Buildings are generally composed of foundations, walls, columns, beams, slabs, roof trusses, doors and windows, roofs (including thermal insulation and waterproof layers), stairs, balconies, awnings and floors. In addition, due to the needs of production and life, water supply, drainage system, power supply system, heating and air conditioning system are also installed in the building, and elevators and gas pipeline systems are also installed in some buildings. Various factors affecting the use should be considered in the construction, and corresponding measures should be taken to ensure the safety of the building.

(1) Mechanical factors of buildings

When the main structure of the building bears the allowable external force as a whole, it requires stability, no abnormal deformation and cracks, and people can use it safely. In structures, these forces acting on buildings are usually called loads. Loads are divided into permanent loads (dead loads), variable loads (live loads) and unexpected loads. Permanent load refers to the self-weight of the building itself, as well as the earth reaction or earth pressure generated by the foundation on the building. Variable load refers to crowd activities, furniture, equipment, materials, wind pressure, snow load, etc. In the use of buildings. Accidental load refers to the load borne by buildings due to some random factors.

The influence of nature

Buildings are built in the natural environment, which will inevitably be affected by the sun, rain, freezing, groundwater, thermal expansion and cold contraction. Therefore, the effects of temperature expansion, foundation compression and settlement, material shrinkage and creep should be considered in design and construction. Take structural and structural measures, as well as thermal insulation, waterproof and temperature deformation prevention measures to avoid the damage of these effects to the building and ensure the normal use of the building.

(3) The influence of various human factors.

When people are engaged in production, life, work and study, it will also have an impact on building safety. Such as mechanical vibration, chemical corrosion, disassembly and modification during decoration, fire, possible explosion and impact, etc. In order to prevent these adverse effects, structural measures such as anti-vibration, anti-corrosion, fire prevention and explosion prevention should be taken in the corresponding parts during architectural design and construction, and unreasonable decoration, demolition and transformation should be strictly restricted. In the design and construction of building structures, we should try our best to prevent these unfavorable factors. For example, in terms of stress, design and construction must ensure the quality of the project; In terms of natural and man-made influence, measures must be taken in design and construction must be carried out according to the drawing to ensure the construction quality; When decorating, prevent tampering. Property management units must strengthen the publicity of relevant knowledge of relevant personnel, improve users' or personnel's understanding of this knowledge, and prevent problems before they happen.

What factors should be considered in industrial building design? The following factors should be considered in the design of industrial buildings.

Meet the needs of production technology, which is the basic requirement of design work. Because the requirements of production technology reflect the requirements of use function.

We should create a good business environment.

Industrial production produces harmful substances such as high temperature, smoke and dust. Therefore, the workshop has a good operating environment, which has played a positive role in ensuring workers' health and improving labor productivity.

Should meet the relevant technical requirements.

Pay attention to safety in the factory. That is, the workshop should have strong and durable performance, reliable fire and explosion-proof facilities and safe evacuation measures; The workshop should have certain flexibility and adaptability. On the basis of meeting the current use, the needs of future equipment renewal and process transformation should be properly considered.

We should have good comprehensive benefits.

Attention should be paid to improving the comprehensive economic, social and environmental benefits of buildings. In terms of economic benefits, we should not only pay attention to saving construction land and construction costs, but also reduce material and energy consumption and shorten the construction period, which is conducive to reducing regular maintenance and management costs.

Attention should be paid to architectural beauty

On the premise of applicability, safety and economy, industrial buildings take architectural beauty and environmental beauty as important contents of design.

What factors should be considered in architectural design? Take kindergarten as an example (exam questions of architectural design principles). Kindergarten design should consider not only the Code for Architectural Design of Nurseries and Kindergartens, but also the Code for Fire Prevention in Architectural Design, General Principles for Civil Architectural Design, Code for Barrier-free Design of Urban Roads and Buildings, and Standard for Energy-saving Design of Public Buildings.

1. What are the factors that affect architectural design? 2. What is the basis of architectural design? 1 Laws, regulations, technical standards, principles and policies 2 Impact of natural environment 3 Impact of material and technical conditions 4 Impact of service performance

1) data base

The data base of architectural design mainly includes three aspects, namely, ergonomics, various design specifications and relevant provisions of building modular system.

2) Conditional basis

The conditional basis of architectural design can be mainly divided into two aspects: geological conditions and climatic conditions;

(1) Climate conditions such as temperature, humidity, sunshine, rain and snow, wind direction and wind speed.

