3. The main measures to maintain oral hygiene are gargling, brushing teeth, cleaning teeth, gum massage and supragingival scaling.
4. The four characteristics of acute pulpitis pain are: spontaneous attack, night pain, temperature stimulation inducing or aggravating pain, and no location.
5. Oral manifestations of AIDS include herpetic stomatitis, gingival necrosis, candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia and Kaposi sarcoma.
6. The normal gingival sulcus depth is less than 2mm.
8. Which anatomical structure divides parotid gland into deep lobe and shallow lobe: facial nerve.
9. When pulling out the broken root of maxillary posterior teeth, care should be taken not to push the broken root into maxillary sinus.
10 and blood pressure higher than 180/ 100mmhg should be listed as contraindications for tooth extraction.
1 1. Asphyxia caused by maxillofacial trauma can be divided into obstructive asphyxia and inhalation asphyxia.
12. The common types of jaw fractures are closed, open and mixed. The main clinical manifestations are occlusal disorder, limited mouth opening and hematoma. The displacement of fracture fragments may lead to nerve numbness and corresponding systemic symptoms.
13. The most common sites of mandibular fracture are chin, mandibular angle, condyle and median junction.
14. For the long-term unhealed ulcer of tongue margin, it is necessary to make a definite diagnosis (biopsy) to exclude cancer.
15. Anatomical characteristics of mandible and its clinical significance: ① Median commissure of mandible, mental foramen area, mandibular angle and condylar neck are the weak parts in the book of bone anatomy: when external force is encountered, fractures often occur in these parts. ② Poor blood supply, dense cortical bone and more osteomyelitis than maxilla. ③ Mandibular fracture healing is slower than maxillary fracture.
16. Oral injection method of posterior alveolar nerve block anesthesia: ① position ② needle insertion point ③ needle insertion angle and depth.
17, treatment of bleeding after tooth extraction: ① causes ② prevention ③ treatment: local hemostatic drugs, compression hemostasis→ alveolar fossa scraping, stuffing and suture ④ systemic symptomatic treatment.
18. Adverse effects after tooth loss: ① masticatory dysfunction; ② Pronunciation dysfunction; ③ Aesthetics; ④ Occlusal disorder, etc.
19. Tooth, also called tooth body, consists of crown, root and neck. Tooth structure: enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp. Periodontal tissue structure: alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and gum. Two pairs of natural teeth: deciduous teeth and permanent teeth.
20. First deciduous molar (10) on the side of middle deciduous incisor (6-8) (12-16) and second deciduous molar (24-30).
2 1. Common lymphoid tissues in maxillofacial region: 1. Parotid lymph nodes 2. Maxillary lymph nodes 3. Submandibular lymph nodes 4. Submental lymph nodes. Cervical lymph nodes.
25. Effects of maxillofacial defects: ① masticatory function; ② Language function; ③ Swallowing function; ④ facial features; ⑤ Psychological spirit
26. Local anesthesia: Common methods: surface anesthesia, infiltration anesthesia and block anesthesia.
Complications: General body: syncope, allergic reaction, poisoning; Local: pain and edema at the injection site, hematoma, infection, broken injection needle and temporary facial paralysis.
27 indications, contraindications, basic steps and complications of tooth extraction
Indications: dental caries; Periodontal disease; Pulp necrosis; Extra teeth, dislocated teeth, embedded teeth, etc. Causing adjacent soft tissue damage; Impacted teeth; Tooth trauma; Primary teeth; Teeth in need of treatment, sick teeth.
(2) Contraindications: vascular diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, kidney diseases, liver diseases, menstruation and pregnancy, acute inflammatory period and malignant tumors.
(3) Basic steps: separate gums, loosen the affected teeth, place dental forceps, pull out the affected teeth, treat the wound after tooth extraction, and pay attention to matters after tooth extraction.
(4) Complications: during operation: soft tissue injury, root fracture, alveolar bone injury and oral maxillary sinus communication; Postoperative: bleeding after tooth extraction and infection after tooth extraction.
