The so-called project refers to the classification of things, or a more complex and comprehensive scientific research problem composed of several interrelated topics. For example, "experimental research on comprehensive reform of school education" should be called a hunger research project, not a subject. It can include the following topics: the goal of comprehensive reform experiment, evaluation research, research on the connection between youth and China, research on the comprehensive reform of curriculum, teaching materials and teaching methods, research on the comprehensive management of moral education, aesthetic education and sports, and research on the communication and connection between school and family social education.
There are differences and connections between topics and projects. On the one hand, the topic is the most basic unit of scientific research, and the organic combination of topics forms a project. On the other hand, the criteria for the division of topics and projects are also relative. For a researcher or research group, we can also start from a single topic and deepen the formation of a series of topics, thus forming a project. Or after undertaking a project, divide it into several topics and study them one by one, and finally make a big breakthrough.
Question 2: What is the nature of the topic? The so-called subject refers to the problem to be studied and solved, so the background of the subject refers to the environment or conditions where the problem arises, the significance of the subject research and so on. Topics include: municipal topics, provincial topics, national topics, etc.
The nature of the subject is what kind of problem the scientific research subject belongs to. There are three categories:
1. According to the research process, scientific research topics include theoretical research, applied research and development research.
2. According to research methods, scientific research topics include experimental research, investigation research and observation research.
3. According to the risk classification of researchers, research can be divided into exploratory research and development research.
Question 3: What is the significance of the research topic? Requirements, methods and steps of research topic.
(1) topic selection
Choosing a topic is the beginning of research, that is, determining what topic you want to study.
1. Where did the question come from?
(1) Reference topics or application topics provided by schools or relevant departments above schools.
(2) The problems that teachers are confused or interested in their own education and teaching work have risen to the topic.
2. General principles of topic selection
Scientific nature: to have theoretical and factual basis, it must conform to scientific principles; The expected results should be reasonable; The research methods should be correct, rigorous and innovative.
3. The general process of topic selection
(1) Clear direction finding problem
(2) concentration range-empirical analysis
(3) Prompt the focus-form a topic
4. Matters needing attention in topic selection
(1) The topic should be small but not big.
(2) The topic should be combined with the actual situation of the school and come from the practical problems of education and teaching. The topic should be original. The statement of the theme should be concise and specific.
(3) The advantages of the researchers should be taken into account, and their own work should be combined to adapt to the abilities of the researchers.
(2) The reporting entity
Declaring a project, that is, designing a research plan, is the concrete idea of how to carry out project research, the working framework of starting project research and the basic idea of how to carry out research. It is a necessary measure to ensure the smooth appointment of research; The central link to concretize the research; It is an important guarantee for the quality of research results; Conducive to inspection and self-inspection; Conducive to cooperative research. Generally, the subject research carried out by higher authorities is accompanied by a subject declaration form.
1. project declaration form (project research plan):
(1) Description and definition of the topic: The title or topic of the topic must clearly state the problem to be studied, reflecting the research object, research questions and research methods. Such as "strengthening preview guidance and improving students' self-study ability"
(2) Research background, purpose and significance:
Research background: that is, what is based on and what is inspired.
Purpose and significance of research: that is, why to study, what is the value of research, and what problems to solve, including theoretical and practical significance; External goal (purpose), internal goal-student development).
Research summary: the history and present situation of this study.
Characteristics or breakthrough points of research: new problems, new methods, new angles and new effects.
(3) Research scope: the definition of the overall scope of the research object; Defining the fuzzy concept of the research object; Definition of key concepts.
(4) Research content: A very important part cannot be studied without specific research content.
(5) Research methods:
① Precautions: Pay attention to the use of various methods; The method should be written in detail; Don't abuse this method
② Main methods: Action research. Experimental research; Case study; Investigation and study; Literary studies.
(6) Research object: representative and typical, which makes the research results have universal guiding significance.
(7) Research procedures (steps): Study the tasks and requirements of each stage.
The first stage (preparation stage): collecting information and opening a topic.
The second stage (implementation stage):
The third stage (summary stage):
(8) Forms of expected results: ① Papers, research reports, works, etc. ② Changes of students
(9) Research members (and responsible persons, division of labor)
(10) Budget and other required conditions
2. Fill in the project declaration form (project demonstration)
3. Matters needing attention in filling in the subject declaration form
(1) Understand the importance of filling in the declaration form. I can't handle it with half the effort.
(2) among several copies, keep one for yourself, preferably in the computer.
(3) The core is the purpose, significance, research steps, research contents and methods.
