Last week, we talked about self-fulfilling prophecy, which means that what we say, like life prophecy, is affecting our lives. One of the stories is that a woman thinks that "men are not good things" and keeps pushing this prediction with her own behavior to prove that "I am right". I believe sensitive friends will see that this lady's fate is like a reincarnation. Her father beat her mother, and her three husbands beat her. Then, can the so-called self-realization prophecy be like this: in our childhood, we summed up some words from the experiences led by our parents or other caregivers and became our own cognition. Because of the psychological mechanism of narcissism, we constantly pursue "I am right" and my cognition is correct, so these words are likely to indicate our future life. Indeed, the so-called fate is such a thing. Our less positive self-prediction often comes from the prediction of others. This is a psychological term: pygmalion effect, also known as the Rosenthal effect.
Rosenthal effect
Explain its name first, pygmalion effect. Pygmalion is the king of Cyprus in ancient Greek mythology. He is very withdrawn and likes to live alone. He was very lonely, so he carved a beautiful woman out of ivory and fell in love with the statue, praying that Aphrodite, the god of love, would give it life. Cupid was moved by his sincerity and agreed to him. Pygmalion got what he wanted and married a beautiful statue. This seems to be a proper otaku dream, looking for a beautiful woman that completely conforms to my imagination, and it has actually come true. This ancient Greek myth is the origin of pygmalion effect. This term means that if you give some people strong expectations, this expectation will work.
Rosenthal, an American psychologist, proved this with experiments.
This experiment took place in 1968. Rosenthal took his assistant to a rural primary school, and chose three classes from grade one to grade six to conduct a "future development trend test" for the students in this 18 class. After the test, he gave the school a list of "the most promising people" and told them to keep it secret so as not to affect the correctness of the experiment.
This list accounts for 20% of the total number of students, but what the principal and the students don't know is that the students on the list are randomly selected, and Rosenthal didn't look at the test results at all. Surprisingly, eight months later, the situation really changed. In the test of 18 students, it is found that those students who are on the list have generally improved their grades significantly, their personalities are more extroverted, and their self-confidence and curiosity have become stronger. Faced with this result, Rosenthal put forward a word called "authoritative lie". He thinks he is the authority of the school, and the school is also the authority of the students. He passes on the "lie" of "you are the most promising" to the students who are the subjects of the experiment, and finally these students really become such people. Moreover, interestingly, these students didn't get clear language information to tell them that they were the "most promising" people. It is the teachers who influence them through their emotions and attitudes.
Here, I have to add a background to you. Before doing this experiment, Rosenthal had done experiments on mice.
He randomly divided a group of mice into group A and group B. First, he told the breeder of group A that the mice in your group were smart, and then he told the breeder of group B that the mice in your group were average in intelligence. A few months later, Rosenthal did a maze test on two groups of mice, and the results showed that the performance of group A mice was significantly better than that of group B mice.
After listening to the experiments of mice and schools, you will find that the expectation of authority can strongly influence people and animals. This discovery was called pygmalion effect by Rosenthal, but it was also called the Rosenthal effect because of his experiments.
Background supplement
Rats are the most commonly used experimental objects in behavioral psychology, so an attack on behavioral psychology is, how can you extend the laws observed from rats to people?
When I was an undergraduate in the psychology department of Peking University, I learned to do experiments with mice, frogs, rabbits and monkeys. Rats and frogs will be treated in various ways, while monkeys and orangutans just observe their behavior. Once a monkey ran to the Woods in the north of the unnamed lake, and it took a long time to get it back.
Here, I want to tell you that not everyone's expectations can play a significant role in a living thing. In Rosenthal's experiment, it is the expectation of authority that exerts its strength.
What is authority? It is a party with power, prestige and resources.
Just like in the mouse experiment, the breeder has great authority over the mouse, because they can decide the diet of the mouse, even life and death. In school experiments, principals and teachers have great authority over students because they can judge a student's qualification.
For each of us, the most primitive and important authority is parents. Therefore, parents' expectations of their children can greatly influence their children, and their functions may even reach the mythological level of Pygmalion.
A story about me.
Next, I will tell you a story of myself. The word "red" in my name is not because I was born in the red age, but because after I was born, my father dreamed that he found a ruby in the field. Because my family was poor before I was born, things began to improve after I was born, and my parents thought I brought good luck to my family. An example is that when I was born, they bought the "three big pieces" of that era, bicycles, wardrobes and sewing machines. This is actually a typical "authoritative lie". I bought three big pieces that year because they had been saving money before. They created and accumulated these wealth, but deluded themselves and attributed all these good things to me, thinking that I had brought good luck to my family. My parents even feel that the whole world seems to be cooperating with me. Because my family is poor, I need extra money to go to school. At this time, there is always good luck. Either it is easy to borrow money, or the sow at home gave birth to a piglet, and business suddenly improved, and so on.