27. Healing process of tooth extraction wound: After tooth extraction, the alveolar fossa is full of blood, and the blood coagulation is fast in 15 minutes, and the fibroblasts extend from the alveolar bone wall to the blood clot in 24 hours, which is the organization of the blood clot. After 1 week, the wound was completely covered and granulation tissue was formed in the alveolar fossa. 1~2 crescent-shaped pits were flattened, and the normal bone structure appeared after 3~6 crescent-shaped pits on X-ray film.
28. There are many spaces in the maxillofacial region, including masseter, pterygomandibular, submandibular, parapharyngeal, sublingual, submental, buccal, infraorbital, canine fossa, temporal and infratemporal spaces.
29. First aid for oral and maxillofacial injuries: relieving asphyxia, stopping bleeding, dressing, transporting and preventing infection.
3 1. The maxilla is the largest bone in the face. It consists of one body (namely, maxillary body) and four processes (namely, frontal process, zygomatic process, alveolar process and palatal process). Maxillary body is divided into four walls and one cavity, which is an irregular bone body composed of anterior, posterior, superior, internal wall and maxillary sinus cavity.
32. The muscles of oral and maxillofacial region are divided into masticatory muscles and expressive muscles. Masticatory muscle group: closed muscle group (masseter muscle, temporal muscle and medial pterygoid muscle) has two ends: the lower head contracts and opens, and the upper head contracts and closes. Open muscle (digastric muscle, mandibular hyoid muscle, geniohyoid muscle)
33. The blood supply of maxillofacial region mainly comes from branches of external carotid artery (lingual artery, facial artery, maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery).
34. Maxillofacial veins are divided into deep vein network and superficial vein network. The superficial vein network is composed of facial vein and posterior mandibular vein, and the deep vein network is mainly pterygoid vein plexus.
35. Temporomandibular joint is the only joint in the whole body, which has two functions: rotation and sliding. It consists of temporomandibular joint fossa and articular tubercles, mandibular condyle, articular disc, articular capsule and surrounding ligaments.
36. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of maxillary fracture: displacement and dislocation of fracture segment; Orbital congestion; Image inspection
37. The prone sites of mandibular fracture: median commissure, mental foramen area, mandibular angle and condylar neck.
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis: 1. Fracture segment displacement; 2. Hemorrhage and edema; 3. dysfunction; 4. Abnormal activity of fracture segment; 5. Imaging examination.
38. Treatment principle of jaw fracture: reduce and fix as soon as possible, restore the normal occlusion relationship (purpose) and the symmetry and uniformity of facial morphology, and at the same time, adopt methods such as preventing infection, relieving pain, rational nutrition and enhancing general resistance to create good conditions for the healing of bone trauma. We must pay close attention to the occurrence of other complications in the whole body, and we must treat them locally after the whole body is stable.
39. Common diseases of temporomandibular joint: temporomandibular joint disorder, joint dislocation and ankylosis,
1. Temporomandibular joint: Temporomandibular joint is the only joint in the whole body, which consists of mandibular condyle, articular fossa, temporal tubercle, articular disc, articular capsule and ligaments around the joint.
2. Periodontal membrane: fibrous tissue between root and alveolar bone, most of which are arranged in bundles. There are nerves, blood vessels and lymph in periodontal ligament, which can protect and nourish teeth.
3. Dental caries: it is a chronic progressive destructive disease of teeth, which is dominated by bacteria under the influence of many factors. In the early stage, the color and texture of the hard tissue of teeth changed, and then defects occurred, forming cavities.
4. Oral vestibule: The potential space of oral vestibule lies in the shape of iron hoof between lips, cheeks, dentition, gums and alveolar bone arch.
5. Oral and maxillofacial region: the floorboard of oral and maxillofacial region. The tissues and organs of the mouth and face have the functions of eating, chewing, feeling taste, swallowing, expression and assisting language and breathing.
6. The proper cavity of the oral cavity is the main part of the oral cavity, including the hard palate and soft palate, the lower tongue and floor of the mouth, the upper and lower dental arches at the front and both sides, and the pharyngeal door at the back.
