopted the way of state intervention in the economy after the war, and monopoly capitalism entered a mature stage. The re-emergence of European and Japanese economies has promoted the development of multi-polarization of the world economy.

The reform of the Soviet Union did not fundamentally break through the Stalin model, with little effect. Gorbachev's reform eventually led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Since the reform and opening up, China has followed the trend of economic globalization and actively joined regional cooperation organizations and the World Trade Organization. After the cold war, regional collectivization and globalization developed together.

Science and technology: The great achievements of the third scientific and technological revolution, such as the development of high and new technologies such as computer technology and network, atomic energy technology, bioengineering and space technology, have greatly changed social production and daily life, and provided important conditions for the process of globalization and the development of the whole world.

(2) Pay attention to the financial crisis and reform: domestic and international financial problems, monetary conditions and financial policies (1) The earliest paper currency "cross" appeared in the Song Dynasty.

(2) The excessive issuance of paper money by the National Government has led to rapid inflation, expensive raw materials, unsalable products and desperate national industries. (3) The development and twists and turns of economic construction: In the early days of the people's commune, all property was uniformly accounted for and distributed by the commune. In many places, communes have large government canteens, and meals are free. The "Great Leap Forward" and "People's Communization" movements violated the objective laws of economic development, transcended the historical development stage, and caused chaos in the national economy.

(4) The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward that the goal of China's economic system reform is to establish a socialist market economic system.

⑤ The pattern of opening up to the outside world has initially taken shape: the construction of special zones focuses on absorbing and utilizing foreign capital, and implements various forms of economic ownership with socialist public ownership as the main body, giving preferential treatment and convenience to foreign investment in economic activities.

⑥ Opening a new air route: With the opening of a new air route, a large amount of gold and silver flowed into Europe, leading to rising prices, declining the status of feudal landlords who lived on fixed land rent, and strengthening the strength of the bourgeoisie engaged in commodity production. This is called "price revolution".

⑦ Formation of the post-war capitalist world economic system: After the Second World War, the capitalist world monetary system centered on the pound has been difficult to maintain. From 65438 to 0945, the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development were established, and a world monetary system centered on the US dollar was established, which is the Bretton Woods system.

Globalization trend of world economy: Since World War II, the rapid development of transportation technology and information technology has accelerated the international flow of raw materials, capital and labor.