Their thoughts and expectations may have started before I was born and have continued to this day. This expectation entered the depths of my subconscious and became a part of myself.
I really did what they wanted, and my grades have always been good, and I learned easily. Finally, I went from a poor farmer's child to today.
These things sound like fate, because these changes are beyond your direct control, but as Rosenthal's experimental results show, this may be because my parents have strong expectations and got a response.
Therefore, what kind of expectations you have for your child and what kind of predictions you have made are very important for his growth.
You may have heard the saying that if a child can get 5000 compliments from his parents, then he can gain self-confidence. But here, what needs to be explained to you is that my parents did not influence me through words. Although they never deny me, they seldom praise me. Even the dream about rubies was not heard from my father until I was thirty. They seldom tell me that I am the lucky star in my family. But they really think that the influence of this attitude, emotion and subconscious is far greater than language.
The formation of self-confidence
In the past, a CCTV buddy often asked me: Why have you never felt inferior because you are a farmer's child?
At that time, although I was already a graduate student in the psychology department, I didn't really have a psychological mind, so I asked him: Why should I feel inferior because of this?
Now, I can answer this question: the reason why I don't feel inferior is because my parents' positive expectations for me at the beginning gave me basic self-confidence.
Self-confidence is also a self-fulfilling prophecy. Because of this self-confidence, I often burst into strength at the critical moment of my life. But this self-fulfilling prophecy, or self-expectation, actually comes from the authority of parents. Their trust in me is internalized into my heart, forming the so-called self-confidence.
It is important to realize this, so that you will know that your so-called "my thoughts", "my knowledge" and "my self-knowledge" rarely come from yourself, but often come from the influence of authority, especially the original authority of your parents.
When you understand this truth, those stubborn self-consciousness, such as "who am I" and "what am I", will loosen or even change. And when self-awareness changes, you will see that your external destiny will also change.
Buy it today
Finally, to sum up, the key knowledge you learned today:
First, in childhood, we summed up some words from the experience led by parents or other caregivers to form our own cognition. Because of the psychological mechanism of narcissism, these words are likely to indicate our future life. This is the power of authority expectation.
Second, "the power of authority expectation" has a proper term in psychology-pygmalion effect, also called Rosenthal effect.
Third, the source of self-fulfilling prophecy is probably the expectation of authority.
Extended reading
"experimental group", "control group" and "random significant difference" are some concepts of "experimental psychology" When experimenters want to investigate the influence of a variable, they will set the group affected by the variable as the "experimental group" and the group that the variable does not work as the "control group" to investigate the influence of the experimental variable.
For example, in the Rosenthal effect, the experimental variable is "authoritative lie", and the list given to the school is the experimental group, but the control group is not listed.
When choosing the list to be included in the experimental group, we adopt a random method, that is, it is completely out of order and can be selected by rolling dice or random numbers.
Experimental psychology will use the word "significant" when publishing results. For example, in Rosenthal's experiment, authoritative lies are independent variables and dependent variables are test scores. When measuring the scores of the experimental group and the control group, it is found that the average scores of the experimental group and the control group are poor, and there is a significant difference when they reach a certain level statistically.
When I was in college, I always lacked feelings for scientific psychology such as experimental psychology, cognitive psychology and physiological psychology, but I like phenomenological psychology such as social psychology, psychological counseling and therapeutics very much, and I feel that there are endless places to explore, and because I have experienced something, it can directly lead to change.
Psychoanalysis by psychologist Freud is the beginning of psychological consultation and therapy, while German psychologist Feng Te also pioneered the research method of experimental psychology, so he is known as the "father of scientific psychology".
Although there are always people in the field of psychology who want to rank Feng Te above Freud, or even completely obliterate Freud's knowledge as "pseudoscience", Freud's influence on psychological counseling and therapy, art, literature, film and television is far better than Feng Te's.
It's up to you.
Bamboo drunk.
822 Zan
I remember a passage that old Luo Yonghao said in Friends, which can reflect the self-fulfilling prophecy and actively share it with you. Luo Yonghao: When I am a teacher, it is my duty to show some positive outlook on life, even though you may be in a bad mood and negative that day. But when facing students, we should also make a very positive attitude. Including someone asking me, Mr. Luo, you also took some detours when you were young. What do you think of the wasted time? Then, in order to be a teacher and convey a positive attitude towards life to students, I will pretend to be a grandson and tell him that the detours you have taken and the lessons you have failed will be beneficial to your future life. After putting on many such gestures, I found an advantage, and I really believed it myself. After I believed it, my outlook on life became much more positive. If you think like this, you will find some good gains.
