The humiliation suffered by old China and the strength of today's motherland
Imperialism forced China to sign more than 1 100 unequal treaties and plundered China's wealth on a large scale. According to statistics, in the past century, foreign invaders plundered war reparations and other funds through these unequal treaties as high as 654.38+000 billion taels of silver. Among them, eight unequal treaties, such as treaty of nanking, treaty of shimonoseki and Xin Chou Treaty, extorted compensation of195.3 million taels of silver, which was equivalent to 1.6 times of the revenue of the Qing government. However, Japan extorted 230 million taels of silver only through treaty of shimonoseki, which was equivalent to four and a half years' income of Japanese national finance at that time. The losses caused by the invaders' destruction and robbery in the war are even more difficult to estimate. During the Japanese full-scale war of aggression against China (1937- 1945), more than 930 cities in China were occupied, resulting in direct economic losses of 62 billion dollars and indirect economic losses of more than 500 billion dollars. The loss of national sovereignty and the plunder of social wealth have deprived the people of China of the most basic living conditions.
Eating enough and wearing warm clothes is the minimum requirement for China people who have suffered from hunger and cold for a long time. Successive governments in old China not only failed to solve this problem, but aggravated the people's disaster. In old China, landlords and rich peasants, who only accounted for 10% of the rural population, occupied 70% of the land, while poor farm labourers, who accounted for 70% of the rural population, only occupied 10% of the land. The bureaucratic comprador bourgeoisie, which accounts for a very small population, monopolizes 80% of industrial capital and manipulates the lifeline of the national economy. China people are exploited by land rent, taxes, usury and industrial and commercial capital, and the degree of exploitation and poverty is rare in the world. According to statistics, in 1932, there were as many as 1656 kinds of exorbitant taxes, and their donations accounted for about 60% to 90% of farmers' harvest. Coupled with the political corruption and incompetence of the reactionary government, it humiliated the country and served as the ruling tool of imperialism. Warlords, large and small, have been fighting for a long time, and the people have suffered greatly and their survival is difficult. It is estimated that 80% of people in old China were hungry or semi-hungry for a long time, and tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of people died of hunger almost every year. In the event of a natural disaster, it is even hungrier. 193 1 year, floods in east China caused more than 3.7 million deaths. 1943, 3 million people starved to death in Henan province alone, and another150 thousand people lived on grass roots and bark and were on the verge of death. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the reactionary Kuomintang government launched a civil war, squeezing people's fat and paste, resulting in a total economic collapse. 1946, starved to death everywhere100000 people. 1947, the number of hungry people in China exceeded 65438+ billion, accounting for the whole country at that time. Now, China has an atomic bomb, and the reaction of the United States is this:
The attitude towards China has changed a lot. Before China's first nuclear test, the United States regarded China as a "subordinate country" of the Soviet Union. It was not until Sino-Soviet relations broke down that the United States began to consider establishing diplomatic relations with China, but it was too late to make a decision. After the successful nuclear test, the United States began to realize the importance of China. The development of China must rely on external forces, either the Warsaw Pact or NATO. China has to make a choice. China preferred the former, but the Soviet Union was indifferent. The United States seized the opportunity and took the lead in extending a friendly hand to China, so that China's nuclear forces would not pose a threat to the United States.
The Soviet Union's reaction was this:
The Kremlin is still indifferent to China, believing that China's separation from the Soviet Union is a big obstacle to China's development, and China will have to join the Soviet Union to support its expansion in the Middle East. Of course, this is not the case!
Other countries:
Third world countries began to move closer to China on a large scale. NATO is not worried, because China's nuclear armament is far less than that of the superpower.
Chapter II: About the humiliation suffered by old China and the strength of our motherland today.
ashamed
1, cut Hong Kong Island to Britain
2. Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars.
3. Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports.
4. China Customs should reach an agreement with the British side on the main contents of the tariff rate of British import and export goods.
5, from which privileges such as consular jurisdiction, unilateral MFN treatment and detention of leased land and houses at trading ports were seized.