Climatic conditions have a great influence on the design of buildings. For example, in hot and humid areas, architectural design should consider heat limitation, ventilation, shading and other issues. In dry and cold areas, it is usually desirable to design the house as compact as possible to reduce the heat dissipation of the external wall panels and facilitate indoor heating and insulation.

Sunshine and dominant wind direction are usually the main factors that determine the orientation and spacing of houses. In the design of high-rise buildings and TV towers, wind speed is an important factor to consider structural layout and architectural modeling, and the amount of rain and snow also has a certain influence on the choice of roof form and structure. Before the design, it is necessary to collect the above-mentioned local meteorological data as the basis for the design.

(2) Topography, geological conditions and seismic intensity

The flat or undulating terrain of the base, the geological composition of the base, the characteristics of the soil slope and the bearing capacity of the ground have obvious influences on the plane combination, structural layout and architectural modeling of the building. For example, steep terrain often leads to split-level buildings that combine houses with terrain. Complex geological conditions require corresponding structural measures for the composition of houses and the setting of foundations.

Earthquake intensity indicates the degree of damage to the ground and buildings caused by the earthquake. In areas with intensity below 6 degrees, ground propagation has little effect on the damage of buildings; In areas above 9 degrees, due to the strong earthquake, considering economic factors and material consumption, construction in these areas should be avoided as far as possible except in special circumstances. The key points of building exhibition prevention and fortification refer to areas with seismic intensity of 6, 7, 8 and 9 degrees.

3) piece-by-piece basis

The basic documents of architectural design are:

(1) The reply of the competent suburban gate on the use requirements of construction tasks, building area, unilateral cost, total investment, etc., and the relevant design quotas and indicators stipulated by relevant state ministries or provinces, cities and regions;

(2) Project design task book: the construction unit puts forward the requirements of the use and area of each room according to the use requirements, and the specific content and area construction standard of the project design should be consistent with the approval of the competent department;

(3) The urban construction department's reply to Tongyu design: The contents include the land use scope of the proposed house (generally defined by the red line) and urban construction requirements such as planning and environment;

(4) List of entrusted design projects: The construction unit shall formally handle the entrusted design procedures with the design unit according to the relevant approval documents. For large-scale projects, bidding is often used to entrust the winning bidder to design.

Based on the above-mentioned design documents, designers collect necessary original data and survey and design data through investigation and study, and comprehensively consider the overall planning, base environment, functional requirements, structural structure, materials and equipment, building economy and architectural art, etc. , design and draw architectural drawings, write the main design intention statement, other types of work also design and draw various drawings accordingly, and prepare various types of work, instructions, budget estimates and budgets. The above-mentioned complete set of design drawings and documents make it the foundation of housing construction # # # Builders will choose 100% building elite network-big data certificate platform!

What architectural design concepts should be considered in the architectural design of schools and hospitals?

In addition to engineering technology, architectural design should also consider people.

Who uses it, what are the requirements, what are the restrictions, and the background and requirements of others, so that all the principles that should be paid attention to can be extended and then your design concept can be formed. What the predecessors studied can be found in the data set, and what you started to study may appear in the later data set. Let's go

What factors should be considered in determining the architectural scheme? What do you think in the design? The first is to meet the functional requirements, pay attention to aesthetics, and at the same time consider the economy of cost. This is very difficult. These three points mainly consider which one has changed greatly. There are infinite solutions.

What are the costs of factors that need to be considered in system design? This is always the first. A good information security system needs constant investment and update. As the carrier of software system, hardware determines the bottleneck of software and the endurance of the system after being attacked. An information security team may also have various experimental systems, which need certain professional configuration. With a complete emergency handling process, it is not terrible to have information security problems. The terrible thing is that the relevant personnel don't know how to deal with it after it happens. The technology is updating, and the attack technology is constantly upgrading, so the corresponding defense should constantly learn the latest technology to prevent problems before they happen. The accumulation of knowledge base, after each attack on a system, summarizes the attack source, attack mode and attack result, which is conducive to finding system vulnerabilities and avoiding the occurrence of the same problems in future development.

Factors and conditions that should be considered in building structure design. Read the following books several times: theoretical mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, elastic mechanics, elastic mechanics. The most important thing is structural mechanics.

2. Then read the professional book: Theoretical Structural Design of High-rise Building Concrete.

3. Look at the specifications, mainly including: concrete specifications, foundation specifications, high-rise design specifications and seismic specifications.

4. Learn PKPM structural design software, you can download pirated ones online and buy a PKPM parameter specification.

5. Find a small project, arrange the structure in PKPM according to other people's drawings, and practice operation and software calculation.