7. Enamel: located on the surface of the crown, milky white and shiny. After the enamel is worn, the exposed dentin is pale yellow. Enamel is a translucent calcified tissue, which contains inorganic salts, mainly calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, water and organic matter, and is the hardest tissue in human body.
8. Maxillofacial space infection: Also known as cellulitis around the maxillofacial region, it is a general term for the potential space suppurative inflammation between the maxillofacial region and the oropharynx.
9. Salivation: It is a series of pathological changes caused by calcified masses in glands or ducts. Salivary gland stones hinder saliva discharge and secondary infection, leading to acute or recurrent inflammation of glands. Common in submandibular gland
10. local anesthesia: a local anesthetic used to temporarily block the conduction of various nerve impulses in a certain area of the collective, especially the sensory conduction of nerve trunks and nerve endings, so as to achieve the purpose of eliminating pain in this area.
1 1. Xue Kou: Candidal stomatitis (acute pseudomembranous candidal stomatitis) (1 min) is an oral mucosal disease caused by a fungus called Candida albicans, which is characterized by a white cheese-like lump in the oral cavity, which will be covered with white in severe cases (2 points). The child is fidgety and sometimes has a slight fever (2 points).
12. Face danger triangle: an isosceles triangle area with the root of the nasal bone as the vertex and the line connecting the two corners as the bottom. First of all, because the blood supply in this area is particularly rich. The arterial blood supplied to the face becomes venous blood after metabolism. The venous blood of the face is injected into the internal jugular vein and flows back to the heart through the anterior facial vein, posterior facial vein, maxillary vein and ophthalmic vein. These veins have branches on the face, forming a dense vascular network and communicating with each other. The anterior facial vein communicates with the ophthalmic vein in the inner canthus, and the posterior facial vein communicates with the anterior facial vein in the depth of the lateral pterygoid muscle through the pterygoid plexus at the beginning of the maxillary vein. The ophthalmic vein and pterygoid plexus directly communicate with cavernous sinus, which is a reticular structure composed of intracranial capillary network. Secondly, compared with venous vessels in other parts of the body, facial venous vessels lack a device to prevent blood from flowing back-venous valve. Once the dangerous triangle is infected, it will easily lead to inflammation spreading to the whole face, causing intracranial infection and life-threatening.
13. Furuncle, carbuncle: Acute suppurative inflammation of a single hair follicle and its accessories on facial skin is called furuncle, and its lesions are limited to superficial skin tissue. Most of the acute suppurative inflammation of adjacent hair follicles and their appendages is called carbuncle. When the lesion spreads to the deep hair follicle tissue of the skin, it can spread to the subcutaneous fat layer along the superficial fascia, causing extensive inflammatory infiltration or tissue necrosis.
14. Oral leukoplakia: Oral leukoplakia is a precancerous lesion, mainly a white lesion on the oral mucosa, with no other identifiable pathological features.
15. Retrograde pulpitis: it is a major category of pulpitis. Its infection originated from the deep part of periodontal pocket caused by periodontal disease. Bacteria and toxins in periodontal pocket enter the pulp retrograde through apical foramen or lateral accessory root canal, causing chronic inflammation of root pulp.
16. Gingiva: Gingiva is the part of oral mucosa that covers the neck and alveolar bone.
17. Tooth-bearing cyst: Tooth-bearing cyst, also known as follicular cyst, occurs after the formation of crown or root, and there is fluid oozing between the residual enamel epithelium and the surface of crown, forming a tooth-shaped cyst.
Keratocyst: Keratocyst originated from primitive tooth germ or tooth plate residue, some people think it is primitive cyst. Keratocyst has typical pathological manifestations, the epithelium and fibrous capsule of the capsule wall are thin, and sometimes there are cysts or epithelial islands in the fibrous capsule of the capsule wall.
19. Sjogren's syndrome: Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease, characterized by progressive destruction of exocrine glands, resulting in dryness of mucosa and conjunctiva, accompanied by autoimmune diseases. The lesion is limited to the exocrine gland itself, which is called primary Sjogren's syndrome. It is also accompanied by other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, which is called secondary Sjogren's syndrome.
