The Historical Background of the Generation and Spread of Cangshan Liuqin Opera
Liuqin opera was not called Liuqin opera in the early days, and the artists who sang Liuqin opera were not called actors, but called "operas". At that time, poor farmers fled the desert to beg for a living, and rapping was used instead of going door to door (called opening the door). In the old society, the lower reaches of the Yihe River, Wuhe River, Donghe River and Xihe River were often flooded, and the crops were not harvested after the disaster. People had to carry flowers and sing songs to go out and beg for a living. Some folk songs circulated in the past, such as "the river mouth is closed, the water overflows the green hills, the wife and children drift with the tide" and "Do you want to accept it, go to Juzhou and sing the Spring and Autumn Festival by the Yiwu River", are tragic scenes at that time, and also a true portrayal of people's rap and begging.
Liuqin Opera rose and spread in Cangshan in 1887 (Guangxu 13), and Xu, Wu-tan and Ma Jichang in Yugou successively learned to sing Liuqin Opera. 1900 former Zuo Dong Mr. Song Qiyuan (nicknamed Song Nan) learned to sing Liuqin opera with Feixian teacher. Therefore, from 1887 to 1900, Liuqin opera became increasingly active in Cangshan, especially in rural areas.
In the early days, folk artists sang Liuqin Opera without percussion instruments or opera costumes. The accompaniment instruments were just a Qin Yue and a pair of bangzi, which lasted quite a long time. Until around 1900, professional artists appeared, and two or three people performed some plays by Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan and the clown. Artists are called "three operas", which have developed from door-to-door rap to Anchang's singing. Around 1920, some Liuqin opera artists began to perform from rural areas to market towns and counties, and Liuqin opera in Cangshan County began to perform on stage. 1954, the play was performed in East China. According to its main string, it was officially named Liuqin Opera.
1956165438+10. In October, Cangshan County People's Committee established the Volkswagen Qin Liu Troupe, the predecessor of Cangshan Qin Liu Troupe, on the basis of the Liuqin Troupe. Since then, this kind of "little play", which was sung from door to door or from street stalls for a long time in the old society, has entered the stage of drama and started its new life. It not only occupies its due position in the hundred operas, but also becomes an indispensable spiritual food in Cangshan people's life with its unique style. Especially in the vast rural areas at the southern foot of Cangshan Mountain, it is indeed "the pipa of every household rings, and every household pulls the soul cavity", so it has the reputation of "hometown of Qin Liu".
The Evolution and Style Characteristics of Singing Art
Liuqin opera is rich in singing, with the saying of "nine tones, eighteen tones and seventy-two hums". Liuqin Opera originated from folk tunes and Hua Gutiao, and Tan Qingyuan, who is still alive at the age of 83, is the inheritor of singing. Influenced by Liuqin Opera in Hua Gutiao's later period, these folk tunes are constantly integrated and connected, attracting the audience with tactfully beautiful vocals, easy-to-understand lyrics and gripping story plots, which are affectionately called "soul-holding cavity" by the masses. The end of his Dan role aria is raised by eight degrees, and the cavity is "cough"; The ending of Jiao Sheng's singing is flat and flat, and the cavity is "aha -e", so it is also called "pullback cavity". It is also called "elbow drum" because it absorbs the songs and percussion instruments of the early "elbow drum". Therefore, in Cangshan, the early soul-pulling cavity was also called "flower drum" by the masses. It can be seen that Liuqin Opera is related to Cangshan Flower Drum, and after continuous integration and development, it has become Liuqin Opera.
During the "Cultural Revolution", Cangshan Qin Liu Troupe suffered bad luck, and Qin Liu Troupe was forced to cancel on 1969. 1970 10, the county government set up Cangshan county * * * ideological and literary propaganda team on the basis of the literature and art training class, and changed its name to the cultural and art troupe three years later, and changed from writing and performing some small operas to performing Liuqin operas. 1978, with the approval of Linyi prefectural party Committee, Cangshan Qin Liu Theater resumed use. With the changes of the times, Cangshan Liuqin Opera has entered a period of prosperity and development.
