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Romantic literature came into being at the end of18th century and reached its peak in the first half of19th century. It is one of the most important ideological trends in modern western literature. Vertically, romantic literature is the inheritance and development of humanism in Renaissance, and it is also a powerful backwash to rigid French classicism. Horizontally, romantic literature and subsequent realistic literature * * * constitute the two systems of modern western literature, which created the prosperity of western literature in the19th century and had a far-reaching impact on later modernism and post-modernism literature.
Nathaniel hawthorne (1804- 1864), walt whitman (18 19- 1892) and herman melville (1819-654442). Hawthorne excavates the "hidden evil" in his works. The Scarlet Letter reflects the darkness of Puritan colonial rule and the hypocrisy and injustice of the church, with clever use of symbolism. Whitman's life experience edited and expanded the poetry collection Leaves of Grass, which praised the awakening of American national consciousness and became the originator of modern American literature. Melville is the most accomplished romantic novelist in America. He is good at describing adventures at sea and exotic customs. Moby Dick is one of the most outstanding novels in the history of American literature. Moby Dick in the novel has become a transcendental totem of mysterious things that are hostile to human beings and difficult to conquer.
The representative figures of early American romantic writers are washington irving (1783- 1859), James Cooper (1789- 185 1) and Edgar Allan Poe. Owen is regarded as the father of American literature. In his novels, the concept of "American literature" surfaced for the first time and was no longer bound by English literature. Cooper is one of the founders of American national literature. He created frontier legendary novels represented by the story of leather socks, the most important of which is The Last Mohican. Edgar allan poe advocates that art should stimulate readers to reach the sublimation of the soul. Most of his novels are about death, murder and revenge, revealing people's hallucinations and abnormal psychology. Both he and the French poet Baudelaire are regarded as pioneers of symbolic literature.
Emerson (1803- 1882) and Thoreau (18 17- 1862) are transcendentalists, who first put forward romantic ideas. They emphasize the spiritual function of human beings and the significance of intuition, and think that nature is full of spirituality and human beings should return to nature. Thoreau's Walden is the cornerstone of American romantic literature.
Russian romantic literature appeared after the failure of Napoleon's invasion in 18 12 and the failure of the party's revolution in 1825 12. Russian romantic literature is dominated by poetry and full of strong fighting spirit. Zhukovsky (1783- 1852) played an important role in the formation of Russian romanticism, and was known as the first lyric poet in Russia. His "Singers in Russian Barracks" praised the patriotic feats of soldiers and the great rejuvenation of the Russian nation. Reiliyev (1795- 1826) founded Polaris and propagated romantic ideas. Famous Russian realistic writers, such as Pushkin and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, were romantics in their early years and later turned to realism. Lermontov (1814-1841) is the most staunch romantic poet in Russia. The long narrative poems "The Little Monk" and "The Devil" have created heroic images with rebellious character and expressed revolutionary thoughts against tyranny. The novel "Contemporary Heroes" created the image of "redundant people" for the first time and was the pioneer of psychoanalytic novels.
In Eastern Europe, the representative figures of romantic literature are Polish Adam Mickiewicz (1798- 1855) and Hungarian Petofi (1823- 1849). Romantic literature in eastern Europe is characterized by its combination with the struggle against alien slavery and national independence. Mitzi Kevic wrote "Sacrifice to the Ancestor", which attacked the bloody slaughter of Russian invaders and exposed the actions of traitors and nobles. Petofi praised poems such as Song of the Nation and Freedom and Love as the struggle for freedom.
Due to the unpredictable twists and turns of the French Revolution, French romantic literature has a more vivid and sincere color. Fran?ois René de Chateaubriand (1768- 1848) and madame de stael (1766- 18 17) are early representatives of French romanticism. The former tends to be aristocratic, while true Christianity advocates the revival of medieval ethics. However, its lyrical description of American jungles, prairies, ancient ruins and other exotic scenery has become the source of romanticism literature's exoticism and depiction of "the beauty of ruins". His novels Renee and Adala both describe the contradiction between secular love and religious belief. On the other hand, madame de stael has a democratic tendency. Her "On Literature" and "On Germany" are devoted to spreading romantic ideas and spare no effort to attack French classical traditions.