20. Apical cyst: The apical granuloma and chronic inflammation in the apical part cause residual epithelial hyperplasia in periodontal ligament, which degenerates and liquefies, and the epithelium proliferates along the liquefied wall of granuloma to form apical cyst.
2 1. gingivoma: refers to a group of tumors or tumor-like diseases that occur on the gums and originate from the connective tissue of periodontal ligament and alveolar process of jaw. It can be divided into granulomatous type, fibrous type and vascular type.
22. TMJ ankylosis: refers to temporomandibular joint ankylosis, which is called temporomandibular joint ankylosis because of organic diseases of joints and tissues around the joints, resulting in difficulty or complete inability to open the mouth. It can be divided into intra-articular stiffness, extra-articular stiffness and mixed stiffness.
23. Adenolymphoma is also called adenolymphoma, and its histogenesis is related to lymph nodes.
1. Briefly describe the characteristics of oral and maxillofacial infections.
2. Anatomical characteristics of oral and maxillofacial region and its clinical significance.
3. The characteristics of maxillofacial trauma.
4. Briefly describe the etiology, clinical manifestations, treatment principles and complications of compulsory pericoronitis of the third molar. Pericoronitis of wisdom teeth of mandibular third molar.
5. Difference between benign tumor and malignant tumor: (Difference between malignant tumor and primary tumor)
6. Please describe the clinical manifestations and characteristics of minor aphthous ulcer (MiAU).
7. Etiology of dental caries; Clinical features; Principles of treatment; Treatment methods; Classification.
9. Briefly describe the differential diagnosis between temporomandibular joint ankylosis and extra-articular ankylosis.
1 1. Please describe the indications and precautions of abscess incision and drainage.
12. Emergency treatment of acute periapical periodontitis.
13. Emergency treatment of acute pulpitis.
14. Differential diagnosis of acute periapical periodontitis and acute pulpitis.
15. What are the main pathogens and clinical features of adolescent periodontitis?
18. Briefly describe the clinical manifestations of oral cancer (3.23)
19. Briefly describe several common dental hard tissue diseases you know and identify them.
20. Clinical manifestations and prevention of syncope during tooth extraction.
2 1. Try to describe the classification, clinical manifestations and surgical methods of temporomandibular joint ankylosis.
1. Briefly describe the characteristics of oral and maxillofacial infections.
1). It is connected with the outside world, with many cavities and bacteria, and it is easy to be infected; 2) the existence of teeth, odontogenic infection is the main source of infection; 3). The fascia space is loose, the anti-infection ability is low, and they communicate with each other; 4). Rich blood and lymphatic circulation, lack of venous valves, easy to spread.
2. Anatomical characteristics of oral and maxillofacial region and its clinical significance.
Answer: ① Location exposure: easy to be injured, and it is found early. ② Rich blood supply: strong anti-infection ability, much bleeding and obvious swelling after injury. ③ Complicated anatomical structure: complications ④ Natural dermatoglyphics: surgical incision ⑤ Morphological function ⑤ Diseases are easy to spread to neighboring organs.
3. The characteristics of maxillofacial trauma.
① Abundant blood supply in oral and maxillofacial region: more bleeding and great tissue reactivity: hematoma, edema and asphyxia; Strong repair and anti-infection ability; Debridement time:
② Upper respiratory tract, which can affect breathing after injury: tissue edema, displacement, tongue drop, blood clot and secretion.
Pay attention to keep the respiratory tract unobstructed.
③ Upper cranial cavity is easy to be complicated with craniocerebral injury: skull base fracture and brain contusion.
④ The lower part of the neck is often accompanied by neck injuries: cervical vascular nerve injuries and cervical spine injuries.
⑤ There are many sinus cavities, which are easy to be infected: there are a lot of bacteria in oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharyngeal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
⑥ It is the entrance of digestive tract, which affects eating and oral hygiene after injury.