Because Cangshan is adjacent to Pixian County, Jiangsu Province, singing forms the difference between north and south. The south road is delicate and soft, and the north road is thick and simple. Because the troupe is often active in southern Shandong and northern Jiangsu, it constantly integrates and absorbs the excellent vocals of Liuqin Opera in Pixian and Sizhou, which makes the local vocals euphemistic and high-pitched, soft and firm. In addition to flexible board, double-line board, tight board, loose board and guide board, there are many boards (flying board), eight boards (long crossing the door) and eight boards (short crossing the door) on the top board, and some board styles of Peking Opera are borrowed. 198 1 year, the troupe band printed more than 40 kinds of hitting points and styles. Classical gongs and drums such as Origin, Jumping Horse, Underwater Fish, Rolling Beans, etc. Actors are also required to recite and do, thus paying attention to the improvement of the comprehensive quality of actors' singing, doing, reading and acting. In later performances, some repertoires were also performed with musical instruments, such as Fifteen Passes, butterfly lovers, Picking Plums, Spring Grass Catching the Hall, Qin Xianglian, Dumb Girl, Fox Fairy Xiaocui, etc., which were performed in Suxian, Guanyun, Pixian, Zhengzhou, Xinyi and Xuzhou, and were well received by the masses. At this point, Cangshan Opera Troupe enjoys a high reputation in southern Shandong and northern Jiangsu, and Liuqin Opera has formed a unique local drama in Cangshan.
The Present Situation and Development of Liuqin Opera in the New Period
1984, the reformed Cangshan Qin Liu Repertory Theatre played its due role in maintaining the original characteristics of Liuqin Opera, sending it to the countryside and organizing large-scale cultural activities. At the same time, based on the market, give full play to its own advantages and seek development, and embarked on a road of enterprise marriage. Activities of "going to the countryside three times", "going to the countryside four times" and "going to the countryside with a hundred regiments" have been organized successively, and some traditional operas and modern dramas have been restored. He has recorded traditional repertoires such as Qin Xianglian, Lotus Temple, Sisters Easy to Marry and Xiaoguxian, and has participated in the drama competition organized by the Provincial Department of Culture, the first outstanding singing TV competition of Linyi Liuqin Opera Runtong Cup, the performance of Shandong Southeast Troupe (Juxian) and the China Opera Singing Competition (Sixian, Anhui). During the period, Liuqin Opera "Double Happiness", "I Marry Him" and "Wish" participated in the Liuqin Opera Art Festival in Xuzhou, China, the 8th Square Culture and Art Festival in Linyi, and the first "Snow Pottery Cup" drama sketch contest in Linyi. Through the above performances, the troupe has expanded cultural exchanges and made unremitting efforts for the prosperity and development of Liuqin Opera.
However, due to the downsizing of 1990, only the staffing of 15 remains unchanged, and the business is mainly small-scale performances. When participating in large-scale cultural performances in the county and performing large-scale plays at the invitation of the local authorities, due to the small number of personnel, only outsiders were seconded to meet the performance, and the troupe was dissolved after the performance, which seriously affected the performance quality. Secondly, there is a serious shortage of funds, and the equipment and props of the troupe are outdated, which is increasingly unsuitable for the needs of the current situation. Therefore, the present situation faced by the troupe is worrying.
Liuqin Opera has been circulating for more than 200 years, and it has developed into a major drama across the four provinces of Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan and Anhui, with irreplaceable charm in the history of China drama. It is the sacred duty of the whole society to take good care of and inherit and develop.
We believe that with the efforts of artists who love the cause of Liuqin Opera and the support of all walks of life, Liuqin Opera, an artistic flower rooted in the fertile soil of the people, will surely appear on the literary stage with a brand-new look.