CBD generally covers an area of 3 to 5 square kilometers, and some are even larger. Its construction area ranges from five or six million square meters to tens of millions of square meters. It is the functional core of a city and an important symbol of a modern metropolis. Its land price can be described as "an inch of land and an inch of gold". Manhattan in new york, Ginza in Tokyo, Central in Hong Kong and the central area of Singapore are all world-famous CBD.
CBD highly concentrates the city's economic, technological and cultural forces, and has many functions such as finance, trade, service, exhibition and consultation. The specific function of CBD requires that the buildings in this area must be high-density and modern. Therefore, CBD has gathered many magnificent and patchwork super high-rise buildings, and has very convenient transportation, modern information exchange system and a large number of office, catering, service and accommodation facilities. Generally speaking, offices account for 50% of the total construction area, commercial, catering and commercial-residential buildings account for about 40%, and other service facilities and necessary supporting facilities account for about 10%.
The planning and construction of China Central Business District began in 1990s. After that, China's urban economic development and urban construction reached a new level and developed rapidly. The construction of CBD has also been put on the agenda by many big cities with certain influence in their respective economic regions. By 2008, Beijing, Tangshan, Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Qingdao, Shenyang and other central cities have clearly put forward their own CBD construction plans, and they are all accelerating construction.
In the construction of CBD, there are generally two ways in China. One is to transform and expand the original commercial blocks in the city, such as Shenhe District in Shenyang and wanda plaza in Tangshan. Another way is to choose new sites, such as Fenghuang New Town in Tangshan, Caofeidian International Eco-city in Tangshan, Lujiazui in Shanghai and Jiangbei Town in Chongqing. These two methods have their own advantages. As for which one to choose, it is mainly decided according to the input-output ratio in the local construction process. After just a few years of construction and development, Dabei Kiln and Financial Street in Beijing, Lujiazui in Shanghai and CBD on the Bund have all grown to a large scale.
CBD is the inevitable product of urban development under the condition of market economy. On the one hand, it is an indispensable symbol of an international metropolis. On the other hand, many cities can build CBD on a large scale, which also reflects that under the great guidance of Mao Zedong Thought, the process of modernization and internationalization of China city is accelerating rapidly, the economic strength of the city has been improved qualitatively, and the urban construction and economic development are full of stamina.
Cash Before Delivery
Many international metropolises have formed considerable CBD, such as Manhattan in new york, Shinjuku in Tokyo and Central in Hong Kong. Tangshan CBD is identified as Monument East (with an area of 400 mu in the early stage), Phoenix New City in the northwest of Tangshan Central District (with an area of 5000 mu in the early stage) and Tangshan Caofeidian International Eco-city (with a total area of 1 10,000 mu). At present, the CBD in Beijing is located in the area from Dongdaqiao Road in the west, Dawang Road in the east, Tonghui River in the south and Chaoyang North Road in the north. Chongqing Jie Fangbei CBD refers to the core part of Jie Fangbei CBD. CBD should have the following characteristics: modern city business center, gathering many world-famous enterprises, highly concentrated economy, finance and commerce, many best office buildings, business hotels and entertainment centers, the most perfect and convenient transportation, the fastest communication and expensive land price.
CBD characteristics
It refers to a place with a large number of financial, commercial, trade, information and intermediary service institutions, a large number of business offices, hotels, apartments, exhibitions, cultural entertainment and other supporting facilities, perfect municipal transportation and communication conditions, and convenient for modern business activities. The central business district has some remarkable features:
Geographical features
First of all, it is an international metropolis, and a small city can also be called a business center, but a real business center must be a recognized international city, such as new york, London, Paris, Tokyo and Hongkong. In fact, the central business district has become synonymous with a city in a sense, which represents the most essence and super-landscape area of the whole city.
Land price characteristics
Because it is a prime location, its property price should be the highest in this city or a region.
architectural feature
In the traditional sense, commercial centers are often lined with high-rise buildings, such as Manhattan in new york and Central in Hong Kong, which all embody the characteristics of high-density construction, and the general building volume is tens of millions of square meters.
Industrial characteristics
This is the core feature. CBD is dominated by the tertiary industry, and it is not the traditional tertiary industry, but the most advanced and developed tertiary industry. Such as finance, insurance, securities, intermediary, accounting and so on.