6. Wang Xia Treaty and Huangpu Treaty 1844 US-France 7. Foreign minister in Beijing.
8. There are 10 commercial ports along the coast.
9. Foreign warships and merchant ships can sail in the Yangtze River port.
10. Foreigners can travel, trade and preach in Chinese mainland.
1 1. The Qing government compensated Chang Ying and France for 2 million taels of silver each, and businessmen for 2 million taels of silver.
12, the Qing government recognized the validity of the Tianjin Treaty.
13. Tianjin opens for trade.
14, cutting part of Kowloon Division to Britain.
15, the reparations to Britain and France each increased to 8 million taels of silver 16. In the 1980s, Russia occupied the territory of more than 50,000 square kilometers in northeast and northwest China/kloc-0.
17, cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan.
18, compensate the Japanese military for 200 million taels of silver.
19, Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou are open as commercial ports, and Japanese ships can sail into these ports along inland rivers.
20. Japanese can invest and set up factories in China's trading ports, and the distribution of products in Chinese mainland is exempt from domestic tax.
affect
2 1, China's territory and sovereignty suffered heavy losses again.
22. Since then, imperialism has scrambled to carve up its sphere of influence in China, setting off a frenzy to carve up China.
23. Forced the Qing government to borrow heavily from the powers.
24. The opening of the new trading port case made the foreign aggressive forces further penetrate into the mainland of China.
25. Allowing Japan to invest and set up factories in China has expanded the channels for Japan to export capital to China and seriously hindered the development of Chinese national capitalism.
26. The degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened.
27. The Qing government compensated other countries for 450 million taels of silver, which was paid off in 39 years, with 980 million taels of principal and interest.
28. Compensation is guaranteed by China's customs duties and salt taxes, and China's tax revenue is controlled by foreign countries to a greater extent.
29. Establish an "embassy circle" in Dongjiaominxiang, Beijing. During his term of office, China people are not allowed to live, and troops are stationed in various places for protection.
30. Dismantle the fortress from Beijing to Dagu and allow countries to send troops to strategic locations along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan.
3 1. Severely punish officials who "opposed" foreign powers in the Boxer Rebellion, and forever prohibit China people from establishing and joining various anti-imperialist organizations.
32. The Prime Minister's Office was changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking above six ministries.
Some China governments or most China people think that this is an unequal treaty;
1, China-Russia-Mongolia agreement (June 7, 2004 (19 15), China and Russia, signed in outer Mongolia, Chaktu).
2. The Fourth People's Treaty (Article 21) (Republic of China, May 25, 4 (19 15), China and Japan, signed in Beijing).
3. Manzhouli Border Agreement (191/year (3 years in Xuan Tong) 65438+February 20th, China and Russia, signed in Manzhouli).
4. China and Britain renewed the Tibet-India Treaty (1906 (thirty-two years of Guangxu), April 27th, signed in Beijing).
5. The meeting between China and Japan in the three northeastern provinces is about (1905 (Guangxu 3 1 year) 65438+February 22nd, the signing place: Beijing).
6. The Treaty of Xin and Chou (190 1 (the 27th year of Guangxu reign), signed in Beijing on September 7th).
7. Guangzhou Bay Concession Treaty (time: 1899 (25th year of Guangxu) 165438+ 10/6); Signing place: Guangzhou Bay; China and French)
8. Make an appointment for ahava (time: 1898 (Guangxu 24th year) July1; Signing place: Beijing; China and the United Kingdom)
9. Hong Kong boundary exhibition (time: 1898 (Guangxu 24 th year) June 9; Signing place: Beijing; China and the United Kingdom)
10, Sino-Russian Land Lease Treaty (1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu)) was signed in Beijing on March 27th. 1On May 7th, 898, the land renewal treaty of the brigade was signed in Petersburg, Russia).
1 1, Sino-German Jiaoao Concession Treaty (1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu reign), March 6th, Beijing; China and German)
12, Sino-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896 (22nd year of Guangxu), signed in Beijing on February/0/).
13, sino-Russian conspiracy (1896 (22nd year of Guangxu), June 3rd, Moscow)
14, treaty of shimonoseki (1895 (Guangxu 2 1), 17 April, Shimonoseki, Japan).
