The following is a list of treaties that the China government or most people in China consider unequal.
China-Russia-Mongolia Treaty (signed on June 7, 2005 (19 15) by China, Russia and outer Mongolia).
People's Republic of China (PRC) Article 4 Treaty (Article 21) (signed by China, Japan and Beijing on May 25, 2004 (19 15)).
Manzhouli Border Agreement (19 1 1 year (3 years in Xuan Tong) 65438+February 20th, China and Russia, signed in Manzhouli).
China and Britain renewed the Tibet-India Treaty (1906 (thirty-two years of Guangxu), April 27th, signed in Beijing).
The meeting between China and Japan in the three northeastern provinces is about (1905 (Guangxu 3 1 year) 65438+February 22nd, and the signing place is Beijing).
The Treaty of Love and Ugliness (190 1 year (the 27th year of Guangxu), signed in Beijing).
Guangzhou Bay Concession Treaty (time: 1899 (25th year of Guangxu) 165438+ 10/6); Signing place: Guangzhou Bay; China and French)
Make an appointment for ahava (time: 1898 (Guangxu 24th year) July1; Signing place: Beijing; China and the United Kingdom)
Special article on expanding Hong Kong's borders (time: 1898 (Guangxu 24th year), June 9th; Signing place: Beijing; China and the United Kingdom)
The Sino-Russian Land Lease Treaty (1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu)) was signed in Beijing on March 27th. 1On May 7th, 898, the land renewal treaty of the brigade was signed in Petersburg, Russia).
Sino-German Jiaoao Concession Treaty (1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu reign), March 6th, Beijing; China and German)
Sino-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896 (22nd year of Guangxu), signed in Beijing on July 26th, 2 1).
Sino-Russian Secret Treaty (1June 3, 896 (Guangxu 22nd year), Moscow)
Treaty of shimonoseki (1895 (Guangxu 2 1) April 17, Shimonoseki and Japan)
Sino-British Conference (1890 (Guangxu16) March 17, Kolkata, India; Supplementary revision:1893 65438+February 5, Darjeeling)
Sino-British Yantai Treaty (1876 (Guangxu 2 years) Yantai; China and the United Kingdom)
Special performance between China and Japan in Beijing (1874 (Tongzhi 13)65438+ 10/)
On the Northwest Border between China and Russia (1864 (Tongzhi 3 years) 65438+1October 7, Talbahatai)
Sino-German Trade Treaty (Tianjin September 2 186 1 (Xianfeng, 1 1))
the treaty of beijing
Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng10)165438+10/4, Beijing)
Beijing Sino-French Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng 10) 10, Beijing)
Sino-British Beijing Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng 10) 10, Beijing)
Tianjin treaty
Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (June 27th, Xianfeng 8th year))
Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng), June 26th)
Sino-American Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (June 8, Xianfeng))
Sino-Russian Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (June 8, Xianfeng))
Sino-Russian treaty of infatuation (Aihui, 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng), May 28th)
Lease of British-French-American Concession in Shanghai (Shanghai, 1854 (July 5th, Xianfeng, 4th year))
Ili Sino-Russian Talbahatai Trade Charter (Ili, 185 1 (the first year of Xianfeng), August 6th)
Huangpu Treaty (1844 (24 th year of Daoguang) 65438+24 October, with Huangpu, France)
Wang Xia Treaty (1844 (24th year of Daoguang), signed with the United States and Wang Xia on July 3rd).
Treaty of Humen (1843 (23 years of Daoguang) 10/0/8 October, with Britain, Humen)
Treaty of nanking (1842 (twenty-two years of Daoguang), August 29th, and Nanjing, England).
19 17 years, Germany and Austria-Hungary became hostile countries of China in World War I, and the unequal treaties were abolished. 19 17 The Soviet Union voluntarily gave up its privileges in China (it was not fully realized afterwards, nor did it return the territory acquired in the treaty). 1943, the United States and Britain voluntarily gave up their privileges in China. Italy and Japan lost their special status because they became enemies of China in World War II. 1946, the French gave up their privileges in China.
1949 after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), it did not recognize all the unequal treaties signed before.
List of unequal treaties
Treaty of nanking 1842 UK
main content
1. Cut Hong Kong Island to Britain
2. Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars.
3. Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports.
4. The tariff rate levied by China Customs on goods imported and exported by British businessmen should be agreed with the British side.
affect
1. China has become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
2. The main contradiction is the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class.
The contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation. The contradiction between feudalism and the masses of the people
3. The contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation has become the main contradiction.
4. Since then, the people of China have shouldered the dual revolutionary task of opposing foreign capitalist aggression and domestic feudal rule.
5. China entered the period of old democratic revolution.
Five-port Trade Charter and Humen Treaty 1844 Britain
main content
Seize consular jurisdiction, unilateral MFN treatment and detain leased land and houses in trading ports.
Wang Xia Huangpu Treaty 1844 US-France
main content
Get more positive rights and interests
Treaty of Tianjin 1858 Russia, the United States, Britain and France
main content
1. Foreign Minister accredited to Beijing
2. There are 10 commercial ports along the coast.
3. Foreign warships and merchant ships can sail in the Yangtze River port.
Foreigners can travel, trade and preach in Chinese mainland.
5. The Qing government compensated Britain and France for 2 million taels of silver each, and British businessmen for 2 million taels of silver.
Beijing Treaty 1860 Russia
main content
1. The Qing government recognized the validity of the Tianjin Treaty.
2. Tianjin is open for trade.
3. Allocate part of Kowloon Division to Britain.
4. The reparations to Britain and France increased to 8 million taels each.
Tianjin Article and Beijing Treaty have the same influence.
The Qing government began to be controlled by foreign forces. Chinese and foreign reactionary forces collude openly. * * * suppressed the resistance of the people of China.
The semi-colonial and semi-feudal degree of China has deepened.
Beijing Treaty 1860 Russia
By 19 in the 1980s, it occupied more than10.5 million square kilometers in the northeast and northwest of China.
Treaty of shimonoseki1April 895.
main content
1. Cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands, and give the Penghu Islands to Japan.
2. Compensation for Japanese military expenditure of 200 million taels of silver.
3. Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports. Japanese ships can sail into the above ports along inland rivers.
4. Japanese can invest and set up factories in China's trading ports. Products are transported and sold in Chinese mainland without domestic tax.
affect
1. China's territory and sovereignty suffered heavy losses again.
2. From then on, imperialism scrambled to carve up its sphere of influence in China and set off a frenzy to carve up China.
3. Forcing the Qing government to borrow heavily from the big powers.
4. After the opening of the port, foreign aggression forces further infiltrated into the mainland of China.
Allowing Japan to invest and set up factories in China has expanded the channels for Japan to export capital to China and seriously hindered the development of Chinese national capitalism.
6. The degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened.
Treaty of Love and Ugliness1901September Britain, the United States, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria
main content
1. The Qing government compensated 450 million taels of silver from various countries. Paid off in 39 years. The principal and interest are 980 million taels.
2. Compensation is guaranteed by customs duties and salt taxes in China. China's tax revenue is controlled by foreign countries to a greater extent.
3. Establish an "embassy circle" in Dongjiaominxiang, Beijing. No China residents are allowed to live in this area. Soldiers are stationed in various places for protection.
4. Dismantle the battery from Beijing to Dagu. Countries are allowed to send troops to strategic locations along the Beijing-Shanhaiguan railway.
5. Punish officials who opposed foreign forces in the Boxer Movement. China people are forbidden to form and join anti-imperialist organizations forever.
6. Change the Prime Minister's yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking above the six ministries.
affect
Such an embassy circle became the occupied land of the great powers in the capital of China.
The Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China and suppress the people.
The powers can strengthen their control over the Qing government through diplomatic channels.
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The following is a list of treaties that the China government or most people in China consider unequal.
Treaty between China, Russia and Mongolia (June 7, 2000 (19 15)). China and Russia. Signing place: Outer Mongolia. Chuck figure).
People's Republic of China (PRC) Article IV Treaty (Article XXI) (Republic of China, May 25th, 4 (19 15). China and Japan. Signing place: Beijing)
Manzhouli Border Agreement (19 1 1 year (3 years in Xuan Tong) 65438+February 20th. China and Russia. Signing place: Manzhouli).