Functional characteristics
The central business district has the function of economic control. In fact, although the government plays a macro-control role in the economy, under the condition of market economy, the economic control ability is often concentrated in some areas where the headquarters of multinational companies such as finance, trade and insurance gather. This area is relatively strong in economic domination, economic domination and economic control. Therefore, CBD is actually an economic hub institution under the market economy system.
Age characteristic
The central business district has been evolving since the 1920s, and its structure, function and construction have undergone great changes. Today, CBD has shown new features. Corporate headquarters, financial center and specialized production services constitute the three major functional institutions of today's commercial center. In addition, as a region, CBD should include business management (headquarters), finance, professional services, exhibitions, hotels and apartments, entertainment and high-end retail. It embodies the basic characteristics and connotation of modern CBD.
The central business district of an international famous city
Asia
Beijing: Beijing Central Business District (from Dongdaqiao Road in the west, Dawang Road in the east, Tonghui River in the south and Chaoyang North Road in the north), Financial Street and Sanyuanqiao Business District.
Taipei: Along Xiaozhong Middle East West Road (taipei main station Business Circle, Taipei East District, Xinyi Planning Area).
Shanghai: Bund, Lujiazui and Nanjing Road.
Hongkong: Central, Tsim Sha Tsui.
Shenyang: West Tower of Golden Gallery in Taiyuan Street Middle Street
Tianjin: Nanjing Road, Xiaobailou, New West Station, South Station, Xiangluowan, Yujiapu, TEDA, Airport and High-tech Zone.
Guangzhou: Huanshi East, Tianhe North and Zhujiang New Town.
Shenzhen: Caiwuwei, Luohu Business Circle, Futian Central District and Dongmen Business Circle.
Hangzhou: Qianjiang New City and Qianjiang Century City.
Nanjing: Xinjiekou and Hexi Central International Business District (Hexi CBD)
Wuxi: Zhongshan Road
Chengdu: Xinhua Avenue in the north, Funan River in the south and Hongxing Road and Dongcheng Gen Street in the east (including Chunxi Road, Hongxing Road, Yanshikou, Rome and Shuncheng Street).
Wuhan: Wangjiadun Business District
Harbin: Changjiang Road, huanghe road.
Chongqing: Guanyinqiao Pedestrian Street in Jie Fangbei Center, Yuzhong District.
Qingdao: Hong Kong Road, Shandong Road, Beer City.
Sapporo: Boye Datong Park
Singapore: Orchard Road
Tokyo: Ginza, Marunouchi, Niigata, Shinjuku (sub-centers: Ikebukuro, Seya, Akasaka, Taisho), Shinagawa.
Osaka: Yutang tendon
Seoul: Central District and Luchong District (Sub-centers: Jiangnan District and Cao Rui District)
Europe
Paris: La Defense
London: the City of Finance
Frankfurt:
North America
New york: Midtown Manhattan.
Oceania
Sydney: The commercial center of Sydney.
Significance of eastward expansion of central business district
In fact, the construction time of Beijing CBD from brewing to planning to now is very short, which adds up to eight years. Internationally, CBD first started in the 1960s, and major developed countries in the west put forward the concept of CBD, such as Paris, which has been built for 40 years now, and its scale is not as big as that of Beijing CBD. Our CBD was actually built in about six years, and 10 million square meters have been built.
In addition, in fact, we can't look at this area from the height of CBD station, but look at the city. From a big background, it seems that the Great Depression in the United States has nothing to do with China because everyone has feelings about this year's financial crisis. This year, we found that the American financial crisis has an impact on the whole world. This general trend and the process of global integration have affected most developed cities in the world, especially those that are at the forefront of internationalization. In fact, Beijing defined its future development direction in the overall urban planning in 2005. As one of the command and control cities in the world, it needs to compete with Tokyo and new york. It turned out that I was involved in that big project. One of the research directions of urban and rural development planning in Greater Beijing is to study whether Beijing has such functions. Finally, it was approved by the State Council. Beijing is positioned as a world city. With this premise, we will come to China again and do what we did before. At that time, when we were planning CBD, we actually planned CBD for CBD. We did make a scientific comparison between London, Paris, new york, Frankfurt, Singapore and Hongkong, and made a detailed comparison in terms of construction scale, land use scale and development trend. But that was based on other international experiences at that time, when Beijing's goal was not by going up one flight of stairs. After this goal was set in 2005, in fact, CBD developed rapidly because it assumed more international functions. So this part is very important. Now everyone talks too much about CBD. In fact, the core function of CBD is international business. My understanding must put domestic on it, so now it is mainly the function of international business.
