The role of the Silk Road in China during the Han and Tang Dynasties in the development of Sino-Western transportation, trade and friendly relations between China and foreign countries is briefly described. Generally speaking, the Silk Road can be divided into three sections, and each section can be divided into three routes: North, South and China. Eastern section: from Chang 'an to Yumenguan and Yangguan. The middle section (opened in Han Dynasty): from Yumenguan and Yangguan to Congling. Western section (opened in Han Dynasty): From Congling to the west via Central Asia, West Asia and Europe. The following are the names of important cities in various sections of the Silk Road (ancient place names in brackets). The route selection of the eastern section considers the safety and convenience of crossing Liupan Mountain and the Yellow River. The third line starts from Chang 'an, joins Wuwei and Zhangye, and then goes along Hexi Corridor to Dunhuang. Northern Line: Jingchuan, Guyuan and Jingyuan have the shortest routes to Wuwei, but it is not easy to pass water along the way. South Line: From Fengxiang, Tianshui, Longxi, Linxia, Ledu, Xining to Zhangye, but the road is long. Midline: Jingchuan to Pingliang, Huining, Lanzhou to Wuwei, with moderate distance and supply. Xi 'an (Chang 'an): Xumishan Grottoes, Maijishan Grottoes, Bingling Temple Grottoes Wuwei (Liangzhou) Zhangye (Ganzhou) Jiuquan (Suzhou) Dunhuang (Shazhou): Mogao Grottoes and Yulin Grottoes 10 century, the Northern Song Dynasty government opened a "Qinghai Road" from Tianshui to the western regions, bypassing the territory of Xixia, which became one after the Song Dynasty. The caravan on the Silk Road is located in the middle of Solkuri Basin in Fucheng, Xining, Tianshui. The route of the central region is mainly the western region, which changes with the change of oasis and desert. There are many forks and branches in the middle of the third line, especially the fourth town Anxi (established in 640). South Road (also called Yutian Road): It starts from Yangguan in the east, along the southern edge of Taklimakan Desert, and passes through Ruoqiang (Shanshan), Hotan (Yutian), shache and other places. Jing Congling. Yang Guan Ruoqiang (Shanshan) and Qi Munnia (Jingjue) are one of the 36 Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty. Hotan (Yutian) Middle Road: It starts from Yumenguan, along the northern edge of Taklimakan Desert, and passes through Lop Nur (Loulan), Turpan (Auto Market, Gaochang), Yanqi (Yuli), Kuqa (Kuqa), Aksu (Gu Mo) and Kashi (Shule) to Fergana Valley (Dawan). Yumenguan Loulan (merged from Shanshan and now belongs to Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang) Turpan (Gaochang): Gaochang Old Town, Yarhar Ancient Town, Baizixi Thousand-Buddha Cave Yanqi (Yuli) Kuche (Qiuci): Qizil Thousand-Buddha Cave, Kumutula Thousand-Buddha Cave Aksu (Gu Mo) Kashi (Shule) North Hami, and the waterway is rich in Hami melon Urumqi. From the jungle west to Europe, it is the western section of the Silk Road, and its north, south and middle lines are connected with the middle line respectively. The route from Caspian Sea to Constantinople was opened in the middle of Tang Dynasty. Northern line: along the Aral Sea, the Caspian Sea and the northern shore of the Black Sea, Itil passes through broken leaves, Virote, astrakhan and other places to Istanbul (Constantinople). Urumqi Almaty (Kazakhstan) dzhambul (Virote, now Kazakhstan) tokmak (Broken Leaf, now Kyrgyzstan) Salai (Russia) Istanbul, Sark (Constantinople, now Turkey) Central Line: Starting from Kashgar, it joins the southern line via Fergana Valley, Samarkand, Bukhara and Mashhad (Iran). Kashgar or Peshawar, Kashgar: Khala Horin Avenue Kabul Bamiyan: The famous Bamiyan Buddha was destroyed by the Taliban in 200 1 year. South Line: Starting from Pamirs, you can enter Pakistan and India from Kashmir, and you can also travel to Europe from Peshawar, Kabul, Mashhad, Baghdad and Damascus. Mashhad (Iran) Sabze Valh Hecatompylos (Fandou and Xie) may be located between Iranda Mugan and Shahrud today. ) Tehran Hamadan Kerman sahan Bakubai (Iraq) Baghdad Abu Hareb Fallujah: Follow the Euphrates River to Aleppo. Ramadi Alipo (Syria) Damascus adana (Turkey) konya Antioch bursa Constantinople (Istanbul) In addition, there are the Southern Silk Road, which mainly communicates with South Asia, and the Maritime Silk Road along the coastal roads.