6. Buy some professional counseling books, participate in some professional structural design forums, and communicate with people.

The general steps of structural design are as follows:

1. The initial structural scheme is usually agreed by the chief structural engineer and the architect.

2. Make a preliminary design. According to the preliminary design drawings of the building, the structural designer arranges the structural dimensions of the main components such as beams, plates and columns, and makes preliminary design drawings after preliminary calculation in PKPM, which basically meets the requirements of the specification.

3. Design the construction drawing. According to the architectural drawings provided by the building, the model is established in PKPM, the beams and columns are arranged, and the construction drawing is started after the calculation is passed.

4. Individual places need manual calculation, such as overhangs, overhangs, parapets, retaining walls or individuals.

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There are many professional books. You can go to the architectural bookstore to find a book that suits you, from elementary to advanced. General cities have specialized architectural bookstores.

What are the steps of architectural design bidding? 3.2 Bidding Procedures and Contents

It can include all the work from filling in the prequalification form to submitting the formal bidding documents to the owner. Focus on the following work.

3.2. 1 Project site investigation

This is an important preparation before bidding. Before on-site inspection, carefully read and study the scope, terms, architectural design drawings and descriptions proposed in the bidding documents. The field investigation should focus on the following situations:

◆ Building construction;

◆ Construction site and surrounding environment, electricity, etc. ;

◆ The relationship between this project and other projects;

◆ Accommodation and processing conditions near the construction site;

3.2.2 Analyze the bidding documents, check the quantities and prepare the construction plan.

(1) The tender documents are the main basis for bidding, and the following aspects should be considered when studying the tender documents.

◆ Bidders need to know;

◆ Contract conditions;

◆ Design drawings;

◆ Engineering quantity.

② Determination of engineering quantity

According to the scale of the project, the bidder verifies the engineering quantity, conducts inquiry and market survey, which has a great influence on the total project cost.

(3) Preparation of construction plan

Generally including construction scheme and method, construction progress and labor plan. The principle is how to reduce the cost and increase the profit on the premise of ensuring the quality and duration of the project.

3.2.3 Project bidding quotation

Quota should be analyzed from the aspects of unit price, profit and cost to determine the quota and rate. Tender offer should be moderate, generally considering the grade, product grade and configuration quantity of the integrated wiring system. Engineering quotation can include the following aspects:

◆ Price of equipment and main materials? Calculated according to the equipment list;

◆ Engineering installation measurement fee? According to the relevant budget quota;

◆ Other engineering fees? Including turnkey fee, design fee, training fee, etc.

◆ Preparation fee;

◆ Price concessions;

◆ Total project price.

In the calculation of project investment, we can refer to the quotation of products made by manufacturers and the project budget estimate and budget quota formulated by construction, communication, radio and television industries, and make a summary of project investment estimation.

3.2.4 Preparation of bidding documents

Bidding documents should be prepared in full accordance with the requirements of the bidding documents, and generally no conditions are attached, otherwise the bidding will be invalid.

1) Composition of bidding documents

◆ Bidding;

◆ Appendix to tender;

◆ Bid bond;

◆ Qualification certificate of legal representative;

◆ Power of attorney;

◆ Bill of quantities and quotation sheet indicating the price;

◆ Construction scheme;

◆ Qualification examination form;

◆ Confirmation and response to the terms of the contract agreement in the tender documents;

◆ Other materials required to be submitted in the tender documents.

2) Technical scheme

Bidding documents generally include business part and technical scheme part, especially the description of technical scheme. The technical scheme should be based on the building plan, functional zoning and information point distribution proposed in the tender; The level standard that the wiring system should meet; Model and specification of recommended products; Standards and specifications to be followed; Fully understand the installation and testing requirements and consider a more complete discussion. The technical scheme should have a certain depth, which can reflect the configuration scheme and installation design scheme of the wiring system, and can also put forward the suggested technical scheme for the owner and review. Remember to avoid copying the full text of the manufacturer's products too much. Wiring system drawings basically meet the requirements of construction drawing design and should reflect the actual content. System design should follow the following principles:

Advanced, mature and practical;

◆ Service and convenience;

◆ Economic rationality;

◆ standardization;

◆ Flexible and open;

◆ Integration and scalability.

At present, the projects and buildings supported by the wiring system generally include office buildings and commercial buildings, government agencies, financial securities, companies, telecommunications hubs, factories and mines, hospitals, campuses, squares and supermarkets, museums, exhibitions and news centers, airports, residences, special security projects, etc. Bidders shall formulate distinctive and feasible technical schemes according to the different project types listed above.