15, printed articles of Sino-British conference (1890 (Guangxu16) March 17, Kolkata, India; Supplementary revision:1893 65438+February 5, Darjeeling)
16, Sino-British Yantai Treaty (1876 (Guangxu 2 years) Yantai; China and the United Kingdom)
17, China-Japan Beijing Special (1874 (Tongzhi 13)65438+ 10/3).
18, on the northwest border between China and Russia (1864 (Tongzhi 3 years) 65438+7 October, Talbahatai)
19, Sino-German Trade Treaty (186 1 year (Xianfeng1year), Tianjin) 20, Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng/kloc-0)
2 1, Sino-French Beijing Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng 10) 10, Beijing)
22. Sino-British Beijing Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng 10) 10, Beijing)
23. Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng), June 27th).
24. Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng), June 26th)
25. Sino-US Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (Xianfeng, June 8))
26. Sino-Russian Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (June 8, Xianfeng))
27. Sino-Russian treaty of infatuation (Aihui, 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng), May 28th).
28. Articles of Association of the British-French-American Concession in Shanghai (Shanghai, 1854 (July 5th, Xianfeng four years))
29. Sino-Russian Talbahatai Trade Charter (185 1 year (the first year of Xianfeng), August 6th, Yili).
30. Huangpu Treaty (1844 (Daoguang 24th year) 65438+1October 24th, with Huangpu, France).
3 1, Wang Xia Treaty (1844 (twenty-four years of Daoguang), July 3rd, with the United States, Wang Xia).
32. Humen Treaty (1843 (23rd year of Daoguang) 65438+8 October, with Britain, Humen).
33. treaty of nanking (1842 (22nd year of Daoguang), August 29th, Nanjing, England).
19 17 years, Germany and Austria-Hungary became hostile countries of China in World War I, and the unequal treaties were abolished. 19 17 The Soviet Union voluntarily gave up its privileges in China (it was not fully realized afterwards, nor did it return the territory acquired in the treaty). 1943, the United States and Britain voluntarily gave up their privileges in China. Italy and Japan lost their special status because they became enemies of China in World War II. 1946, the French gave up their privileges in China.
1949 after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), it did not recognize all the unequal treaties signed before.
China's increasingly strong performance:
1. Fasten the "safety belt" for life. Safety in production is one of the key areas of supervision by the party and the government. The promulgation of the Law on Work Safety, the reform of the national safety supervision system, and the severe punishment of violations of laws and regulations have aroused widespread concern. However, the situation of safe production in China is still grim, and accidents in high-risk industries such as coal mines occur frequently. According to the long-term goal of safe production, by 2007, a relatively perfect safety supervision system will be established in China, the situation of safe production in the whole country will improve steadily, the accident-prone situation in key industries and fields will be reversed, and the number of accident deaths in industrial and mining enterprises, the death rate of one million tons in coal mines and the death rate of 10,000 vehicles in road traffic will decrease.
Children can afford to go to school.
In 2004, the average years of education of the population over 0/5 years old in China/KLOC was 8.3 years, which exceeded the world average of 0/year old. However, only 7.2% of the education practitioners have received higher education, and the investment in education is still seriously insufficient. In 2006, popularizing and consolidating rural compulsory education will become the top priority of education. The growth of fiscal expenditure on education will be higher than that of fiscal expenditure, teachers' salaries and public funds per student will gradually increase, and problems related to the vital interests of the people, such as poor school conditions, difficult operation and unreasonable education fees, will be gradually solved. By 20 10, the population coverage rate of nine-year compulsory education will be close to 100%.
I feel very comfortable when I see a doctor
In the past five years, China's medical and health undertakings have broken through the single development mode of the government, which is the fastest development period since the founding of New China. However, there are still many obstacles in the medical system and mechanism. The tendency of public medical institutions to pursue economic interests unilaterally is serious, and it is difficult and expensive to see a doctor for minor illnesses. In 2006, the pilot area of the new rural cooperative medical system was expanded to 40%, and the phenomenon of poverty caused by illness and returning to poverty was further curbed; The state implements the necessary funds, supports the construction of township hospitals and county hospitals, and provides farmers with safe and cheap basic medical services; The development of community health services will provide basic medical services for urban low-income people.