⑦ Oral and maxillofacial injuries often involve teeth: shrapnel infection secondary to fracture occlusion.
There are often facial deformities-aesthetic problems.
Pet-name ruby can occur special anatomical structure damage: salivary gland, facial nerve and trigeminal nerve.
4. Briefly describe the etiology, clinical manifestations, treatment principles and complications of compulsory pericoronitis of the third molar. Pericoronitis of wisdom teeth of mandibular third molar.
Etiology: 1) impacted third molar; 2), blind bag formation; 3), food residue or bacterial impaction. 4), local damage; 5), systemic resistance decreased.
Clinical manifestations: Acute stage: 1) The pain and discomfort in the affected posterior molar area are aggravated when the mouth is opened. 2) Local spontaneous jumping pain can be reflected along the distribution area of ototemporal nerve. 3) Incomplete eruption of wisdom teeth, swelling of pericoronal tissue, erosion of gingival margin and even pericoronal abscess. 4) mouth opening is limited. 5) Bad breath, salty secretions in the gingival pocket and swelling and pain of submandibular lymph nodes. 6) There may be symptoms of systemic poisoning.
Chronic phase: only local mild tenderness and discomfort.
Treatment principle: acute phase: anti-inflammatory, analgesic, incision and drainage, and enhancing systemic resistance.
Chronic stage: the impacted teeth that can't erupt are removed to prevent the infection from recurring.
Complications: 1) Buccal fistula may occur when it spreads to the posterior molar area. 2) Abscess or fistula of buccal mucosa of mandibular first molar. 3) Infection can occur in masseter space, pterygomandibular space, buccal space, submandibular space, floor of mouth and parapharyngeal space.
5. Difference between benign tumor and malignant tumor: (Difference between malignant tumor and primary tumor)
Benign tumor malignant tumor
The onset age can occur at any age, mostly in the elderly, and sarcoma is more common in young adults.
The growth rate is generally fast and slow.
The relationship with the surrounding organizations is wrapped and does not infringe on the surrounding organizations. Surrounding organizations invaded and destroyed, with unclear boundaries and limited activities.
Symptoms are generally asymptomatic, such as local pain, numbness, headache, limited mouth opening, facial paralysis, bleeding and so on.
Metastasis does not happen very often.
The influence on the body generally has no influence on the body, but it has a great influence on the body, and pathogens often occur due to rapid development, transfer and infringement of important organs.
Histologically, the cells are well differentiated, and their morphology and structure are similar to those of normal tissues. However, the cell differentiation is poor, with heteromorphism and abnormal mitosis.
6. Please describe the clinical manifestations and characteristics of minor aphthous ulcer (MiAU).
The most common recurrent aphthous ulcer is 1-5 each time, isolated and scattered, generally 2-4mm in diameter, round or oval, with clear boundaries. It occurs in areas with severe keratinization. The center of the ulcer is sunken, the base is not hard, the periphery is about 1mm congested and flushed, and there is a yellowish false membrane on the surface, which has obvious burning sensation.
Recurrence is regular, generally divided into attack period, healing period and intermittent period. The attack stage is divided into prodromal stage and ulcer stage. Local discomfort, tenderness or burning pain of mucosa in prodromal stage; White or red papular spots appeared after about 24 hours; After 2-3 days, the epithelium is damaged and enters the ulcer stage. After 4-5 days, the blush disappeared and the ulcer healed, leaving no scars. The whole attack period generally lasts 1-2 weeks, and it is limited to cure without treatment. The length of the intermission varies from person to person.
7. Etiology of dental caries (1) (four-factor theory) bacterial factors, food factors, host factors and time factors.
(2) Clinical features: The main clinical manifestation of dental caries is the change of color, shape and quality of tooth hard tissue. The color change shows that the tooth surface is chalky at first, and then yellow-brown, brown or even black-brown due to pigmentation; The qualitative changes are as follows: enamel and dentin lose their original hardness and become loose and soft; The change of shape is due to the collapse and defect of tooth hard tissue, which forms a cavity on the tooth.