China and Britain renewed the Tibet-India Treaty (1906 (thirty-two years of Guangxu) on April 27th. Signing place: Beijing)
The meeting between China and Japan in the three northeastern provinces is about (1905 (Guangxu 31) 65438+February 22nd. Signing place: Beijing).
The treaty of love and ugliness (190 1 (the 27th year of Guangxu) on September 7th). Signing place: Beijing)
Guangzhou Bay Concession Treaty (time: 1899 (25th year of Guangxu) 165438+ 10/6, signed in Guangzhou Bay, China and France).
Make an appointment for ahava (time: 1898 (24th year of Guangxu) July 1, signing place: Beijing, China, UK).
Special article on expanding the Hong Kong border (time: 1898 (Guangxu 24th year) June 9th, signing place: Beijing, China, UK).
Sino-Russian Land Lease Treaty (1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu)) on March 27th. Signing place: Beijing. 1898 signed in Petersburg, Russia on May 7th)
Sino-German Jiaoao Concession Treaty (1898 (Guangxu 24th year), Beijing, China and Germany)
Sino-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896 (22nd year of Guangxu), signed in Beijing on July 26th, 2 1).
The Sino-Russian Secret Treaty (1896 (22nd year of Guangxu), June 3rd, Moscow)
Treaty of shimonoseki (1895 (Guangxu 2 1), 17 April, Shimonoseki and Japan).
Sino-British conference printed (1890 (Guangxu16) March 17. Kolkata, India, supplemented and revised:1893 65438+February 5. Darjeeling)
Sino-British Yantai Treaty (1876 (Guangxu 2nd year) Sino-British Yantai)
Special performance between China and Japan in Beijing (1874 (Tongzhi 13)65438+ 10/)
On the northwest border between China and Russia (1864 (three years of tongzhi) 10.07). Talbahatai)
Sino-German Trade Treaty (186 1 year (Xianfeng 1 1 year) September 2, Tianjin)
the treaty of beijing
Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng10)165438+10/4). Beijing)
Sino-French Beijing Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng10) 65438+1October 25th. Beijing)
Sino-British Beijing Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng10) 65438+1October 24th. Beijing)
Tianjin treaty
Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (June 27th, Xianfeng 8th year))
Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng), June 26th)
Sino-American Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (June 8, Xianfeng))
Sino-Russian Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (June 8, Xianfeng))
Sino-Russian treaty of infatuation (Aihui, 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng), May 28th)
Lease of the British-French-American Concession in Shanghai (1854 (Xianfeng four years), July 5, Shanghai)
Sino-Russian Talbahatai Trade Regulations (185 1 year (the first year of Xianfeng), August 6th, Yili)
Huangpu Treaty (1844 (twenty-four years of Daoguang) 65438+24 00 10 month. Huangpu and France)
Wang Xia Treaty (1844 (twenty-four years of Daoguang), signed with the United States and Wang Xia on July 3rd).
Humen Treaty (1843 (23rd year of Daoguang) 65438+8 00 years 10 month. With Britain. Humen)
Treaty of nanking (1842 (22nd year of Daoguang), August 29th, Nanjing, England).
19 17. The unequal treaties were abolished because Germany and Austria-Hungary became enemies of China in World War I 19 17. The Soviet Union voluntarily gave up its privilege in China (it was not fully realized later, and the territory acquired in the treaty was not returned). 5438+0943. America and Britain gave up voluntarily.
1949 after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), all the unequal treaties signed before were not recognized.
What are the manifestations of China's growing prosperity?
Fasten your seat belt for life.
Safety in production is one of the key areas of supervision by the party and the government. Promulgating and reforming the national safety supervision system and severely punishing illegal acts have aroused widespread concern. However, the situation of production safety in China is still grim. Accidents occur frequently in high-risk industries such as coal mines. According to the long-term goal of safe production, by 2007, China will establish a relatively complete safety supervision system. The national production safety situation will improve steadily. The frequent accidents in key industries and fields will be reversed. The death toll of industrial and mining enterprises, the death rate of millions of tons of coal mines and the death rate of 10,000 vehicles in road traffic will all show up.