4, rest assured to drink water and eat meat
In 2005, in order to strengthen pollution control and ecological protection, promote pollution prevention and control in key river basins, and focus on solving environmental pollution that seriously endangers people's health and safety, especially water pollution and air pollution, the state closed 15 small enterprises that wasted resources and polluted the environment, and implemented the discharge of industrial pollution sources within a time limit. In 2006, it has become one of the important goals of governments at all levels to let people drink clean water and breathe fresh air. The country has made it clear that by the end of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, the energy consumption per unit of GDP in China will be reduced by about 20% compared with that at the end of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, and building an environment-friendly society has increasingly become the consensus of the whole society.
Step 5 set up an "umbrella"
In the first 65,438 months of 2005, 8.8 million urban jobs were created in China, achieving the goal of 40 million urban jobs during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period ahead of schedule. However, China has entered the peak period of working-age population growth, and the gap between labor supply and demand will still reach130,000 ~140,000 in the next few years. In the future, enterprises should not focus on pushing surplus personnel to the society, and the state will also establish an employment-oriented index system for vocational education and training institutions. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, 45 million new jobs will be created. Some discriminatory employment agreements will be banned. Optimizing the employment environment has become one of the important tasks of the government.
6. House ownership
In 2005, under the unified deployment of the State Council, many departments jointly managed the real estate market, and the market order improved. But for ordinary people, the price of commercial housing is still "high above". With the continuous implementation of the central government's policy of stabilizing housing prices, the real estate market will develop in the expected direction of restraining investment, controlling investment, guiding rational consumption and stabilizing housing prices, speculative purchases will be curbed, housing problems of low-and middle-income groups will receive more attention, and housing prices will be in line with the people in a wider range.
7. The sense of security of the elderly
Statistics show that in 2009, the social insurance premium of retirees nationwide increased by 19 times. However, at present, the coverage of public pension in China only accounts for 15% of the total population, and some retirees live in distress, and the rural elderly basically do not enjoy social security. With the continuous improvement of the basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees, the coverage of basic old-age insurance will gradually expand, focusing on non-public enterprises, urban individual industrial and commercial households and flexible employees. The state will gradually implement individual accounts for old-age insurance, and more and more people will live a life of old age and medical care.
8.* * * Enjoy the fruits of development
In general, people's life in China has achieved a historic leap from subsistence to well-off, but the income or consumption share of the poorest population, which accounts for 20% of the total population, is only 4.7%, while that of the richest population, which accounts for 20% of the total population, is as high as 50%. In 2006, the government will start with adjusting the national income distribution system and the national fiscal expenditure structure, and establish a support and protection system for agriculture, so that public services can benefit farmers; In the future, new financial resources will focus on rural areas, agriculture and farmers, and the growth rate will be much higher than the growth rate of recurrent fiscal revenue; Strategic measures such as developing the western region, revitalizing the old industrial base in Northeast China and promoting the rise of central China will also accelerate the pace of prosperity.
9. Migrant workers get their wages in time.
With the great attention of the party and the government, various localities have set off wage-seeking actions. By the end of September, 2005, the arrears of projects completed before 2003 had been paid off 1, 4 1 billion yuan, accounting for 75.82% of the total arrears. However, the phenomenon of ignoring and infringing on the interests of migrant workers still occurs from time to time, and the working environment still needs to be fundamentally improved. In 2006, it became the unshirkable responsibility of governments at all levels to let migrant workers get their wages on time and in full. With the effective supervision of enterprises by the state, the behavior of owners will be further standardized, and the phenomenon of wage arrears in projects under construction and new construction will be curbed; The environment for farmers to work in cities will be more relaxed.
10, life is more quality.
Statistics show that at present, the average travel rate of urban and rural residents in China reaches 84.8%, and cultural products are also greatly enriched. However, compared with the rising spiritual and cultural needs of the people, cultural service outlets are still far from perfect, and the high ticket prices in some scenic spots still make the people "flinch". In 2006, ordinary people were allowed to enjoy the scenery and enjoy a better quality of life, leaving more room for the government to think and work hard. With the advancement of cultural system reform, people will enjoy increasingly perfect cultural services; In rural areas, the popularity of cinemas, cultural centers, libraries and other facilities will greatly expand farmers' traditional concept of daily life.