4. Subject Statement Form
(3) Opening remarks
1. The meaning and significance of open debate
2. Writing method of opening report
3. The difference with the project demonstration (applicant)
4. Hold a public demonstration meeting
(4) Implementation research
1. Attach importance to theoretical study and the guiding role of theory.
Second, pay attention to the choice of research methods.
Characteristics of action research:
1. learn for action
The purpose of action research is pointed out. The purpose of research is not to establish a systematic academic theory, but to solve the situation of practitioners. & gt
Question 4: What do you mean by proposing a project? Writing a project application report is actually a process of demonstrating the declared project. Whether the project can be established is related to the novelty and significance of the project, and also to the quality of the applicant's argumentation on the project. Therefore, to declare a project, we should do a good job in project demonstration, that is, write a high-quality project application report and demonstrate the selected project, and pay attention to the following issues. First, the expression of research questions The reviewer's interest in the topic comes from the problems reflected in the topic. Therefore, the expression of the topic should be able to catch people and attract people, and strive to fully reflect the research object, content and methods, so that people can know what to study and how to study at a glance. When drafting a topic, you should be concise, that is, express the essence of the problem to be studied in the simplest language, and avoid using lengthy topics that list concepts. For example, "Integrating China's traditional education thoughts with contemporary advanced education thoughts and constructing XX curriculum model with China characteristics" is a long topic and a list of concepts. Second, be specific and avoid ambiguity. For example, the topic of "Research on Improving Students' Quality of Life in One Day" is relatively large, and I don't know what to study specifically. Third, we should use clear concepts instead of vague or self-created, colloquial and personalized simplified concepts, such as simplifying creative thinking into "creative thinking". Second, the expression of research background is a key point in the subject demonstration. The discussion on this issue is to make the reviewers understand the preparation of the research, that is, to fully grasp the context of the problem to be studied and the development of the research, so as to understand the applicant's research foundation. The second is to explain what innovations and developments I intend to make on the basis of other people's research. Third, the realistic reason of this topic. Therefore, in this part, the following issues should be discussed in detail. First, has anyone studied this issue? If so, who, under what conditions, what progress has been made, what major achievements have been made, what major achievements have been made in theory and practice, and what breakthroughs have been made in theory and practice. If no one has studied this problem, then is anyone studying similar problems, and are these studies of reference significance to this topic? Second, what are the main problems or limitations of the existing research? Thirdly, what new problems I intend to solve on the basis of other people's research, and what breakthroughs I strive for, that is, the innovation of this study. Innovation can be different for different content and different types of themes. Such as theoretical research topics, mainly reflected in the development and innovation of theory; For most subjects, the research methods may be innovative (if there is a group observation-based research, this study intends to adopt case study method). In short, I want to explain the differences between myself and others' research here, so that the reviewers can understand that this research is not a simple repetition of similar topics, but a valuable research at a new starting point. This also illustrates the necessity of research from another angle. The fourth part discusses the realistic reasons for choosing the topic. For example, the conclusion of "Practice and Research on Classroom Teaching of Emotion and Intelligence" is that one third of students with learning difficulties have low grades, most of which are the result of non-intelligence factors. So how to improve their interest in learning mathematics and greatly mobilize their enthusiasm for learning mathematics? The answer to this question is the essence of this topic. Third, the expression of research content Any research problem will involve many specific factors, which constitute the research content. However, it is impossible for any subject to study all the factors one by one at the same time. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the scope and specific content of the study, so as to avoid the topic being too large and empty and make the study feasible and operable. For example, the study of teachers' quality can include ideological quality, professional quality, psychological quality and so on. If all the above problems are studied, the scope is too large and the content is too complicated, so it is difficult to study them in depth. If the content is defined as "improving teachers' professional quality", the content will become concrete and easy to operate. Determining the research content also includes decomposing the research problem, that is, decomposing a big problem into several logically related small problems to form a hierarchical network of problems, which makes the research ideas clearer. For example, for the study of teachers' professional quality, researchers define the scope as improving teachers' ability to organize and control educational activities in the process of education, and further decompose the research questions into such small problems as "the ability to interact with students in classroom teaching" and "the ability to infiltrate education in daily life". Of course, to determine which problems should be studied as topics, we should not only consider the important factors involved in the research itself, but also consider the problems according to the research ... >>