Children can afford to go to school
In 2004, the average years of education of the population over 0/5 years old in China/KLOC was 8.3 years, which exceeded the world average of 0/year old. However, only 7.2% of educators have received higher education. Investment in education is still seriously inadequate. In 2006, popularizing and consolidating rural compulsory education will become the top priority of education. The growth of fiscal expenditure on education will be higher than that of fiscal expenditure, teachers' salaries and public funds per student. Problems related to the vital interests of the people, such as poor conditions, difficult operation and unreasonable education fees, will be gradually solved. By 20 10, the population coverage rate of nine-year compulsory education will be close to 100%.
See a doctor with peace of mind
In the past five years, China's medical and health undertakings have broken through the single development mode of the government, which is the fastest development period since the founding of New China. However, there are still many obstacles in the medical system and mechanism. Public medical institutions often pursue economic interests unilaterally. Minor illness [big prescription] [excessive examination] It is difficult to see a doctor. Expensive medical treatment has become a problem strongly reflected by the masses. In 2006, the pilot area of the new rural cooperative medical system will be expanded to 40%. People will become poor because of illness. It will be further curbed, and the state will implement the necessary funds to support the construction of township health centers and county hospitals, provide safe and cheap basic medical services for farmers, develop community health services, and provide basic medical services for urban low-income people.
Rest assured to drink water and eat meat.
In 2005, in order to strengthen pollution control and ecological protection, promote pollution prevention and control in key river basins, and focus on solving environmental pollution that seriously endangers people's health and safety, especially water pollution and air pollution, the state closed 15 kinds of small enterprises that waste resources and pollute the environment, and implemented the discharge of industrial pollution sources within a time limit. In 2006, it has become one of the important goals of governments at all levels to let people drink clean water and breathe fresh air. 1. The country has made it clear that by the end of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, the energy consumption per unit of GDP in China will be reduced by about 20% compared with the end of the Tenth Five-Year Plan. Building an environment-friendly society has increasingly become the consensus of the whole society.
Set up an umbrella.
In the first 65,438 months of 2005, 8.8 million new jobs were created in cities and towns in China. The goal of creating 40 million new jobs in cities and towns during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period has been achieved ahead of schedule. However, China has entered the peak period of working-age population growth. In the next few years, the annual labor supply and demand gap will still reach130,000-140,000. In the future, companies may not. Establish an employment-oriented index system for vocational education and training institutions. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, 45 million new employment opportunities will be created and some discriminatory employment agreements will be banned. Optimizing the employment environment has become one of the important tasks of the government.
House ownership
In 2005, under the unified deployment of the State Council, many departments jointly managed the real estate market, and the market order improved. But for ordinary people, the price of commercial housing is still high. With the implementation of the central government's policy of stabilizing housing prices, the real estate market will develop in the expected direction of restraining investment, controlling investment, guiding rational consumption and stabilizing housing prices. Speculative housing purchases will be curbed. The housing problem of low-and middle-income groups will receive more attention. House prices will be higher.
The elderly will get proper care.
Statistics show that in 2009, the national social insurance premium for retirees increased by16,5438+09 times. However, at present, the public insurance premium in China is * * * The coverage of old-age insurance only accounts for 15% of the total population. Some retirees live in distress. Rural elderly people basically do not enjoy social security. With the continuous improvement of the basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees, non-public enterprises, urban individual industrial and commercial households and flexible employees will be the focus of insurance coverage, and the coverage of basic old-age insurance will be gradually expanded. The state gradually establishes individual accounts for old-age insurance. More and more people will live a life of old age and medical care.
* * * Enjoy the fruits of development.
On the whole, people's life in China has achieved a historic leap from food and clothing to a well-off society. However, at present, the income or consumption share of the poorest population, which accounts for 20% of the total population, is only 4.7%, while the income or consumption share of the richest population, which accounts for 20% of the total population, is as high as 50%. In 2006, the government will start with adjusting the national income distribution system and the national fiscal expenditure structure, and establish a support and protection system for agriculture, so that public services can benefit farmers. In the future, the new financial resources will focus on rural areas, agriculture and farmers, and the growth rate will be much higher than the growth rate of recurrent fiscal revenue. Meanwhile, strategic measures such as developing the western region, revitalizing the old industrial bases in Northeast China and promoting the rise of central China will also accelerate the pace of prosperity.
Is this enough? If there is no map, I'll find it for you.