(3) caries treatment principle: prevent the development of lesions and restore the shape and function of teeth.
(4) Treatment of dental caries:
1. Chemotherapy: a method to prevent/eliminate dental caries after drug treatment.
2. remineralization therapy: remineralization of demineralized enamel by artificial methods to restore tooth hardness. Pit and fissure sealing: one of the important methods to prevent dental caries.
4. Prosthetic treatment: (cavity preparation, operation area isolation, cavity sealing, cavity lining and filling) is the most important dental caries treatment method in clinical practice.
Clinically, it is often divided into three types according to the degree of caries: shallow, medium and deep.
(5) Shallow caries: enamel or cementum caries. The enamel decalcifies and turns white, and then yellow-brown caries spots appear due to coloring. The pits and grooves are saturated with ink. The patient has no conscious symptoms and feels rough during the examination. Probes can be inserted into pits and cracks, or shallow cavities can be formed.
Moderate caries: shallow dentin caries. Check whether there is a cavity, and whether there is colored softened dentin and food residue in the cavity. Generally, there are no conscious symptoms, and some of them are sensitive to external cold, heat, acid and sweetness. The symptoms disappeared immediately after the stimulation was eliminated.
③ Deep caries: deep dentin caries. Examination showed that the caries cavity was deep and reached deep dentin. When probing the bottom of a hole with a probe, there is often pain, indicating that the dental caries are close to the pulp. The patient is sensitive to temperature changes.
9. Briefly describe the differential diagnosis between temporomandibular joint ankylosis and extra-articular ankylosis.
The difference between intra-articular stiffness and extra-articular stiffness
History of suppurative disease, injury, oral ulcer, maxillary and mandibular fractures, burns and radiotherapy.
There is no scar between the chins.
Severe deformity of the lower part of the face (no obvious disease in adulthood) is mild (no influence in adulthood)
The relationship between serious disorder (the condition is not obvious in adulthood) and slight disorder (the condition has no effect in adulthood)
X-ray film shows that the joint space disappears and the joint fusion is spherical. The joint space between maxillary and mandibular branches can be narrowed and the density can be increased.
12. Emergency treatment of acute periapical periodontitis.
Answer: relieve pain, eliminate swelling, and then do routine treatment after turning chronic.
Open drainage of pulp cavity: manually open the drainage channel of pulp cavity, open the apical foramen, relieve the pressure of apical part and relieve the pain;
Incision and drainage: In the subperiosteal or submucosal abscess stage of acute periapical periodontitis, incision and drainage should be performed under local anesthesia. Usually, pulp cavity opening and incision and drainage can be carried out at the same time;
Palliative treatment:-For root canal trauma and chemical drug stimulation, the irritant should be removed, and the medicine should be sealed after irrigation to appease; Jaw adjustment and grinding;
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic: oral or injection of antibiotics;
Acute tooth extraction: if there is no reserved value, systemic medication is needed to prevent the spread of infection;
13. Emergency treatment of acute pulpitis.
Answer: emergency treatment: pulp opening and drainage-drainage of inflammatory exudates, reducing pulp cavity pressure and relieving pain.
The method is as follows: under local anesthesia, a sharp drill needle is quickly pierced into the medullary cavity, and a clove oil cotton ball is placed to relieve pain;
Relieve pain: under local anesthesia, rinse the cavity with warm water, remove decayed tissue with a spoon, and put a cotton ball soaked with painkillers at the bottom of the cavity to seal the cavity;
Drug analgesia: oral or local use of analgesics;
Acupuncture analgesia: Hegu point or Ping 'an point;
14. Differential diagnosis of acute periapical periodontitis and acute pulpitis.
A: Acute pulpitis is spontaneous and paroxysmal. Temperature stimulation will aggravate the pain. Pain can't be located and often involves pain. Pain often occurs at night and is more severe than during the day. Patients often stay up late.
Serous phase of acute periapical periodontitis: the affected teeth have slight elongation, slight dull pain or chewing pain, but the pain is relieved and the position is clear when occluding. Check the affected teeth for pain, most of them are defective and the pulp is inactive.