Question 5: What is the topic? Requirements, Methods and Steps of Research (1) Choosing a topic is the beginning of research, that is, determining what topic you want to study. 1. Where did the question come from? (1) Reference topics or topics provided by schools or relevant departments above schools (2) Problems that teachers are puzzled or interested in in their own education and teaching work have risen to topics. 2. The general principle of topic selection is scientific: it must be based on theory and facts, and it must conform to scientific principles; The expected results should be reasonable; The research methods should be correct, rigorous and innovative. 3. The general process of selecting a topic (1) clearly finds the direction (2) the scope of concentration-empirical analysis (3) prompting the focus-forming the topic 4. Matters needing attention in topic selection (1) The topic selection should be small but not large (2) It should be combined with the actual situation of the school and come from the practical problems of education and teaching. The topic should be original. The statement of the theme should be concise and specific. (3) The advantages of the researchers should be taken into account, and their own work should be combined to adapt to the abilities of the researchers. (2) Declaring the topic Declaring the topic, that is, designing the research scheme, is the concrete idea of how to carry out the research, the working framework of starting the research, and the basic idea of how to carry out the research. This is a necessary measure to ensure the smooth progress of the research; The central link to concretize the research; It is an important guarantee for the quality of research results; Conducive to inspection and self-inspection; Conducive to cooperative research. Generally, the subject research carried out by higher authorities is accompanied by a subject declaration form. 1. Composition of the project declaration form (project research plan): (1) Description and definition of the project: the name or title of the project must clearly state the problem to be studied, reflecting the research object, research questions and research methods. For example, "Strengthening preview guidance to improve students' self-study ability" (2) Research background, purpose and significance: Research background: what is it based on and what is it inspired by. Purpose and significance of research: that is, why to study, what is the value of research, and what problems to solve, including theoretical and practical significance; External goal (purpose), internal goal-student development). Research summary: the history and present situation of this study. Characteristics or breakthrough points of research: new problems, new methods, new angles and new effects. (3) Research scope: the definition of the overall scope of the research object; Defining the fuzzy concept of the research object; Definition of key concepts. (4) Research content: A very important part cannot be studied without specific research content. (5) Research methods: ① Precautions: Pay attention to the application of various methods; The method should be written in detail; Can't abuse methods ② Main methods: action research; Experimental research; Case study; Investigation and study; Literary studies. (6) Research object: representative and typical, which makes the research results have universal guiding significance. (7) Research procedures (steps): Study the tasks and requirements of each stage. The first stage (preparation stage): collect information and open the topic. The second stage (implementation stage): the third stage (summary stage): (8) Forms of expected results: ① Papers, research reports, works, etc. ; ② Student changes (9) Research members (and principals, division of labor) (10) budget and other required conditions 2. Fill in the project declaration form (project demonstration) 3. Matters needing attention in filling in the project declaration form (1) Understand the importance of filling in the declaration form. I can't handle it with half the effort. (2) among several copies, keep one for yourself, preferably in the computer. (3) The core is the purpose, significance, research steps, research contents and methods. 4. Project declaration form (3) Opening argument 1. Open the significance and importance of argument 2. Writing method of opening report III. The difference from the opening argument (topic of the report) 4. Demonstration meeting (4) Implementation research 1. Attach importance to theoretical study and the guiding role of theory. Pay attention to the choice of research methods: 1. Action research points out action research for action research. The purpose of research is not to establish a systematic academic theory, but to solve the situation of practitioners. & gt
Question 6: What does the title mean? Requirements, methods and steps of subject research.
(1) topic selection
Choosing a topic is the beginning of research, that is, determining what topic you want to study.
1. Where did the question come from?
(1) Reference topics or application topics provided by schools or relevant departments above schools.
(2) The problems that teachers are confused or interested in their own education and teaching work have risen to the topic.
2. General principles of topic selection
Scientific nature: to have theoretical and factual basis, it must conform to scientific principles; The expected results should be reasonable; The research methods should be correct, rigorous and innovative.
3. The general process of topic selection
(1) Clear direction finding problem
(2) concentration range-empirical analysis
(3) Prompt the focus-form a topic
4. Matters needing attention in topic selection
(1) The topic should be small but not big.
(2) The topic should be combined with the actual situation of the school and come from the practical problems of education and teaching. The topic should be original. The statement of the theme should be concise and specific.
(3) The advantages of the researchers should be taken into account, and their own work should be combined to adapt to the abilities of the researchers.
(2) The reporting entity
Declaring a project, that is, designing a research plan, is the concrete idea of how to carry out project research, the working framework of starting project research and the basic idea of how to carry out research. This is a necessary measure to ensure the smooth progress of the research; The central link to concretize the research; It is an important guarantee for the quality of research results; Conducive to inspection and self-inspection; Conducive to cooperative research. Generally, the subject research carried out by higher authorities is accompanied by a subject declaration form.
1. project declaration form (project research plan):
(1) Description and definition of the topic: The title or topic of the topic must clearly state the problem to be studied, reflecting the research object, research questions and research methods. Such as "strengthening preview guidance and improving students' self-study ability"
(2) Research background, purpose and significance:
Research background: that is, what is based on and what is inspired.