The development of CBD is blindly overheated, and 36 cities across the country are building CBD.
There are 36 cities in our country claiming to build CBD, 183 cities claiming to be international metropolises, including county towns, all say that they will build international metropolises in the future. There are 8 CBD areas under construction approved by the state, and Guangzhou, Chengdu, Shenzhen and Wuhan are all under construction. However, they all found serious problems in the construction process. They dare not build office buildings because no one buys them, dare to build residential buildings, and some people buy them. Why dare not build an office building? Because a city is a key point to measure whether a city is an international center city or just a regional city. Therefore, from this aspect, practice has proved that there are only three cities in China that are truly internationally competitive, namely, Beijing, Shanghai and Hongkong, which are all relatively international cities. So why do you say that Beijing's future CBD is likely to expand again in terms of development trend and current scale and capacity? It also stems from the positioning of the city. I think it is more in this respect. In addition, from the perspective of spatial development layout, the focus of Beijing's development can be clearly said to be Yizhuang, Tongzhou and Shunyi. The future population of these three places is about 6.5438+0 million, which means that the population increase of Beijing in the next 20 years is not in the urban area, but mainly concentrated in these three new cities. The average population increase of these three new cities, except for living and employment, is definitely going to enter the city. So Beijing CBD is a center of the circle. Draw a semicircle of twenty or thirty kilometers according to almost the same radius and put these new cities together. Therefore, from this perspective, the spatial layout also requires CBD to have stronger comprehensive service functions, serve the future layout of these industries facing the world, and provide them with more comprehensive services. Thirdly, regarding the function of CBD, I just said international business, but the function of CBD itself, because there are many reports in the media recently, the headquarters of CBD has moved out at present and will move in tomorrow. Today, Beijing TV Station, tomorrow, CCTV, feel what CBD should do and what its industrial orientation is. From the perspective of urban planning, there are two translations in China, one is called producer services, which is a relatively academic translation, but it is rarely seen in the media. Our country is called modern service industry. Anyway, this service industry is different from the service industry of sweeping the floor, and it is a higher-end service industry. In fact, it is an industry that provides services to manufacturers, so this industry is actually very wide, including finance, insurance and real estate, including the media. Such industries should all be the protagonists of CBD, and those engaged in finance may not necessarily be the protagonists. These are the protagonists. Therefore, within the scope of CBD, there is now the scope of pan-CBD expansion, and it is the core content of CBD to undertake the functions of producer services, but the judgment of its trend is the upward trend of its development, depending on whether it undertakes more functions of international producer services. This is actually very simple. Many manufacturing industries came here first. For example, many large American manufacturing industries and many European manufacturing industries come to China, so at the same time, they should be provided with supporting facilities, such as local laws, policies, accounting firms, various consultations and even advertisements. All these need to be concentrated together, and it should only be CBD, which is such a pattern. So from the industry point of view, the function of CBD and real estate are very important, but the core of real estate should not be residential, but more business office and some service industries, which is more appropriate. So people always use pan-CBD to build houses, which has little to do with the function of CBD itself. From the industrial point of view, we should pay more attention to the role of modern service industry and producer service industry. I think these three items are the main basis to measure whether a local CBD construction has potential. One is whether it is an international business function, the other is whether the spatial layout allows it, and the third is whether the type of real support is producer services. In this way, Beijing is the ideal location for CBD.
Another meaning of CBD
CBD is also the abbreviation of Convention on Biological Diversity.
The Convention on Biological Diversity is an international convention for the protection of the earth's biological resources. 1 June, 19921was adopted at the seventh meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme in Nairobi, and1was signed by the signatory countries at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on June 5, 1992. The Convention entered into force on February 29th, 1993. The permanent secretariat is located in Montreal, Canada. The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity is the highest decision-making body for the implementation of the Convention globally, and all major decisions on the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity must be adopted by the Conference of the Parties.