July 10
Happiness comes first.
677 Zan
Another question, can we doubt that the whole society's expectations of women's leadership and science and engineering-related abilities are lower than men's, which leads to women's ability in this respect is really inferior to men's?
July 10
Vijai Keshav Ghokale
457 Zan
After reading today's article, the first thing that pops up in my mind is a physical concept: the transfer of energy is directional, usually from high potential energy to low potential energy. I think that the reason why "authority bias" can affect a person or a group of people is that ordinary people know little or little about a certain field, while authority knows a lot. The authority in this field has "high potential" to influence ordinary people with "low potential". I have been trying to think about the question "who am I" and try to understand my true self, but I find that I am different in each period, and there seems to be no universal law to sum up my thoughts and behaviors. After reading today's article and getting to know pygmalion effect, I think the actual reason is that my authority to form "self-prediction" has changed, and I have changed imperceptibly. For example, before I entered the university, my mother was an authority. She often says: If you are stupid, you should work harder and spend more time on it! Influenced by her personal behavior and emotions, I summed up my self-prediction: as long as I spend time, I will always succeed even if I don't think hard. Reflected in my actions, when I learn a mental skill, such as cutting vegetables, my attention will suddenly be distracted when she teaches me, and I will not observe the way of holding a kitchen knife. When cutting vegetables, the distance between your finger and the knife is completely impossible when you really start cooking. It's just a casual cut, which is completely subconscious and automatic. This has also led me to do things or make decisions on impulse until now. No matter whether there are good methods or not, I just insist on doing it. I wasted a lot of time and took many wrong paths. After I entered the university, I worked part-time to earn living expenses, and gradually got rid of the influence of my mother's authority. Later, I subscribed to the column of teacher Xiao next door, bought his book out of curiosity and watched his speech. Gradually, he became my "authority" and I began to accept some of his ideas. I will find that sometimes it is more important to think clearly before actually doing it than to actually do it. In action, I began to learn to observe others and think about what is the key. If I don't do well, I will try to sum it up when I have time. Slowly, my work efficiency has been partially improved now. Therefore, I think the influence of authority will only come into being when one side is weak and the other side is strong. When I was a child, my parents were the strong side. When I was studying, my parents began to know less than us, so teachers took the place of parents' authority. Entering the society, we feel that we have more contact with our former teachers than our parents, so those entrepreneurs, stars and experts have become our authorities. After reading today's article, I think I won't force myself to define myself any more, because my thoughts are changing, and my actions are changing under the influence of self-testimony prediction, so my choices and ideas are also changing.
July 10
swallow
370 likes
I'm a girl. My father always wanted a boy. When I was a child, my father always said to me after getting drunk, "You should study hard and fight for your father.". You won't be looked down upon and bullied by others. You can't take away what you have learned. " In this case, you can repeat it for up to two hours and say the same thing every time. Now I have met my father's expectations, but I always feel that I have come this far because I am lucky, have not worked hard, feel inferior, don't know what I want, and are sensitive to other people's negative comments, but I will not resist. I just feel uncomfortable and wonder why I can't meet other people's expectations and why I can't do it well. My husband is a very picky person and always criticizes me for not doing well here and there. I was wronged and cried all the time, and I resisted at first. I hope my husband can accept me completely, but it's useless. Later, I thought it was useless to cry too much. When I want to cry, I bite my teeth and tell myself that I must hold back my tears. Later, my husband filed for divorce, saying that I was like a man, very stubborn, but too opinionated, and my heart was empty when I treated others. I admit that I am kind, hardworking and empty. After the divorce, I began to find myself. I like to ask why, why did he leave me, what is love? Who am I? What is the meaning of life? I began to pay attention to philosophy and psychology. Learn to love yourself and find yourself. After this class, I recalled what my father had always said. It was really my life. I gave my father a sigh of relief, but I didn't know who I was because my father didn't want this daughter. I subscribed to the teacher's psychology class as soon as it came out. I feel that under the guidance of teachers, I can know myself and others more clearly, and I hope to have my own life. Thank you teacher!