15. What are the main pathogens and clinical features of adolescent periodontitis?
A: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is the main pathogen of juvenile periodontitis.
The clinical manifestations of this disease are as follows: ① Age and sex: it mainly occurs in young people from adolescence to 25 years old, and it can start at the age of1-13, with females being more than males. ② Oral hygiene status: the degree of periodontal tissue destruction is not directly proportional to the number of local irritants; In the early stage, there were few plaque and tartar, slight inflammation, but deep periodontal pocket. ③ Tooth position: The typical position is 6 and upper and lower incisors, while canine teeth and premolars are few and there are no deciduous teeth. ④X-ray film: 6 There is vertical bone absorption at the proximal and distal ends, forming a typical "arc absorption", and the incisor area is mostly horizontal absorption. ⑤ The course of the disease progresses rapidly: periodontal injury is 3-4 times faster than that of adult type, and teeth are often extracted or fallen off at the age of 20. ⑥ Early tooth loosening and displacement: The front teeth are arranged in a fan shape, and the back teeth are loosened early, resulting in food impaction. ⑦ Family history: matrilineal inheritance is the most common.
18. Briefly describe the clinical manifestations of oral cancer (3.23)
A: It refers to cancers occurring in oral mucosa, including tongue cancer, gingival cancer, buccal cancer, palatal cancer, floor of mouth cancer and lip cancer. Tongue cancer is the most common. Most of them are squamous cell carcinoma, and a few are adenocarcinoma. Most of them are mucosal ulcers and infiltrating nodules around ulcers.
No obvious symptoms and discomfort in the early stage, pain and corresponding symptoms in the middle and late stage. Tongue cancer and basal cancer can cause tongue movement disorder, buccal cancer can cause mouth opening limitation, and gingival cancer can cause tooth loosening and tooth loss. There may be cervical lymph nodes and distant organ metastasis.
19. Briefly describe several common dental hard tissue diseases you know and identify them.
① Dental caries is a progressive and destructive dental hard tissue disease, which is mainly caused by bacteria, various oral factors and external factors. Changes of color, shape and quality of hard tissue of teeth.
Color: At first, the enamel was demineralized and chalky, and later it was yellowish brown or brownish yellow due to coloring. Shape: the tissue disintegrates to form a cavity. Quality: Soften hard tissue.
② Enamel hypoplasia: it is a developmental obstacle of enamel makers during tooth development. Its enamel defect is smooth and hard, and often appears symmetrically on the teeth that are formed and erupted at the same time.
③ Dental fluorosis: It is a regional dental damage caused by drinking water with high fluorine content for a long time during tooth formation. The crown can be seen as chalky or yellowish brown, but the texture is hard and not softened.
④ Wedge-shaped defect: V-shaped defect occurred in the lip, cheek and neck of teeth, mostly in maxillary canines or bicuspids. The texture of the defect is hard but not softened.
20. Clinical manifestations and prevention of syncope during tooth extraction.
Answer: ① Transient central ischemia leads to sudden and transient loss of consciousness. ② Dizziness, chest tightness, nausea, pallor, shortness of breath, slow pulse at first, then fast and weak. Blood pressure may drop, breathing difficulties and temporary unconsciousness may occur. ③ Prevention. ④ Put the chair flat, keep the respiratory tract unobstructed, and take oxygen and hypertonic glucose.
2 1. Try to describe the classification, clinical manifestations and surgical methods of temporomandibular joint ankylosis.
A: Temporomandibular ankylosis can be divided into three types: intra-articular ankylosis, extra-articular ankylosis and mixed ankylosis.
Clinical manifestations of temporomandibular joint ankylosis: 1), progressive opening difficulty; 2), facial dysplasia or deformity; 3) The occlusal relationship is disordered; 4), condyle activity weakened or disappeared.
Surgical treatment methods are: 1), joint replacement; 2) interposition arthroplasty; 3) artificial joint replacement 4) joint reconstruction 5) distraction osteogenesis; 6) Arthroplasty with preservation of articular disc.