Purpose and significance of research: that is, why to study, what is the value of research, and what problems to solve, including theoretical and practical significance; External goal (purpose), internal goal-student development).
Research summary: the history and present situation of this study.
Characteristics or breakthrough points of research: new problems, new methods, new angles and new effects.
(3) Research scope: the definition of the overall scope of the research object; Defining the fuzzy concept of the research object; Definition of key concepts.
(4) Research content: A very important part cannot be studied without specific research content.
(5) Research methods:
① Precautions: Pay attention to the use of various methods; The method should be written in detail; Don't abuse this method
② Main methods: Action research. Experimental research; Case study; Investigation and study; Literary studies.
(6) Research object: representative and typical, which makes the research results have universal guiding significance.
(7) Research procedures (steps): Study the tasks and requirements of each stage.
The first stage (preparation stage): collecting information and opening a topic.
The second stage (implementation stage):
The third stage (summary stage):
(8) Forms of expected results: ① Papers, research reports, works, etc. ② Changes of students
(9) Research members (and responsible persons, division of labor)
(10) Budget and other required conditions
2. Fill in the project declaration form (project demonstration)
3. Matters needing attention in filling in the subject declaration form
(1) Understand the importance of filling in the declaration form. I can't handle it with half the effort.
(2) among several copies, keep one for yourself, preferably in the computer.
(3) The core is the purpose, significance, research steps, research contents and methods.
4. Subject Statement Form
(3) Opening remarks
1. The meaning and significance of open debate
2. Writing method of opening report
3. The difference with the project demonstration (applicant)
4. Hold a public demonstration meeting
(4) Implementation research
1. Attach importance to theoretical study and the guiding role of theory.
Second, pay attention to the choice of research methods.
Characteristics of action research:
1. learn for action
The purpose of action research is pointed out. The purpose of the research is not to establish a systematic academic theory, but to solve the problems encountered by practitioners in their situation. Research purposes >>
Question 7: What do you mean by the testimonial materials of the subjects? In the process of EDM, gas, metal chips and carbon black will be produced continuously. If it is not removed in time, the processing will be difficult to proceed stably. Poor machining stability will reduce pulse utilization and machining speed. In order to facilitate chip removal, oil washing (or pumping) and electrode lifting are generally used. In machining, for the cavity with shallow workpiece cavity or easy chip removal, auxiliary chip removal measures may not be taken. However, for the machining with difficult chip removal, if the oil is not flushed (pumped) or the pressure of oil flushing (pumped) is too low, the chances of secondary discharge caused by poor chip removal will increase obviously, resulting in a decrease in machining speed; However, if the oil flushing pressure is too high, the processing speed will also decrease. This is because the oil flushing pressure is too high, which causes interference and makes the machining stability worse, so the machining speed will decrease. In order to quickly eliminate the corrosion products in the discharge gap, in addition to flushing (pumping) oil, it is necessary to lift the electrode frequently to facilitate chip removal. Improve the machining accuracy 1. In EDM with discharge gap, there is a discharge gap between the tool electrode and the workpiece, so the size and shape of the workpiece are not consistent with the tool. If the discharge gap is constant during machining, the size and shape of the tool can be corrected in advance according to the size and shape of the machined surface of the workpiece. However, the discharge gap varies with electrical parameters, electrode materials, insulation performance of working fluid and other factors, thus affecting the machining accuracy. The size of the gap will also affect the shape accuracy. The larger the gap, the worse the replication accuracy, especially for the machined surface with complex shape. For example, if the electrode is sharp, the workpiece is round due to the equal distance of the discharge gap. Therefore, in order to reduce the machining size error, we should use a weak machining gauge to narrow the discharge gap, and we must also make the machining process as stable as possible. The discharge gap during finishing is generally 0.0L ~ 0. 1 mm, and it can reach more than 0.5mm (unilateral) during rough machining. 2. Bevel will be produced when EDM machining bevel. Because the lower part of the tool electrode has a long processing time and large loss, the electrode becomes smaller, while the entrance is prone to abnormal discharge (that is, "secondary discharge") due to the intervention of corrosion products, resulting in processing tilt. 3. The loss of tool electrode in EDM, with the increase of machining depth, the time for tool electrode to enter the discharge area gradually decreases from the end up. In fact, the side wall of the workpiece is mainly machined from the periphery of the bottom end surface of the tool electrode. Therefore, the electrode loss will inevitably decrease gradually from the bottom of the end face, thus forming a loss cone, which is reflected in the machining slope of the workpiece.
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