At 7: 57 on July 65438,
Jiang Lu bole pet hospital
265 likes
I apply teacher Wu's authority expectation effect to my work. Received very good results. In the past, the post-90 s interns recruited by hospitals were very difficult to manage, loose and weak in pressure resistance. I often wonder whether my communication style is not suitable for young people, or whether they are really so wild and difficult to cultivate. After studying Mr. Wu's psychology, I decided to apply it to management. This time the school sent interns, and I held a special dinner party. I held a dinner party for everyone, during which I learned in detail about the internship purpose and plan of each of them. I put forward my own suggestions and expectations, and inadvertently affirmed their personal characteristics, expecting interns to play an advantage in hospital practice. Sure enough, the results are remarkable. None of the interns arrived late and left early at will this time. Work and study extremely hard. And every day after work, they will comment and affirm their internships and put forward further expectations. Sure enough, they are making progress one after another at the pace I expected. And it is very easy to manage, and there is even healthy competition. My headache has finally been solved. Thank you, Mr. Wu, for the artifact.
July 1 1 10:39
The author's reply
July 1 1 10:40
Tomlinson
250 likes
My mother said: My daughter has always been very lucky; As a result, I really got everything I wanted. My mother said to me again: How ugly are you? How can you get married? As a result, my sister got married
July 10
Peng Wenfeng
208 likes
There is no doubt that parents have a great influence on their children. I don't remember what my parents often say to me, because I was brought up by my grandparents. Haha, it seems that there is no other important person. However, I think my biggest problem is that my inner strength is a little weak and I don't have the strong determination that I have to have. I've always wanted to be a person with a strong heart. I believe this can be achieved by constantly building self-confidence (gaining positive experience). I have not given up my efforts, but the effect is a bit slow. Think of two questions: 1, can a person's personality be changed? (Personally, I think it is very difficult, and there are very few parts that can be changed. Unless there is a major stimulus, many things are decided by childhood. What other parts can be improved in adulthood? What is hard to change? Where should we break through? 2. Can willpower be exercised? For example, starting a business requires strong perseverance and pressure resistance. If you don't have this ability to withstand pressure, you are definitely not suitable for starting a business. Can pressure-resistant ability be cultivated and exercised? For a person, is there a ceiling for similar abilities, which can't be broken to a certain extent?
July 10
The author's reply
Of course, it can be changed, and consciousness can be changed on a large scale.
July 10
chi shing
17 1 like
Teacher Wu, you are lucky to be predicted as a lucky star by your parents, but I am miserable. I was predicted as a disaster by my parents, and my family didn't like me ... I often denied my existence value and beat my existence. How can people like us who are denied by authoritative parents, denied by teachers and even humiliated in public get rid of the shadow of pain by reshaping a good self-prediction? People like us who have no authority and confidence should start to rebuild their confidence.
July 10 18:5 1
The author's reply
Cognition is the beginning, and awareness can loosen inherent perception.
July 10
He xiren
10 1 likes
The Rosenthal effect tells us that authority is very important for a person's growth. In fact, even adults need to keep growing, so the encouragement of authority is extremely important. No wonder Li Xiaolai took "always encouraging others" as his principle. So far, his column has won the first place. In fact, it has a lot to do with his willingness to encourage others, because encouragement is exactly what everyone needs. Wu Zhihong's story, through a real case, shows us the great role of parents' expectations for their children. Therefore, it is better to have a very good expectation for the child's future than to enroll the child in this remedial class or that remedial class.
July 10
guo zhiyuan
92 likes
The amount of information received by people's five senses at every moment is huge, only a small part of which is consciously perceived, and most of which is automatically processed by the subconscious. Just as you can recognize an acquaintance from a distance, you can recognize him at once. In fact, the subconscious has collected and compared many characteristics of this person, such as small gestures, foot height, waving frequency, walking speed and so on. , and formed an intuitive feeling-it is him. After parents, teachers and other authorities have an expectation or recognition for you, their unconscious attitudes and actions are different from those of your brothers and classmates. Maybe they look at you a little longer, smile a little more at you, and talk a little more patiently. The authorities may not realize this, nor do children, but the child's subconscious can directly perceive and judge. So it has a seemingly magical effect from a distance. Expect, be guided.
July 10
Qiu Lan left Missouri.
9 1 like
Sofa. I have been afraid to leave the first message before, but I always feel that I must write something that can arouse people's strong voices in order to be in the first place. I can't always be as perfect as I thought.
July 10
kingcraft
62 likes
Man is the sum of past experiences.
July 10 2 1: 16
Yang Jian
58 likes
My parents named me Yang Jian, which means simply that I want to be healthy. But since I was a child, they have said that I am in poor health and love to get sick. It seems that there are many minor illnesses, but it is generally healthy. When I was a child, I watched too many Hong Kong dramas and wanted to be a lawyer. Presumably this is also a self-fulfilling prophecy. I've been a lawyer for six or seven years now, but I'm still exploring what kind of lawyer I want to be. I named my son Yang, hoping that he would have a clever mind. Looking at this baby now, I think as long as he has a correct world outlook and a basic material life, he can do what he likes. After listening to the teacher's class today, I felt it necessary to give him more expectations. Of course, everything that children are asked to do must be done first.