Sealed tender

Before the specified deadline, all prepared bidding documents shall be sealed and delivered to the tendering unit.

3.2.6 Bid Opening

The bid inviting unit shall conduct bid opening in accordance with the requirements of the bidding law and bidding procedures.

3.2.7 Bid evaluation

Generally, an expert review team composed of the tenderee will review and score the tender, and the scoring results will take effect only after being signed by the judges. Then, select the successful contractor. In the process of bid evaluation, the jury asked the bidders to answer some questions. Due to the limited time, the bidder should organize the project management and technical personnel to give short and substantive answers to the questions raised by the judges, especially to clarify their views on constructive opinions, and not to introduce the contractor's situation and the contents unrelated to the project repeatedly.

Because the evaluation result of bidding is directly related to whether the bidder can win the bid, the combination of public evaluation and anonymous evaluation is generally adopted, and the evaluation system is divided into 10 or 100. The details are as follows:

1) technical scheme: describe it in detail as far as possible in accordance with the tender, and mainly put forward the consideration principles, ideas and comparison of various schemes, among which the suggested scheme is essential. It has many uncertainties, including a detailed list of equipment and materials. This content accounts for a large proportion in the whole score and is also the focus of the judges' evaluation.

2) Construction implementation measures, construction organization and project progress: mainly reflected in the guarantee system of project construction quality, construction period and objectives, accounting for a certain proportion.

3) After-sales service and commitment: mainly reflected in the preferential conditions of project price and the commitment of spare parts supply, project warranty period, project maintenance response, software upgrade and training.

4) Enterprise qualification: it is necessary to have the corresponding qualification of the project, and pay attention to whether there are false qualification certification materials.

5) Evaluation of outstanding projects and achievements: It generally reflects the representative project achievements in recent years, and should reflect the project name, scale, location, investment situation, contract text content and the project acceptance evaluation opinions of the construction unit. The winning projects should have corresponding supporting documents.

6) Suggestions: Based on the requirements of the tender, mainly put forward constructive opinions on the technical scheme and explain sufficient reasons. The proposed scheme must be put forward separately on the basis of the basic scheme.

7) Project cost: Under the requirements of the tender, the bidder should conduct full market analysis and economic evaluation, and the project cost should have a unit price, which should reflect the mid-range cost level and avoid blind quotation and vicious competition. The mode of payment should also be proposed.

8) Recommended products: the performance, specifications, technical parameters, features and specific contents of the products can be expressed in the form of attachments.

9) Drawings, technical data and documents: The text quality of the tender should be clear and complete, and meet the format requirements. The text map should have actual content and reach a certain depth, and do not completely emphasize the length.

10) defense: answer questions concisely.

1 1) Preferential conditions: practical.

12) owner's inspection of bidding enterprises and engineering projects: mainly to get on-the-spot knowledge of enterprises and owners and obtain first-hand information. The inspection contents include qualification, enterprise funds, coordination with users, after-sales service system, cooperative construction units, etc.

In the scoring of the above contents, the owners generally sing hard points, while the judges secretly score live points. Among them, technical scheme, construction organization measures and project quotation account for a large proportion.

3.2.8 Winning the bid and signing the contract

Select the winning contractor according to the scoring and evaluation results, or recommend 2-3 bidders according to the scoring results of the judges. The owner will determine the winning contractor through assessment and evaluation, and then the construction unit will sign a contract with the contractor.

Bidding documents are important evidence for contractors to participate in bidding competition; It is the basis of bid evaluation, award and contract signing; It is a comprehensive reflection of the quality of bidders and an important factor to obtain economic benefits. Therefore, bidders should pay enough attention to the preparation of bidding documents.

The problems in the bidding work of integrated wiring project are complex and the workload is heavy. However, only the tenderee and the bidder implement and operate in accordance with the provisions and procedures of the national bidding law can the fairness of the bidding result be effectively guaranteed and the engineering quality of the project be ensured.

What are the factors considered in tunnel ventilation design? In order to prevent the exhaust gas from polluting the air in the tunnel when the car is driving, the highway tunnel must be ventilated. Therefore, tunnel ventilation mainly dilutes CO, smoke and odor.

Highway tunnels require high ventilation for operation, and there are many ventilation modes to choose from. The main factors to be considered in the selection are the length of the tunnel and the traffic flow, and the local meteorological, environmental and topographic conditions should also be properly considered.