The Convention is a legally binding convention, aiming at protecting endangered animals and plants, protecting all kinds of biological resources on the earth to the maximum extent, and benefiting present and future generations. According to the Convention, developed countries will provide new supplementary funds to developing countries in the form of donation or transfer to compensate for their increasing costs of protecting biological resources, and technology should be transferred to developing countries in a more affordable way, thus promoting the protection of global biological resources; The signatory countries shall catalogue the plants and wild animals within their own territory and make plans for the protection of endangered plants and animals; Establish financial institutions to help developing countries implement plans to count and protect animals and plants; A country that uses another country's natural resources should share research results, profits and technology with that country.
As of February 2004, the Convention had 65,438+088 signatories. China signed the Convention on June 1992+0 1, ratified it on June 1992+065438+ 10/7, and deposited it on June1993+15.
biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to all living things in the biosphere on earth, namely animals, plants and microorganisms, as well as their genes and living environment. It includes three levels: genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.
Simply put, biodiversity represents thousands of biological species in Qian Qian. More than half of the world's species (about 5 million species) live in the tropical rain forest on earth, so the biodiversity there is the richest.
Biodiversity is of great value. It can not only provide raw materials for industry, such as gum, oil, aromatic oil, fiber, etc., but also provide various special genes for human beings, such as cold tolerance and disease resistance genes, making it possible to cultivate new varieties of animals and plants. Many wild animals and plants are precious medicinal materials, which make it possible to treat difficult diseases.
With the pollution and destruction of the environment, such as deforestation, vegetation destruction and indiscriminate hunting, the biological species in the world are disappearing at the rate of dozens of species every day. This is a great loss of the earth's resources, because once species disappear, they can never be regenerated. The disappearance of species will not only make human beings lose a natural resource, but also cause the disappearance of other species through the food chain. Nowadays, people are calling for the protection of biodiversity and putting it into action.
CBD technology
CBD technology is a software development method based on program components, which is called Component-Based Development in English. Through practice, IS developers have achieved remarkable results: reducing the risk of software development failure, improving labor productivity and enhancing development strength.
Engineers with specific work, no matter what their major is, such as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, aviation engineering, etc. , you can use various components to design and develop new products. Of course, the characteristics and functions of these components should be tested and proved to be safe and effective. Reuse is a basic principle of job design.
After 2000, most application software was designed with reusable program components. Program component library will become an important asset of enterprises. The software development speed will be greatly accelerated, the software quality will be further improved, the response speed to market demand will be faster, and the system maintenance cost will be greatly reduced. With the development of business, it seems imperative for information system software developers to adopt CBD technology. Using this method to design software, we should consider their reusability when writing modules. Application software can be composed of reusable modules. These reusable modules can be subroutines, applets or objects. These code packages usually consist of data and algorithms to manipulate the data.
It's not too late, but it's not too early to start using reuse technology to design application software systems. Fortunately, the obstacles to adopting reuse technology are mainly reflected in culture, not technology. The real challenge of reusing technology is to change ideas, not to invest a lot of money. At present, most software developers should first see the advantages of reusable technology. Because most IS organizations still regard every software development project as a new task that must be completely started from scratch, there are few software developers.
I will check the library to see which subroutines can be reused in the work at hand. As a result of this traditional development, as the information director of a software design consulting company said, about 25% of software projects could not be delivered eventually, and the remaining 75% either exceeded the budget or greatly delayed the delivery time.
CBD technology will change this situation. Information executives who are preparing to retire or change careers in recent years may ignore the existence of this technology, but other executives can't. They must have enough research on this, or they will be fooled. Some resource outsourcers can actually complete a software development task with only a small amount of development fees.
Of course, at the beginning of adopting CBD technology, education and training need some investment. Although the cost of writing basic program components is high in the initial stage of adopting CBD technology, once these program components are reused in future projects, the cost of software development will be greatly reduced. Prefabricated program components are currently available in the market, and it is expected that more components will be listed soon.
The development of. A ready-made program component market is forming. The cost of developing software using these program components is much lower than that of writing software from scratch. It is estimated that the cost of developing software using program components provided in the market today is only one-third to one-fifth of that of internal independent development. An accident insurance company in Philadelphia developed a software system through reusable program components. As a result, it provides a unified business processing method in the company's insurance business, and its maintenance cost will definitely be reduced. Toronto's national grocery company also hopes to eliminate excessive dependence on the mainframe through CBD technology. CBD technology IS not only valuable to end users, but also plays a great role in the good operation of IS environment. Reuse technology is a means and method to solve some key business problems.