July 10 18:4 1
Marina
57 likes
What I am doing now is art education and training. It's time for students to start learning to draw. Some students in the class draw very well. Some students always doubt and deny themselves because of their poor foundation. At this time, I will actively encourage them, enlighten them, let them take their time, don't worry, don't compare with others, and see their progress bit by bit ~ Today's course makes me realize how much influence the teacher's authority has on a student's later development? Teachers who are good at encouraging students may really inspire the hidden potential of this student ~ However, encouragement, I think, can be divided into good encouragement and general encouragement, that is, sometimes your encouragement will be very useful, but sometimes the effect is mediocre, which will make students a little bored, and this situation will also occur in life. Sometimes I encourage a friend, but both sides feel a little embarrassed in the process. How should we naturally use the Rosenthal effect in real life and work?
July 10
The author's reply
Our third week is devoted to answering your questions.
July 10
Lao you hong ju pa restaurant
5 1 like
Never tell your child that you can't do well, because it will really affect his self-confidence, and as a result, he really can't do anything well. In order to get rid of this feeling, I often experience the feeling of success with the knowledge I have learned before, participate in group activities and competitions, and do things that can bring me a sense of accomplishment. This is a very useful method, and the feeling of not being confident is getting farther and farther away from me.
July 10
Eat more coarse grains
46 likes
When parents and children were studying, they read a story to the effect that a girl who danced ballet had a good foundation but lacked self-confidence. Once, her coach secretly handed her a pair of dancing shoes, telling her that these shoes have magical power and can make you confident. The little girl was so happy that she gradually became confident and danced better and better! One day, she attended an important performance. Due to negligence, she left her beloved dancing shoes on the bus. She was very sad and nervous, and worried that she could not dance well. Then the coach told her the truth and encouraged her to believe in herself. You can dance well without dancing shoes! With the encouragement of the teacher, her performance was a great success!
July 65438 8:32
The author's reply
Children need such a pair of external magic shoes at first, and then internalize them into the depths of their hearts and become part of their inner personality.
July 65438, 9:33
Whale blue
45 likes
Teacher Wu's parents are pure psychologists and the "sweeping monk" of psychology!
July 65438, 8:03
The author's reply
Thank you for your compliment to my parents. I'll tell them.
July 1 1 9:35
gruel
45 likes
"Self-testifying prophecy" is my inner hint. "Rosenthal effect" and "Pygmalion" are the hints of others to themselves, that is, "the power of authority expectation". As the most authoritative parents, if they have positive expectations for their children, they will have positive results, and vice versa. Why do some parents have low expectations for their children? I think it may be limited by their own self-certified predictions. Interacting with the teacher last week, they replied, "The height you reach is your height." Therefore, parents also feel that their children will not reach a high level. So when people ask me, can you do it? I'll just say yes. When someone asks me, can he succeed in what he wants to do? I will say categorically that you can.
July 10, 23:54
Liu changjin
4 1 like
I have read Rosenthal's research results. This expectation effect only has a significant impact on junior students, but has little impact on senior students. Therefore, the positive expectations of authority figures are very important when a person is young, but rarely when he is an adult.
July 10
Supreme, nameless and nameless
37 likes
When the tree is towering, it is as strong as a bear and difficult to shake; When the tree is still young, the urchin can completely destroy it with one foot. Listen to your heart when you are old, and listen to your elders when you are young. Therefore, childhood education is very important, which affects your life's temperament. However, after 30 years old, you can already decide your personal direction, so you are responsible for your temperament after 30 years old.
July 10, 22:0 1
Filar silk Agger
33 likes
The best education is subtle; Even a look of approval will make a person full of motivation.
July 10
Martin
3 1 like
We live in a society, and it is impossible for us to grow up without external influences. When the influence comes from teachers, parents, leaders and celebrities, it often has a greater impact on us. Children's growth will be influenced by their families. Parents always like to criticize and scold their children, and the probability of their children being taken back will be high. Children will be more confident if parents always praise them. Teachers always like to criticize poor students, saying that they have no ambition, which often deepens their unwillingness to learn. Anyway, the teacher said I couldn't learn well, let alone learn; My former leader was very good at leading people. He can always amplify my strengths, let me build confidence step by step, and let people without strengths become project leaders now. The power of authority expectation is too strong, so we should make good use of this effect and influence people in a positive way.