Alphonse de Lamartin (1790- 1869) and Alfredo de Winnie (1797- 1863) are the representatives of French romanticism in the middle period. The former is good at writing lyric poetry and is the pioneer of French romantic poetry. Meditation combines scenes and makes good use of contrast and symbolic brushstrokes. The latter is famous for its philosophical poems. The Collection of Ancient and Modern Poetry and the Collection of Destiny carry forward the spirit of detachment and perseverance, and express the thoughts of caring for others.
After 1830, victor hugo became the leader of French romantic literature, and he also epitomized the whole western romantic literature. 1830, Hugo's play "Onani" was staged, which marked that romanticism finally defeated classicism in France. Hugo is a rare all-rounder among romantic writers, and he has made great achievements in the fields of poetry, novel and drama. His novels Notre Dame de Paris, 1993, Les Miserables and so on. As magnificent as an epic, it is a classic work of romantic novels. Hugo supported * * against monarchy all his life. He was in exile at 185 1 and didn't return to France until 1870. Hugo has also made great achievements in the field of poetry and drama. He expanded the expressive forms and writing skills of French poetry to the greatest extent, greatly enriched the rhetorical skills of French poetry and had a great influence on later generations. When Hugo died, more than 2 million people from all over Europe came to France to attend his state funeral.
George sand (1802- 1876) is a contemporary French romantic writer. Her creation has expanded the feminine characteristics of romantic literature, especially in writing female novels and pastoral novels. Conro and Magic Marsh are both typical romantic novels, full of poetic and sincere feelings. Alfred de Muse (18 10- 1857), a young poet who had a brief love affair with George Thornton, was a new force in French poetry during this period. Poems for Four Nights were a dream. The novel Confessions of a Century introduces the concept of "century disease" into romantic novel creation for the first time. Gé rard de Naival's lyric poems (1808- 1855) are fantastic and profound, and have a profound influence on modern poetry in the 20th century. Dumas (1802- 1870) wrote many historical novels, and three musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo pushed the development of popular novels to the extreme.
Germany is the birthplace of romanticism. The backwardness of politics and economy, the weakness of the bourgeoisie and the prevalence of idealistic philosophy determine that the early romanticism in Germany has a strong mysticism and religious color. Schlegel brothers are the theoretical founders of German romanticism. They took the temple of Athena as their position, expounding the romantic thoughts of personality liberation and artistic aimlessness. Under the influence of schlegel Brothers, a number of early romantic poets including Novalis (1772- 180 1 year) and Tick (1773- 1853) appeared in Germany. Novalis's Ode to the Night praises the "sacred, unspeakable and mysterious" night and the wonderful feeling of death. Tick-tock wrote three volumes of folk fairy tales, creating a new theme of fairy tale novels.
After 1805, Heidelberg Romanticism appeared in Germany, with Clemens brentano (1778- 1842) and Achim von Anim (178 1-65438) as the representatives. The former lyric poem "Hypnotia" has the flavor of folk songs and is full of poetry. They jointly published a collection of folk songs, The Boy's Magic Horn, which collected and included German folk songs for nearly 300 years. Jacob green (1785- 1863) and william green (1786- 1859) are linguists and folklorists. Their collection of children's and family's fairy tales is called the world's fairy tales. Joseph von Eisendorf's novel The Life of a Useless Man (1788- 1857) mixes fantasy with reality and is full of mystery.
After 1809, German romanticism formed another center in Germany. Kleist's comedy Broken Urn (1777-1811) attacked the corruption of Prussia's officialdom and judicial system, and was full of humorous and ironic features of folk comedies. Hoffman (1776- 1822)' s The Outlook on Life of Male Cat Moore shows a world of intrigue, thieves and prostitutes, with strange imagination and conception. Heine, a great poet, was also a romantic poet in his early years, and later turned to realism.